Chapter #30: The War to End War Chapter #30 Identifications George Creel Creel was the head

of the Committee on Public Information. He led the committee in the creation of propaganda that would persuade citizens to help the war effort. Bernard Baruch Baruch was the head of the War Industries Board and was delegated to organize the nited !tates" industries in order to aid the war effort. Henr# Cabot $odge Henr# $odge was a %epublican senator who is notable for fighting with President Wilson o&er the Treat# of 'ersailles. His propositions were ignored b# Wilson. (ames ). Co* (ames Co* was the go&ernor of +hio and became the ,emocratic candidate for the election of -./0. !elf1,etermination !elf1determination was one of Wilson"s 2ourteen Points3 it stated that groups should choose their respecti&e go&ernments. Collecti&e securit# Collecti&e securit# was a s#stem that Wilson stri&ed to attain with the $eague of 4ations. It was the cornerstone of Wilson"s 2ourteen Points5 and he hoped that it would guarantee political independence and territorial integrit#. 4ormalc# 4ormalc# represented the opposite of what Wilson stood for6 idealism5 do1goodism5 self1sacrifice5 and moral o&erstrain. )uch of the public was more than willing to return to normalc# and led to opposition of Wilsonism. 7immerman 4ote The 7immerman 4ote was a German telegram sent to )e*ico that tried to persuade )e*ico to go to War with the ! in e*change for return of lands that had been ceded in the )e*ican18merican War.

2ourteen Points The 2ourteen Points was Wilson"s main plan to carr# out during his presidenc# and became a focus for him at the beginning of World War I. The# were much too idealistic and aimed to please most foreign countries. $eague of 4ations The $eague of 4ations was the most eminent of Wilson"s 2ourteen Points3 it was a committee dedicated to preser&ing international peace and became the predecessor of the 4. Committee on Public Information The Committee on Public Information was headed b# Creel and had the 9ob of pro&iding propaganda that would persuade citizens to pro&ide ser&ices for the war effort. Espionage and !edition 8cts The Espionage and !edition 8cts were laws created in order to force ! citizens into being lo#al. 8s the title implies5 an# act considered :seditious; or of similar meaning could be punishable b# imprisonment. Industrial Wor<ers of the World The Industrial Wor<ers of the World was a group whose aim was to create an international labor union3 it was led b# William Ha#wood. War Industries Board The War Industries Board was led b# Baruch3 its 9ob was to organize the industries of the ! in order to efficientl# aid the war effort. 4ineteenth 8mendment The 4ineteenth 8mendment was passed in -./0 and ga&e women the right to &ote5 rewarding the efforts of suffragist mo&ements. 2ood 8dministration The 2ood 8dministration was the administration that was created in order to pro&ide substantial food for the war effort. Irreconcilables The irreconcilables refers to a group of militant isolationists5 led b# Borah and Hiram

(ohnson5 who saw the $eague of 4ations as ultimatel# useless. The# were led b# $odge. Treat# of 'ersailles The Treat# of 'ersailles ended WWI3 most importantl#5 one clause put the blame on German# onl# and demanded a =>> billion compensation for damages to countries during the war. Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions War b# 8ct of German# ?now6 @Peace without 'ictor#5@ nlimited !ubmarine Warfare5 8rthur 7immermann -. What e&ents led Woodrow Wilson to as< Congress to declare warA The intercept of the 7immermann note5 which consisted of the possibilit# of a German1 )e*ican alliance5 angered 8merican citizens and especiall# Westerners. In addition5 the threat of unrestricted submarine warfare suddenl# became e*plicit in the sin<ing of four unarmed 8merican merchant &essels. The final pushing e&ent was the fall of the %ussian tsar5 leading to an opportunit# for the ! to push democrac#. %eluctantl#5 Wilson found himself with no other choice but to as< Congress to formall# declare war. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned ?now6 (eannette %an<in /. 4ame Wilson"s twin war aims. How did these set 8merica apart from the other combatantsA +ne of Wilson"s aims was to ma<e the world safe for democrac#. He used his abilit# to orate in order to con&ince the nation of his intent. He portra#ed 8merican altruism and contrasted it to the selfishness of all other countries5 allies or not. He stated that the ! did not fight in order to gain riches or territor#. In addition5 Wilson appealed to the people b# proclaiming that an industrialized world such as the one the# li&ed one could not afford to fight such a war. Wilson"s 2ourteen Potent Points ?now6 2ourteen Points >. $ist se&eral of Wilson"s 2ourteen Points. The first fi&e of Wilson"s 2ourteen Points were on a large scale6 the abolishment of secret treaties5 freedom of the seas5 remo&al of economic barriers5 reduction of armament barriers5 and a change in colonial claims. These appealed to a &ariet# of countries because the# aimed to please the oppressed and e&en the slightl# disappointed. +ther countries5 howe&er5 did not support these points because the# meant a suppression of a countries" power and territor#. Creel )anipulates )inds ?now6 Committee on Public Information5 George Creel5 2our1minute )en5 The Hun5 +&er There B. How were 8mericans moti&ated to help in the war effortA

8mericans were moti&ated primaril# b# the efforts of the Committee on Public Information and its leader5 George Creel. He emplo#ed four1minute men in order to deli&er propaganda to the 8merican people in the forms of posters5 leaflets5 pamphlets5 and more. )o&ies and music were also important forms of propaganda. The war effort was created more b# passion and &oluntar# compliance rather than laws. Enforcing $o#alt# and !tifling ,issent ?now6 $ibert# Cabbage5 Espionage 8ct5 !edition 8ct5 Eugene '. ,ebs5 William ,. Ha#wood C. How was lo#alt# forced during WWIA ,ue to the large ma9orit# of German18mericans in the ! during World War I5 it was ob&ious that German18mericans and their materials were somewhat oppressed against. The Espionage 8ct of -.-D did e*actl# what its title implies6 prosecution of spies. 2or e*ample5 Eugene ,ebs5 who led the !ocialists5 was imprisoned due to this act. In addition5 the !edition 8ct of -.-E allowed the prosecution of an#one who was engaging in an# action considered :seditious; or against the go&ernment. The 4ation"s 2actories Go to War ?now6 Bernard Baruch5 War Industries Board F. Wh# was it difficult to mobilize industr# for the war effortA It was difficult to mobilize industries for the war effort mostl# because the ! was unprepared for the war and had planned on sta#ing neutral for its duration. Wilson too< measures to attempt to prepare the !5 but state legislatures did not appreciate ta<ing orders from the go&ernment. 8lthough Baruch5 who led the War Industries Board5 was delegated for this matter5 he had &er# little true power amongst state go&ernments. In realit#5 it was the War Industries Board that had a poor infrastructure and could not carr# out its 9ob. Wor<ers in Wartime ?now6 @Wor< or 2ight5@ 4ational War $abor Board5 Wobblies D. How did the war affect the labor mo&ementA WWI affected the labor mo&ement b# moti&ating ! citizens to support the war effort5 following the :Wor< or 2ight; motto. Taft was a capable leader of the 4ational War $abor Board and was able to settle wor<er disputes in order to focus on the greater goal. In addition5 Gompers5 who was associated with the 8merican 2ederation of $abor5 supported the war. !tri<es were not uncommon during the war due to an increase in inflation. !uffering ntil !uffrage ?now6 48W!85 -.th 8mendment5 Women"s Bureau E. How did the war affect womenA Women were affected b# the war b# ha&ing to ta<e o&er much of the men"s roles. 8lthough man# women had wor<ed before WWI5 the number of wor<ing women increased greatl#. The 48W!8 supported the war because it meant that women would be able to <eep the roles that the# held during the war afterwards as well. The effort of women to aid the war effort led to enactment of the -.th 8mendment. To ensure that women"s rights would not be infringed upon5 the Women"s Bureau was created.

2orging a War Econom# ?now6 2ood 8dministration5 Herbert Hoo&er5 )eatless Tuesda#s5 Eighteenth 8mendment5 Heatless )onda#s5 $ibert# Bonds .. ,id go&ernment become too intrusi&e in people"s li&es during the warA Gi&e e*amples to support #our answer. The go&ernment became &er# intrusi&e in people"s li&es during the war5 but this was a necessar# measure because citizens had not e*pected to be part of the war5 and were therefore not prepared for it. Herbert Hoo&er was delegated as the leader of the 2ood 8dministration in order to create food dri&es. This led to da#s such as )eatless Tuesda#s and Heatless )onda#s. !hortl# after the war ended5 the -Eth 8mendment was enacted5 leading to prohibition5 another aspect in which go&ernment :infringed; upon the li&es of citizens. )a<ing Plowbo#s into ,oughbo#s -0. Was the go&ernment"s effort to raise an arm# fair and effecti&eA The go&ernment"s effort to raise an arm# was both fair and effecti&e. 8s stated before5 the ! had not participated in a war on the grand of a scale and had to ensure that there would be enough people on the front lines. The draft was created through the !electi&e !er&ice 8ct5 and mandated that all men from ages -E to BC 9oin. It can be considered fair because men of all races ser&ed and some pla#ed support roles and not combat roles. 2ighting in 2rance11Belatedl# --. How were 8merican troops used in %ussiaA 8merican troops were used in %ussia due to the Bolshe&i< %e&olution in %ussia in -.-D. In -.-E5 %ussia had to lea&e the war due to internal problems. 8merica saw an opportunit# to place a t#pe of democrac# within %ussia as Wilson had planned5 and 8merican troops were sent to train %ussian troops and <eep them aware of their roles. 8merica Helps Hammer the Hun ?now6 )arshal 2och5 (ohn (. Pershing5 )euse18rgonne +ffensi&e5 8l&in Gor< -/. ,escribe the effect of the 8merican troops on the fighting. 8merican troops were e*pected b# foreign countries on the 8llies in order to pro&ide both supplies and offense. +ne of the man# generals who supported the in&ol&ement of 8merican troops was )arshal 2och5 a 2rench general. The# boosted morale and pro&ided supplies as foreseen. The# also participated in somewhat pi&otal battles and contributed to &ictories. The 2ourteen Points ,isarm German# ?now6 8rmistice ->. What role did 8merica pla# in bringing German# to surrenderA 8merica was able to force the German ?aiser to step down from power through almight# and thorough effort. There was an armistice that pla#ed a large role5 e&en though it was onl# a cease1fire. The Germans surrendered5 assuming that 8merican troops and supplies would ne&er stop input. Wilson !teps ,own from +l#mpus

?now6 Henr# Cabot $odge -B. What political mista<es hurt Wilson in the months following the armisticeA 2ollowing the armistice5 President Wilson tra&eled to Europe in order to negotiate and participate in peace tal<s. While his intentions were of a helpful nature5 man# %epublicans saw Wilson"s action as bombastic and unnecessar#. This was e&ident from the fact that no %epublican accompanied Wilson on his strip. Henr# Cabot $odge would ha&e been helpful to Wilson and the peace tal<s5 he and Wilson did not see e#e1to1e#e. The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris ?now6 'ittorio +rlando5 ,a&id $lo#d George5 Georges Clemenceau5 $eague of 4ations -C. How did Wilson"s desire for the $eague of 4ations affect his bargaining at the peace conferenceA The Big 2our consisted of +rlando from Ital#5 Clemenceau from 2rance5 $lo#d George from Britain5 and Wilson from the !. The# gathered in order to discuss the aftermath of the war. Wilson"s chasing of the $eague of 4ations contrasted from the &iews of other nations5 who wanted to castigate German# for its actions. Ital# wanted mone# as compensation5 while Britain and 2rance simpl# wanted to punish German#. 8fter tal<s5 the War Guilt Clause was created and completel# negated Wilson"s idea of the $eague of 4ations. Hammering +ut the Treat# ?now6 William Borah5 Hiram (ohnson5 Irreconcilables -F. What compromises did Wilson ma<e at the peace conferenceA William Borah and Hiram (ohnson led a group that fought for isolationism from an# future foreign affairs5 reHuiring a two1thirds ma9orit# in the !enate. Wilson was able to compromise with Clemenceau from 2rance b# allowing 2rance to ta<e the %hineland and !aar5 while letting the people choose between 2rance and German#. The Peace Treat# That Bred a 4ew War ?now6 Treat# of 'ersailles -D. 2or what reasons did Wilson compromise his -B PointsA In the creation of the Treat# of 'ersailles5 onl# some of Wilson"s 2ourteen Points were ta<en into consideration. This was because the other three countries of the Big 2our neither desired nor compromised for Wilson"s ideals. He found it necessar# to forget man# of his 2ourteen Points because had he not5 there would not ha&e been the Treat# of 'ersailles. The ,omestic Parade of Pre9udice -E. Wh# was the treat# criticized bac< in 8mericaA In 8merica5 there were two reasons for which the Treat# of 'ersailles was criticized3 the# highl# contrasted each other5 howe&er. +ne reason was because Wilson had not ensured isolationism and this might lead to in&ol&ement in future foreign affairs. +n the other hand5 some thought that the Treat# of 'ersailles had not been critical enough of German# and did not pro&ide enough punishment. Wilson"s Tour and Collapse I-.-.J

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What was the purpose and result of Wilson"s trip around the countr# when he returned to 8mericaA Wilson tra&eled the world in order to appeal to the 8merican citizens. This was not completel# worthwhile5 as people li<e $odge were not satisfied with the Treat# of 'ersailles. This trip5 howe&er5 cost Wilson some of his abilit# to lead due to fatigue5 e*haustion5 and a stro<e that caused Wilson to become ph#sicall# unable for a considerable amount of time. ,efeat Through ,eadloc< /0. Wh# was the treat# finall# re9ectedA The Treat# of 'ersailles was ultimatel# re9ected because $odge sought to uphold the )onroe ,octrine and the Constitution. He wanted to add amendments to the Treat#5 but Wilson did not agree with this. ,ue to this disagreement5 the Treat# was failed to be enacted twice. The @!olemn %eferendum@ of -./0 ?now6 Warren Harding5 (ames ). Co*5 4ormalc# /-. What did the results of the -./0 election indicateA The election of -./0 consisted of Warren Harding as the %epublican candidate and Coolidge as his running mate3 Co* was the ,emocratic candidate with 2,% as his running mate. 8 balance of power occurred with the &ictor# of the ,emocrats. The Betra#al of Great E*pectations //. How much should the .!. be blamed for the failure of the Treat# of 'ersaillesA The ! should ta<e a large portion of blame for the failure of the Treat# of 'ersailles and its enaction. ,ue to the nited !tates" somewhat cowardl# choices and actions as the world"s most powerful countr# at the time5 WWI became the war to begin the biggest war of all time instead of pre&enting all wars. Had the ! ruled out isolationism and realized the realit# of the situation at the time5 the Treat# of 'ersailles probabl# would ha&e had more success. 'ar#ing 'iewpoints6 Woodrow Wilson6 %ealist or IdealistA ?now6 %ealism5 Idealism5 Wilsonianism />. To what e*tent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation5 eHualit# and 9ustice among nationsA Wilson was not realistic at all when he called for a world of cooperation5 eHualit#5 and 9ustice amongst foreign nations. 8lthough this can be attributed to the fact that he created the 2ourteen Points prior to the entr# of the ! into WWI5 Wilson should ha&e seen the situation and realized that countries with such animosit# towards each other would not ha&e been capable of such idealistic goals5 e&en with compromise.