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Where there is a void of factual information, stigma and prejudice often rush in to fill the space (Taylor, 2010, para. 1).
What is Addiction?
Is it environmental? Is it physiological? Is it psychological? Is it societal?
"You do not just wake up one day and become an addict. -Jan
Opiates
Opiates originate from the dry milk of the opium poppy.
Analgesic that depresses the central nervous system by blocking pain receptors.
The most common opiates are heroin,
Demographics
Customary Practices
Ingestion of opiate will depend on the drug Heroin:
Liquefied & Injected Smoked Sniffed/snorted
Retrieved from www.lapalomatreatment.com
Prescription opiates:
Pill form Crushed, sniffed/ snorted Liquefied; patch
The Effects
People of all ages suffer the harmful consequences
of drug abuse and addiction. Babies exposed to legal and illegal drugs in the womb may be born premature and underweight. Adolescents who abuse drugs often act out, do poorly academically, and drop out of school. Adults who abuse drugs often have problems thinking clearly, remembering, and paying attention. Parents' drug abuse often means chaotic, stressfilled homes and child abuse and neglect.
Scientists use this knowledge to develop effective prevention and treatment approaches that reduce the toll drug abuse takes on individuals, families, and communities.
Description of A
A is a 28-year-old female who is a former drug
addict. Her addiction started when she was 15 y.o due to the pressure of school and the desire to attend to a good college. Her addiction was to Methamphetamines ( aka Tweek). During her first year of college at UCLA she realized she was an addict. She had two relapses before successfully quitting at 25-years-old. because she was diagnosed with bi-polar disorder and the medication created a balance for her.
Description of Jan
Jan is a 64-year-old recovering heroin addict. She first tried heroin at the age of 13. At 21-years-old she discontinued using drugs due to
One morning, I woke up and I told myself I cannot live like this or I will die. So I went to my first NA meeting.
(Jan, personal communication, February 19, 2014)
Addictive Personalities?
Dr. Michael Stein author from The Addict (2009) discusses: Research shows that addiction comes from an interaction between susceptibility and precipitant, between genetic makeup and environment.
Strong family history or traumatic event
Tom felt anesthetized, Julia physically energized and dangerously alivebut most people feel nothing more than pain relief, a little nausea, a little dizzy; this last group never becomes addicted (p.58).
Infant
Homeless Person
Professional Athlete
Roles
Physician
Parent
College Student
Why Do Drugs?
In general, people begin taking drugs for a variety of reasons: To feel good To feel better To do better To find out what its like and to fit in
Values of Use
Pain
Tolerance
Coping
Past traumatic event Current stress levels
OT-Related Treatments
Based on Transtheoretical Model
Brief Interventions
Investigate potential problem
Motivational Strategies:
Motivational interviewing Decision balance exercises Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) FRAMES: Feedback Responsibility Advice Menu Empathy and Self-efficacy
12 Step Programs
Help to promote and sustain recovery
(Stoffel & Moyers, 2004)
contemplation
treatment Best used when client ready for change Most effective when used in a combination with 12 step programs
12 Step Programs
Most successful when client has a history of using
external supports
Drug Treatments
Buprenorphine Partial m agonist 36-48 hour half-life Less abuse potential Ceiling effect limits overdose risk Mild-moderate dependence Mild withdrawal symptoms Tablet risk of injection Moderately expensive
Methadone
Full m agonist
24-36 hour half-life More abuse potential No protective overdose factors
dependence
Moderate-severe withdrawal Oral liquid-less risk of injection Inexpensive
Methadone Study
De Maeyer et al. (2011) found 5 themes related
neighborhoods. Counselors are usually former addicts with little training, fewer than half are licensed.
Angelina Jolie
She has previously discussed her past experimentation with drugs (including Heroin) as a suicidal, depressed 20something living in New York.
(Retrieved from http://www.examiner.com)
Cory Monteith
31-years-old: heroin & alcohol overdose
Cory didn't look or act like an addict. He was happy,
Matthew Perry
Speaking at the Clinton Global Initiative, Perry said of his decision to enter rehab: "I realized that if I stepped outside of myself and lived for others I'd be happy."
(Retrieved from http://www.digitalspy.com)
Florence Nightingale
It was discovered
after her death that the most famous nurse who ever lived was a notorious opiate user.administrators, teaching staff, BRAVE program members
administrators, teaching staff, BRAVE program members
Heath Ledger
Accidental overdose at 28-years-old of prescription medications including painkillers (opiates), antianxiety drugs and sleeping pills.
Rumored that he got deeper and deeper into drugs as his fears of losing his daughter increased.
(Retrieved from www.dailymail.co.uk )
Amy Winehouse
Died at 27 after a 36-hour whisky, cocaine and heroin bender, according to a tabloid report.
In various interviews, she admitted to having such problems with selfharm, depression, and eating disorders.
(Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wik i/Amy_Winehouse)
(Retrieved from www.riffraf.net)
Questions?
References
CBS News. (2013).Formal NFL quarterback Ray Lucas hopes story of painkiller addiction will lead others to get help. [Website]. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/former-nfl-quarterback-ray-lucas-hopes-story-of-painkiller-addiction-will-lead-others-to-get-help/ Cleveland.com (2012). Babies born to opiate-addicted moms go through withdrawal. [Website]. Retrieved from http://www.cleveland.com/healthfit/index.ssf/2012/09/opioid-addicted_women_are_givi.html De Maeyer, J., Vanderplasschen, W., Camfield, L., Vanheule, S., Sabbe, B., & Broekaert, E. (2011). A good quality of life under the influence of methadone: A qualitative study among opiate-dependent individuals. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48(10), 1244-1257. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.03.009 Institute for Substance Abuse Treatment Evaluation. (n.d.). Institute for substance abuse treatment evaluation : Tennessee outcomes for alcohol and drug services: Opiate. Retrieved from http://www.isate.memphis.edu/opiate.html Kane-Willis, K., Schmitz, S., Bazan, M., Narloch, W., & Wallace, C. (n.d.) Understanding suburban heroin use. Retrieved from http://heroin.robertcrown.org/files/Understanding_suburban_heroin_use.pdf Merlo, L. J., & Gold, M. S. (2008). Prescription opioid abuse and dependence among physicians: hypotheses and treatment. Harvard review of psychiatry,16(3), 181-194. doi:10.1080/10673220802160316
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2014). Drug facts: Nationwide trends. [Website]. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/nationwide-trends
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2006, August). Buprenorphine: Treatment for opiate addiction right in the doctor's office [PDF document]. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/bupren.pdf Rutgers Today (2012). Rising opiate and heroin abuse among young adults a public health academic. [Website]. Retrieved from http://news.rutgers.edu/special-content/fall-2012/rising-opiate-and-he-20121016#.UwzODvldWSp Stein, M. (2009). The addict: One patient, one doctor, one year. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. Stoffel, V. C., & Moyers, P. A. (2004). An evidence-based and occupational perspective of interventions for persons with substance use-disorders. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58(5), 570-586. doi:10.5014/ajot.58.5.570 Taylor, D. (2010, August 24). Not just junkies: the stigmatizing of drug addicts . The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/aug/24/stop-stigmatising-drug-addicts Whelan, P. J., & Remski, K. (2012). Buprenorphine vs methadone treatment: A review of evidence in both developed and developing worlds. Journal of Neuroscience in Rural Practice, 3(1), 45-50. doi: 10.4103/0976-3147.91934 Williams, C. T., & Latkin, C. A. (2007). Neighborhood socioeconomic status, personal network attributes, and use of heroin and cocaine. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32(6 Suppl), S203-S210. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.006
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