Basic Concepts Summary

References: 1. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics by Borgnakke and Sonntag, Seventh 2009, John Wiley & Sons Inc. Edition,

2. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, Yunus A. Cenegel and Michael A. Boles, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill. 3. Classical Thermodynamics by Russell Lynn D. and George A. Adebiyi, Oxford University Press 4. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics by Michael J. Moran and Howard N. Shapiro, Sixth Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Application areas of Thermodynamics

Power plants Automobile engines Aircraft and Rocket propulsion Alternating energy systems Compressors and pumps Refrigerators and Air-conditioning units Other household appliances Biomedical applications

History
The word thermodynamics is originated from the Greek words therme - heat dynamis - power First used by Lord Kelvin in 1849 Definition Thermodynamics is the science of energy. It deals with energy transformations and their relationship with the properties of the systems

Basic Concepts
Thermodynamic system - A fixed quantity of matter or region in space chosen for study Surroundings - Everything external to the system Universe - System + Surroundings Boundary Separates system from the surroundings (can be real or imaginary, fixed or movable. Must be meaningful and identifiable) Thermodynamic system types Closed system or Control mass - A fixed quantity of matter chosen for study Fixed mass. No mass transfer allowed Energy transfers (heat and work) are permitted between system and surroundings

Open system or Control volume A region in space chosen for study Mass transfer is permitted across the system boundary Energy transfer (Heat or Work) is also permitted across the system boundary

Isolated system Does not interact with surroundings No mass transfer No heat transfer or work transfer

Macroscopic approach Classical Thermodynamics Concerned with gross or overall behavior of the system, disregards the action of individual molecules Matter is assumed to be continuum a continuous and homogeneous substance with no holes Properties can be treated as point functions and vary continually with no jump discontinuities Limitations Valid as long as the characteristic length of the system is much larger than the mean free path of the molecules Not valid for applications such as high vacuum technology, highly rarefied gases, high speed gas flows, plasmas and very high altitude situations Microscopic approach Statistical Thermodynamics Considers the molecular structure of the matter Average behavior of all the particles is characterized on the basis of statistical considerations and probability theory Enables the macroscopic parameters of the system to be calculated from the knowledge of microscopic constituents Both classical and statistical thermodynamics are only valid for systems in equilibrium Property Macroscopic characteristic of a system that can be observed and quantified Ex: mass, volume, pressure, temperature, velocity, elevation, viscosity, thermal conductivity, density Extensive Properties The value of the extensive property for an overall system is the sum of its values for the parts into which the system is divided Extensive properties depend on the extent or size of the system. As the size or the mass increases, the value of the extensive property increases. Ex: mass, volume, energy, momentum Intensive Properties Independent of the size and extent of the system. May be functions of both space and time (Extensive properties can only be functions of time) Ex: pressure, temperature, density, thermal conductivity Specific properties Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties. Specific properties are intensive properties Represented by lower case letters Ex: specific volume, specific enthalpy, specific internal energy 4

State It is the condition of the system described by certain observable macroscopic properties Phase Quantity of mass that is homogeneous throughout in chemical composition and physical structure Equilibrium State of balance No unbalanced potentials within the system when the system is isolated from its surroundings Thermal Equilibrium Temperature is same throughout the entire system Mechanical Equilibrium No change in pressure at any point of the system with time (Pressure changes with elevation usually disregarded) Phase Equilibrium In systems containing several phases, the mass of each phase reaches an equilibrium level Chemical Equilibrium Chemical composition does not change, i.e., no chemical reactions occur Thermodynamic Equilibrium System is in equilibrium regarding all possible changes of state Change of State Whenever one or more properties of the system change, a change of state occurs for the system Process A system is said to be undergone a process, if it goes through a series of changes in state. Path The succession of states passed through by the system during a process is called the path of the process.

Quasi equilibrium process System stays at or near equilibrium during the entire process The process in which the deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium is infinitesimal, and all the states the system passes through during a quasi equilibrium process are considered equilibrium states. Use continuous line for the path when process is quasi equilibrium Otherwise, use dash lines to connect the equilibrium end states Quasi equilibrium process is an idealized process only. But many actual processes can be modeled as quasi equilibrium with negligible error. Work producing devices produce maximum work (and work consuming devices require minimum work) when they operate on quasi equilibrium processes. (More details later) Iso processes The prefix iso- is used to designate a process for which a particular property remains constant. Isothermal constant temperature Isobaric constant pressure Isochoric (isometric) constant volume Isenthalpic constant enthalpy Isentropic constant entropy Thermodynamic cycle Process or processes a system undergoes such that final state is identical to the initial state More on Properties A quantity is a property if and only if, its change in value between two states is independent of the process Properties describe the state of the system only when the system is in equilibrium Properties are point functions and exact differentials In a cyclic process, the change in any property of the system is zero 6

Non flow process No mass flow through the system boundary i.e., processes involving closed systems Flow processes Mass flow across the boundary is permitted. (Open systems) Steady No change with time Uniform No change with location over a specified region Steady flow process A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily. Fluid properties can change from point to point within the control volume, but at any fixed point they remain same during the entire process. Steady flow devices Operate for longer periods of time under the same operating conditions

Energy Here is some interesting discussion on the definition of energy. Please open this link and read. http://www.ftexploring.com/energy/definition.html Energy exists in various forms, thermal, mechanical, chemical, nuclear, electric, kinetic, potential, magnetic etc. Total energy is the sum of all the forms of energy. Thermodynamics provides NO information about the absolute value of the total energy. It deals only with the change of the total energy. All the energy forms can be grouped into two main categories (1) Macroscopic (2) Microscopic Macroscopic forms of the energy The forms of energy that system possesses as a whole with respect to some outside reference frame Ex: Kinetic energy, Potential energy Microscopic forms of energy The forms of energy related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of molecular activity Independent of outside reference frame Ex: chemical energy, nuclear energy Internal energy Sum of all microscopic forms of energy. Sensible energy Internal energy associate with the kinetic energies of the molecules Latent energy Internal energy associated with the binding forces between molecules Chemical energy Internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule Nuclear energy Internal energy associated with the strong bonds within the nucleus of the atom.