General faults in HVAC system Diagnosis: - By First Princples model based FDD Methods 1) Reduced Heating Capacity Fault

2) Valve Leakage 3) Stuck return Air damper 4) Stuck Closed Recirculation Damper:- This fault is implemented by disabling the damper in the closed position. Diagnosis: - By recursive parameter estimation method in which movement in the control damper high activation point. The parameter is a measure of the lowest damper control signal that results in 100% outside air. 5) Stuck Open Outside Air Damper: - It is implemented by applying a voltage to the damper actuator to force the damper to an open position. A damper that is stuck open is unlikely to cause a significant disruption to the static pressure. Diagnosis: - By recursive activation of the actuator low estimation point. For this fault the damper control signal at which the damper appears to first move from the full recirculation point.

6) Leaking Recirculation Damper: - This fault was implemented by removing the rubber sealing strips located between the two opposed damper blades. The extent to which this fault is detectable decreases as the economizer moves towards the minimum outside air position. Diagnosis: - The effect on mixed air temperature. 7) Leaking Cooling Coil Valve: - It is implemented by progressively opening a valve in a bypass leg installed around the cooling coil control valve. Diagnosis: - The leaking can be distinguished from the reduction in cooling capacity fault because the reduced capacity would be expected to be most predominant at the higher coil duties. 8) Leaking Heating Coil Valve: - It affects both boiler and chiller loads. It increases the load on the cooling coil. Diagnosis: - It cannot be detected easily by First Principles Model Based FDD Methods. 9) Reduced Cooling Coil Capacity: - It is implemented by throttling the flow of water to the cooling coil, via

a valve normally used to balance the flow of water through the coil and the coil bypass pipe. Diagnosis: - Detection of fault is through the power required by secondary chilled water loop pump. 10) Static Pressure Sensor Offset and Drift: This fault is implemented by bleeding air out of the tube connecting the static pressure sensor to the pneumatic to electric transducer. Diagnosis: - We will detect this fault by NILM attached to the motor control center during spring-test period. 11) Oscillatory Static Pressure Control:-This fault is implemented at ERS that leaves a sustained, dynamic signature and that cannot be detected via a traditional steady state analysis. It was implemented at ERS by adjusting the controller gains until pressure oscillations were observed at low airflow rates. Diagnosis: - Detection of this fault with sub metered supply fan power data by quantifying the magnitude of the power oscillations. 12) Slipping Supply Fan Belt and Loss of Fan Drive Power: - This fault is implemented by slackening the belt that connects the fan motor to the centrifugal fan itself.

Diagnosis: - If (fan speed =100% and power < power threshold and Delta t > time threshold) THEN Alarm.