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UNDERTAKING
We declare that the project work presented in this report entitled Topic, submitted to the department of electronics and communication, Shobhit Institute of Engineering and technology, Saharanpur, for the award of Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Gautam Budhh Technical University, Lucknow is our original work. The contents of the report do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution. Further we have not plagiarized or submitted the same work for the award of any other degree. In this case undertaking is found incorrect, we accept that our degree may unconditionally be withdrawn. May..., 2013 S.I.E.T.,Gangoh Name of students: Sangam Khare (0910331064)
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Certificate
Certified that Sangam Khare (0910331064), has carried out the project work presented in this report entitled Hand Gesture Based Wireless Controlled Robot for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electronic & Communication from Gautam Buddh Technical University, Lucknow under my supervision. The report embodies results of original work, and studies are carried out by the student himself and the contents of the report do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to candidate or to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution.
Supervisor (Ms. Shipra Saini) SeniorLecturer Dept. of Electronics &CommunicationEngineering Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology Saharanpur- 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India Date: ..
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Acknowledgement
We wish to take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and thanks to our head of department and supervisor. We are thankful; to all faculty member and lab staff member of the department who helped me directly or indirectly in completing the work. Last, but not the least, We are thankful to the management members and director of Shobhit Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Saharanpur (U.P.) who permitted and supported us for completing this project work.
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ABSTRACT
The main objective of our project work is to control a robot with gestures of our hand. There are two main components of our system: Arduino microcontroller Accelerometer The accelerometer depends upon the gestures of our hand. Through accelerometer, a passage of data signal is received and it is processed with the help of arduino microcontroller. The microcontroller gives command to the robot to move in the desired direction. The basic working principle for our robot is passage of the data signals of accelerometer readings to the Arduino board fitted on the bot. The program compiled in that arduino runs according to that value, which make the bot function accordingly .While we have used two-axis accelerometer. In which, one axis will control the speed in forward or backward direction and other axis will control the turning mechanism. Accelerometer-based gesture control is studied as a supplementary or an alternative interaction modality. Gesture commands freely trainable by the user can be used for controlling external devices with handheld wireless sensor unit. Two user studies are presented. The first study concerns finding gestures for controlling a design environment (Smart Design Studio), TV, VCR, and lighting. The results indicate that different people usually prefer different gestures for the same task, and hence it should be possible to personalise them. The second user study concerns evaluating the usefulness of the gesture modality compared to other interaction modalities for controlling a design environment. The other modalities were speech, RFID-based physical tangible objects, laser-tracked pen. The results suggest that gestures are a natural modality for certain tasks, and can augment other modalities. Gesture commands were found to be natural, especially for commands with spatial association in design environment control.The project consist of integration of the three technologies as wireless,gesture & embedded.
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In
advanced version of it robots are designed to be adaptive, that is, respond according to the changing environment and even autonomous, that is, capable to make decisions on their own. While designing a robot the most important thing to be taken in consideration is, obviously, the function to be performed. Robots have basic levels of complexity and each level has its scope for performing the requisite function.The levels of complexity of robots is defined by the members number of actuators and sensors used and for advanced robots the type and number of microprocessors and microcontrollers used. Each increasing component adds to the scope of functionality of a robot. With every joint added, the degrees of freedom in which a robot can work increases and with the quality of the microprocessors and microcontrollers the accuracy and effectiveness with which a robot can work is enhanced.
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Contents
Chapter-1: Overview of project 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aim of our project 1.3 Components used in the project Chapter-2: Project Technologies 2.1 Embedded system 2.1.1 Fields of embedded system 2.1.2 Characteristics of embedded system 2.1.3 Applications of embedded system 2.2 Gesture technology 2.2.1 Hand gesture system 2.2.2 Applications of gesture technology 2.3 Wireless technology 2.3.1 Wireless system 2.3.2 Applications of wireless technology Chapter 3-Arduino board with Atmega328 microcontroller 3.1 Introduction 3.2Characteristics of arduino board 3.3 Board description 3.4 Pin configuration of Atmega328 3.5 Pin description 3.6 Block diagram 3.7 Programming environment with Atmega 328 Chapter 4- Accelerometer (MEMs) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Basic principle 4.3 Structure 4.4 Types of accelerometer 4.5 ADXL335
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4.6 Theory of operation of ADXL335 4.7 Pin configuaration and description 4.8 Applications of accelerometer Chapter 5-RF-module 5.1 Introduction 5.2 RF-Transmitter 5.3 RF-Encoder (HT12E) 5.3.1 Features of HT12E 5.3.2 Pin description 5.3.3 Applications 5.4 RF-Receiver 5.5 RF-Decoder (HT12D) 5.5.1 Pin description 5.5.2 Applications Chapter 6-Mechanical Components 6.1 Motors 6.2 Wheels 6.3 Types of wheels 6.4 Three Wheeled robot 6.5 Chassis Chapter 7-Processing of robot Result Conclusion Future improvements Apendix References
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List of tables
List of figures
1.1 Basic block diagram of project 1.2 Modules of project 2.1 Embedded system fields 2.3 Gesture movement diagram .4 Network connection in wireless system 3.1 Simple arduino board 3.2 Pin diagram of Atmega328 3.3 Block diagram of arduino 4.1 Block diagram of ADXL335 4.2 pin diagram of ADXL335 5.1pin diagram of RF-Encoder 5.2 pin diagram of RF-Decoder 6.1 3wheeled robot
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Abbreviations
RF-Radio frequency GPS-Global positioning system LAN-Local area network MEMs-Micro electromechanical system PDA-Personal digital assistant HMI-Human machine interface GSM-Global service for mobile CDMA-Code division multiple access GPRS-Global packet radio service QCN-Quick catcher network INS-Inertial navigation system
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CHAPTER 01
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cameras, DVD players, GPS receivers, and printers. Many household appliances, such as microwave ovens, washing machines and dishwashers, are including embedded systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and features. Advanced HVAC systems use
networked thermostats to more accurately and efficiently control temperature that can change by time of day and season. Home automation uses wired- and wireless-networking that can be used to control lights, climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices for sensing and controlling.
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COMPUTER SOFTWARE
ELECTRONIC HARDWARE
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1. Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. 2. Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music. Similarly, an embedded system in an automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself. 3. The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard or screen.
2.2 Gesture
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Technology
Gesture recognition is a topic in computer science and language technology with the goal of interpreting human gestures via mathematical algorithms. Gestures can originate from any bodily motion or state but commonly originate from the face or hand. Current focuses in the field include emotion recognition from the face and hand gesture recognition. Many approaches have been made using cameras and computer vision algorithms to interpret sign language. However, the identification and recognition of posture, gait, proxemics, and human behaviors is also the subject of gesture recognition techniques. Gesture recognition can be seen as a way for computers to begin to understand human body language, this building a richer bridge between machines and humans than primitive text user interfaces or even GUIs (graphical user interfaces), which still limit the majority of input to keyboard and mouse. Gesture recognition enables humans to interface with the machine (HMI) and interact naturally without any mechanical devices. Using the concept of gesture recognition, it is possible to point a finger at the computer screen so that the cursor will move accordingly. This could potentially make conve0ntional input devices such as mouse, keyboards and even touch-screens redundant.
Gesture recognition can be conducted with techniques from computer vision and image processing. The literature includes ongoing work in the computer vision field on capturing gestures or more general human pose and movements by cameras connected to a computer. In computer interfaces, two types of gestures are distinguished: We consider online gestures, which can also be regarded as direct manipulations like scaling and rotating. In contrast, offline gestures are usually processed after the interaction is finished; e. g. a circle is drawn to activate a context menu.Offline gestures: Those gestures that are processed after the user interaction with the object. An example is the gesture to activate a menu.Online gestures: Direct manipulation gestures. They are used to scale or rotate a tangible object.
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Affective computing. In affective computing, gesture recognition is used in the process of identifying emotional expression through computer systems. Remote control. Through the use of gesture recognition, "remote control with the wave of a hand" of various devices is possible. The signal must not only indicate the desired response, but also which device to be controlled.
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Mobile telephones One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone, also known as a cellular phone, with more than 4.6 billion mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide as of the end of 2010.] These wireless phones use radio waves to enable their users to make phone calls from many locations worldwide. They can be used within range of the mobile telephone site used to house the equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these instruments.
Wireless data communications Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile computing. The various available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and performance, and in some circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple connection types and switch between them. To simplify the experience for the user, connection manager software can be used, or a mobile VPN deployed to handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual network. Supporting technologies include
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Wi-Fi It is a wireless local area network that enables portable computing devices to connect easily to the Internet. Standardized as IEEE 802.11 a,b,g,n, Wi-Fi approaches speeds of some types of wired Ethernet. Wi-Fi has become the de facto standard for access in private homes, within offices, and at public hotspots. Some businesses charge customers a monthly fee for service, while others have begun offering it for free in an effort to increase the sales of their goods. Cellular data service It offers coverage within a range of 10-15 miles from the nearest cell site. Speeds have increased as technologies have evolved, from earlier technologies such as GSM, CDMA and GPRS, to 3G networks such as W-CDMA, EDGE or CDMA2000. Mobile Satellite
unavailable, such as in
largely rural areas or remote locations. Satellite communications are especially important for transportation, aviation, maritime and military use.
Wireless energy transfer Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use of interconnecting wires. Computer interface devices Answering the call of customers frustrated with cord clutter, many manufactures of computer peripherals turned to wireless technology to satisfy their consumer base. Originally these units used bulky, highly limited transceivers to mediate between a computer and a keyboard and mouse, however more recent generations have used small, high quality devices, some even incorporating Bluetooth. These systems have become so ubiquitous that some users have begun complaining about a lack of wired peripherals. Wireless devices tend to have a slightly slower response time than their wired counterparts, however the gap is decreasing. Concerns about the security of wireless keyboards arose at the end of 2007, when it was revealed that Microsoft's implementation of encryption in some of its 27 MHz models was highly insecure.
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Wireless Printing
Print barcode labels on demand wherever they are needed. Because wireless printers are independent of cabling and a wired network infrastructure, they can be used virtually anywhere and relocated in minuteswithout incurring additional costs. Wireless printing provides the responsiveness and flexibility that modern manufacturing and supply chain operations demand. These benefits come without performance trade-offs or a premium price. In fact, the total cost of ownership for wireless printing systems can be lower than traditional, wired-network configurations
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3.2
a)
Cross-platform The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
c)
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The Arduino programming environment is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students learning to program in that environment will be familiar with the look and feel of Arduino
d)
Open source and extensible software The Arduino software and is published as open source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based. SImilarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
e)
Open source and extensible hardware The Arduino is based on Atmel's ATMEGA8 and ATMEGA168microcontrollers. The plans for the modules are published under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the module, extending it and improving it.
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oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0.
3.4
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Port B (PB7) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. PB6 Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Port C (PC5) Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. PC6 PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C.; PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running. Port D (PD7) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. AVcc AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through
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a low-pass filter. Note that PC6...4 use digital supply voltage. AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
Fig no:3.3 block diagram of arduino 3.7 Programming Environment of ATmega 328
Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: structure, values (variables and constants), and functions 3.7.1 Structure Setup ( ) The setup () function is called when a sketch starts. Use it to initialize variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc. The setup function will only run once, after each powerup or reset of the Arduino boa
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Loop () After creating a setup () function, which initializes and sets the initial values, the loop() function does precisely what its name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing your program to change and respond. Use it to actively control the Arduino board.
3.7.2 Constants Constants are predefined variables in the Arduino language. They are used to make the programs easier to read. We classify constants in groups.
High The meaning of high is somewhat different depending on whether a pin is set to an input or output When a pin is configured as an with pinMode, and read with digitalRead, the
microcontroller will report high if a voltage of 3 volts or more is present at the pin. Low The meaning of low also has a different meaning depending on whether a pin is set to input or output. When a pin is configured as an input with pin mode, and read with digital read, the microcontroller will report low if a voltage of 2 volts or less is present at the pin.
3.7.3 Functions Digital I/O There are basically three functions are used in digital i/o. Pin Mode() Configures the specified pin to behave either as an input or an output. Digital Write () Write a high or a low value to a digital pin. If the pin is configured as an iput, writing a high value with digital Write () will enable an internal 20K pull-up resistor. Writing low will disable the pull-up. The pull-up resistor is enough to light an led dimly, so if LEDs appear to work, but very dimly, this is a likely cause. The remedy is to set the pin to an output with the pin Mode () function. Digital Read () Reads the value from a specified digital pin, either high or low. Analog I/O In analog i/o there are also three functions to take input from accelerometer which are
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Analog Reference () Configures the reference voltage used for analog input (i.e. the value used as the top of the input range). The options are: Default The default analog reference of 5 volts (on 5V Arduino boards) or 3.3 volts (on 3.3V Arduino boards) Internal An built-in reference, equal to 1.1 volts on the ATmega168 or ATmega328 and 2.56 volts on theATmega8 (not available on the Arduino Mega) Internal 1V1 A built-in 1.1V reference (Arduino Mega only) Internal 2V56 A built-in 2.56V reference (Arduino Mega only) External The voltage applied to the AREF pin (0 to 5V only) is used as the reference.
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differences (gradients) in the proper accelerations offrames of references associated with those points.
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acceleration of objects with respect to the Earth, such as for use in an inertial navigation system, a knowledge of local gravity is required. This can be obtained either by calibrating the device at rest, or from a known model of gravity at the approximate current position.
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Most micromechanical accelerometers operate in-plane, that is, they are designed to be sensitive only to a direction in the plane of the die. By integrating two devices perpendicularly on a single die a two-axis accelerometer can be made. By adding an additional out-of-plane device three axes can be measured. Such a combination may have much lower misalignment error than three discrete models combined after packaging. Micromechanical accelerometers are available in a wide variety of measuring ranges, reaching up to thousands of g's. The designer must make a compromise between sensitivity and the maximum acceleration that can be measured.
Bulk micromachined capacitive Bulk micromachined piezoelectric resistive Capacitive spring mass base DC response Electromechanical servo (Servo Force Balance) High gravity High temperature Laser accelerometer Low frequency Magnetic induction Modally tuned impact hammers Null-balance Optical Pendulous integrating gyroscopic accelerometer Piezoelectric accelerometer Resonance Seat pad accelerometers
0
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Fig no:4.1 Block diagram of ADXL335 The demodulator output is amplified and brought off-chip through a 32 k resistor. The user then sets the signal bandwidth of the device by adding a capacitor. This filtering improves measurement resolution and helps prevent aliasing.
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Pin description
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 NC ST COM NC COM COM COM ZOUT NC YOUT NC XOUT NC VS No Connect.1 Self-Test. Common. No Connect.1 Common. Common. Common. Z Channel Output. No Connect.1 Y Channel Output. No Connect. 1 X Channel Output. No Connect. 1 Supply Voltage (1.8 V to 3.6 V). 15 VS Supply Voltage (1.8 V to 3.6 V). 16 EP NC Exposed Pad No Connect. 1 Not internally connected. Solder for mechanical integrity.
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Biology
Accelerometers are also increasingly used in the biological sciences. High frequency recordings of bi-axial or tri-axial acceleration (>10 Hz) allows the discrimination of behavioral patterns while animals are out of sight. Furthermore, recordings of acceleration allow researchers to quantify the rate at which an animal is expending energy in the wild, by either determination of limb-stroke frequency or measures such as overall dynamic body acceleration Such approaches have mostly been adopted by marine scientists due to an inability to study animals in the wild using visual observations, however an increasing number of terrestrial biologists are adopting similar approaches. This device can be connected to an amplifier to amplify the signal.
Industry
Condition monitoring Accelerometers are also used for machinery health monitoring to report the vibration and its changes in time of shafts at the bearings of rotating equipment such as turbines, pumps, fans, rollers, compressors, and cooling towers. Vibration monitoring programs are proven to warn of impending failure, save money, reduce downtime, and improve safety in plants worldwide by detecting conditions such as wear and tear of bearings, shaft misalignment, rotor imbalance, gear failure or bearing
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fault which, if not attended to promptly, can lead to costly repairs. Accelerometer vibration data allows the user to monitor machines and detect these faults before the rotating equipment fails completely. Vibration monitoring programs are utilized in industries such as automotive manufacturing, machine tool applications, pharmaceutical production, power generation and power plants, pulp and paper, sugar mills, food and beverage production, water and wastewater, hydropower, petrochemical and steel manufacturing. Building and structural monitoring Accelerometers are used to measure the motion and vibration of a structure that is exposed to dynamic loads. Measuring and recording how a structure responds to these inputs is critical for assessing the safety and viability of a structure. This type of monitoring is called Dynamic Monitoring. Medical applications Zoll's AED Plus uses CPR-Dpadz which contains an accelerometer to measure the depth of CPR chest compressions. Within the last several years, Nike, Polar and other companies have produced and marketed sports watches for runners that includefootpods, containing accelerometers to help determine the speed and distance for the runner wearing the unit.In Belgium, accelerometer-based step counters are promoted by the government to encourage people to walk a few thousand steps each day.Herman Digital Trainer uses accelerometers to measure strike force in physical training.
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aircraft and rockets. In the presence of a gravitational gradient, the calibration and data reduction process is numerically unstable.
Transport
Accelerometers are also being used in Intelligent Compaction rollers. Accelerometers are used alongside gyroscopes in inertial guidance systems. One of the most common uses for MEMS accelerometers is in airbag deployment systems for modern automobiles. In this case the accelerometers are used to detect the rapid negative acceleration of the vehicle to determine when a collision has occurred and the severity of the collision. Another common automotive use is in electronic stability control systems, which use a lateral accelerometer to measure cornering forces. The widespread use of accelerometers in the automotive industry has pushed their cost downdramatically. Another automotive application is the monitoring of noise, vibration and harshness (NVH), conditions that cause discomfort for drivers and passengers and may also be indicators of mechanical faults.Tilting trains use accelerometers and gyroscopes to calculate the required tilt.
Vulcanology
Modern electronic accelerometers are used in remote sensing devices intended for the monitoring of active volcanos to detect the motion of magma.
Consumers Electronics
Accelerometers are increasingly being incorporated into personal electronic devices. Motion input Some smartphones, digital audio players and personal digital assistants contain accelerometers for user interface control; often the accelerometer is used to presentlandscape or portrait views of the device's screen, based on the way the device is being held. Automatic Collision Notification (ACN) systems also use accelerometers in a system to call for help in event of a vehicle crash. Prominent ACN systems include Onstar AACN
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service,Ford Link's 911 Assist, Toyota's Safety Connect, Lexus Link, or BMW Assist. Many accelerometer-equipped smartphones also have ACN software available for download. ACN systems are activated by detecting crash-strength G-
forces.Nintendo's Wii video game console uses a controller called a Wii Remote that contains a three-axis accelerometer and was designed primarily for motion input. Users also have the option of buying an additional motion-sensitive attachment, the Nun chuk, so that motion input could be recorded from both of the user's hands independently. Is also used on the Nintendo 3DS system.The Sony PlayStation 3 uses the Dual Shock 3 remote which uses a three axis accelerometer that can be used to make steering more realistic in racing games, such as Motorstorm and Burnout Paradise. The Nokia 5500 sport features a 3D accelerometer that can be accessed from software. It is used for step recognition (counting) in a sport application, and for tap gesture recognition in the user interface. Tap gestures can be used for controlling the music player and the sport application, for example to change to next song by tapping through clothing when the device is in a pocket. Other uses for accelerometer in Nokia phones include Pedometer functionality in Nokia Sports Tracker. Some other devices provide the tilt sensing feature with a cheaper component, which is not a true accelerometer. Sleep phase alarm clocks use accelerometric sensors to detect movement of a sleeper, so that it can wake the person when he/she is not in REM phase, therefore awakes more easily. Orientation sensing A number of 21st century devices use accelerometers to align the screen depending on the direction the device is held, for example switching between portrait and landscape modes. Such devices include many tablet PCs and some smartphones and digital cameras. For example, Apple uses an LIS302DL accelerometer in the iPhone, iPod Touch and the 4th and 5th generation iPod Nano allowing the device to know when it is tilted on its side. Third-party developers have expanded its use with fanciful applications such as electronicbobbleheads. The BlackBerry Storm phone was also an early user of this orientation sensing feature. The Nokia N95 and Nokia N82 have accelerometers embedded inside them. It was primarily used as a tilt sensor for tagging the orientation to photos taken with the built-in camera and later became available to other applications
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through a firmware update.As of January 2009, almost all new mobile phones and digital cameras contain at least a tilt sensor and sometimes an accelerometer for the purpose of auto image rotation, motion-sensitive mini-games, and to correct shake when taking photographs.
Image stabilization
Camcorders use accelerometers for image stabilization. Still cameras use accelerometers for anti-blur capturing. The camera holds off snapping the CCD "shutter" when the camera is moving. When the camera is still (if only for a millisecond, as could be the case for vibration), the CCD is "snapped". An example application which has used such technology is the Glogger VS2, a phone application which runs on Symbian OS based phone with accelerometer such as Nokia N96. Some digital cameras, contain accelerometers to determine the orientation of the photo being taken and also for rotating the current picture when viewing.
Device integrity
Many laptops feature an accelerometer which is used to detect drops. If a drop is detected, the heads of the hard disk are parked to avoid data loss and possible head or disk damage by the ensuing shock.
Gravimetry
A gravimeter or gravitometer, is an instrument used in gravimetry for measuring the local gravitational field. A gravimeter is a type of accelerometer, except that accelerometers are susceptible to all vibrations including noise, that cause oscillatory accelerations. This is counteracted in the gravimeter by integral vibration isolation and signal processing. Though the essential principle of design is the same as in accelerometers, gravimeters are typically designed to be much more sensitive than accelerometers in order to measure very tiny changes within the Earth's gravity, of 1 g. In contrast, other accelerometers are often designed to measure 1000 g or more, and many perform multi-axial measurements. The constraints on temporal resolution are usually less for gravimeters, so that resolution can be increased by processing the output with a longer "time constant"
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two tuned
circuits each
at
the is
the
transmitter
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usually
with
the
aid
of
an antenna,
propagates
an
electromagnetic signal such as radio, television, or other telecommunications. Arrangement of RF-Transmitter The transmitting system consists of two tuned circuits such that the one containing the spark-gap is a persistent oscillator; the other, containing the aerial structure, is a free radiator maintained in oscillation by being coupled to the first (Nikola
Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi). The oscillating system, including the aerial structure with its associated inductance-coils and condensers, is designed to be both a sufficiently persistent oscillator and a sufficiently active radiator (Oliver Lodge). The transmitting system consists of two electrically coupled circuits, one of which, containing the air-gap, is a powerful but not persistent oscillator, being provided with a device for quenching the spark so soon as it has imparted sufficient energy to the other circuit containing the aerial structure, this second circuit then independently radiating the train of slightly damped waves at its own period (Oliver Joseph Lodge and Wilhelm Wien). 5.3 RF-Encoder (HT12E) The HT12E encoder is designed for remote control system applications. It will interface to RF transmitter modules to create a secure single or multiple channel RF remote control transmitter. The oscillator is configured simply with the addition of a resistor. It is capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and 12-N data bits. Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programmed addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF transmission medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. HT12E is an encoder integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They are paired with 212 series of decoders for use in remote control system applications. It is mainly used in interfacing RF and infrared circuits. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have same number of addresses and data format. Simply put, HT12E converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It encodes the 12 bit parallel data into serial for transmission through an RF transmitter. These 12 bits are divided into 8 address bits and 4 data bits. HT12E has a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger signal is received on TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are transmitted
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together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission medium. HT12E begins a 4word transmission cycle upon receipt of a transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low. As soon as TE returns to high, the encoder output completes its final cycle and then stops. 5.3.1 Features of HT12E
Operating voltage: 2.4V~12V Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology Low standby current: 0.1uA (typ.) at VDD=5V Built-in oscillator, needs only 5% resistor Compatible with the HT12D decoder IC 18-pin DIP
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5.3.2 Pin Description Pin No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Function Name A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 Ground AD0 AD1 AD2 AD3 TE Osc2 Osc1 Output Vcc
Ground (0V) 4 bit Data/Address pins for input Transmission enable; active low Oscillator input Oscillator output Serial data output Supply voltage; 5V (2.4V-12V)
Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones
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5.4 RF-Receiver
The RF receiver is specially degined to receive the signal from the rf transmitter to demodulate or decode the original signal.for receiving we use receiver and for decoding we use the IC HT12D.The description of HT12D are as under as follows-
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Pin Configuration
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5.5.2 Application
RF Modules are used in applications where size, price and power consumption coupled with long range are important parameters. RF Module integration with MCU, memory and ADC, will fit almost all applications.
Industrial Automation
In Industrial automation there is an ever-increasing need to monitor and analyse the status or wear and tear of machines and sensors. Using the low power wireless connectivity of the RF Module is a low high reliability method of getting access to this data.
Security
Frequency hopping and short time on air increases security in applications using the RF module. In Remote Keyless Entry systems the low voltage operation, internal voltage regulator and low current operation of the RF Module increases the battery life time.
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6.1 Introduction When I first started building my first robot, someone much more experienced than me once said paraphrased, "if you build a mechanically crappy robot with expert programming and control, you will only get a crappy robot; build a mechanically professional robot with crappy programming and control, you will still get a well built robot." Its very good advice which I still use today.Planning. Would you say someone who plans his future will have a better future? YES! I cannot emphasize any more for you to design your robot out on paper (or computer) first. This means plan out everything, such as what material to build your robot out of<, where to put every screw, how you will attach your sensors - EVERYTHING. You will save money and time, and will have a better constructed robot too. To do this, you should draw all your parts out to dimension, mark your holes, and understand how all your parts connect.There are mainly three mechanical components are used in the project which are as
6.2 Motors
There are several different types of motors. Each motor type has several advantages as well as disadvantages depending on a particular robots design. In our project we use the D.C motors which are very easy to use, but like most other motors their usefulness for robotics is very dependent on the gearing available. DC-motors are made much more effective if they have an efficient gear ratio for a particular task. If your priority is to have a fast spinning motor and torque is of little concern a low gearing or even no gearing may be what you need; however, most motors used in robots need torque over top speed so a motor with a high gear ratio could be more useful. The control of a DC motor can be split into two parts: speed and direction.
6.3 Wheels
Wheeled robots are robots that navigate around the ground using motorized wheels to propel themselves. This design is simpler than using treads or legs and by using wheels they are easier
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to design, build, and program for movement in flat, not-so-rugged terrain. They are also better controlled than other types of robots. Disadvantages of wheeled robots are that they cannot navigate well over obstacles, such as rocky terrain, sharp declines, or areas with low friction. Wheeled robots are most popular among the consumer market, their differential steering provides low cost and simplicity. Robots can have any number of wheels, but three wheels are sufficient for static and dynamic balance. Additional wheels can add to balance; however, additional mechanisms will be required to keep all the wheels in the ground, when the terrain is not flat. When buying (or making) your wheels you want to put your motor into consideration. For a start, there is torque and velocity. Large diameter wheels give your robot low torque but high velocity. So if you already have a very strong motor, then you can use wheels with larger diameters. Servo's already have good torque, so you should use larger diameter wheels. But if your motor is weak (such as if it does not have any gearing), you want to use a much smaller diameter wheel. This will make your robot slower, but at least it has enough torque to go up a hill! Another dumb mistake someone can make is buying a wheel that has a diameter close to or less than the motor diameter. For example, if you have a 1" diameter motor, and a 1.5" diameter wheel, you have a .25" ground clearance ( (1.5"-1")/2=.25" ). How high is the tallest object you want to go over? 6.4 Types of wheels 2 wheeled robot 3 wheeled robot 4 wheeled rbot 5 or more wheeled robot
3-Wheeled robot
3-wheeled robots may be of two types: differentially steered (2 powered wheels with an additional free rotating wheel to keep the body in balance) or 2 wheels powered by a single source and a powered steering for the third wheel. In the case of differentially steered wheels, the robot direction may be changed by varying the relative rate of rotation of the two separately driven wheels. If both the wheels are driven in the same direction and speed, the robot will go
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straight. Otherwise, depending on the speed of rotation and its direction, the center of rotation may fall anywhere in the line joining the two wheels.
Fig no:6.1 3wheeled robot The center of gravity in this type of robot has to lay inside the triangle formed by the wheels. If too heavy of a mass is mounted to the side of the free rotating wheel, the robot will tip over. 6.5 Chassis A chassis consists of an internal framework that supports a man-made object. It is analogous to an animal's skeleton. An example of a chassis is the under part of a motor vehicle, consisting of the frame (on which the body is mounted) with the wheels and machinery. we use the chassis to maintain the bot of robot which is made of the aluminum sheet and the rf receiver is mounted on it to receive the signal.
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Transmission of data
The input is given by the accelerometer that has been analog in the nature.its has been digitally coded by the input A/D converter.the A/D converter is in built in the arduino board that is of 8 bit and output goes to the digital pins of the arduino board
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Connectiobn diagram
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Result
The bot uses differential turning mechanism, which helps the bot precise to turn. The bot uses rotational axes to accelerate or to de-accelerate. Its entire motion is controlled by arduino which extracts readings from accelerometer (ADXL335) and transmits calculated data via arduino board and processed with RF module which in turn consists of similar mechanism. The bot works properly because of its low weight, and preciseness with help of the mechanix kit.
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Conclusion
This project taught us Arduinos coding which we can use in the further future as the Arduino is useful in various instruments and also very important electronics equipment as well as about the basics of arduino. We learnt about the transmission of the signals through RF module and also the use of accelerometer. The project also cultivated dedication, team work and the division of labour amongst us made this project to succeed. We had a great pleasure working on this project and working as a team.this project also provide the basic introductional review of accelerometer.
Future Improvements
Currently we are working on improving serial communication between the Arduions. We are planing to install a LCD panel on the gloves so that when the glove module run on the battery, then we can see the reading of the accelerometer (real time) and it is helpful in debugging operation.
We are also working on improvising our GUI in the processing applet so that we have duplex communication management between devices. We are also install a joystick shield.
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APENDIX
Input Declaration
const int sensorPiny = A0; const int sensorPinx = A1; const int motor1 = 2; const int motor2 = 4; const int motor3 = 8; const int motor4 = 12; /*const int ledPin1 = 3; const int ledPin2 = 11;*/
Output Declaration
void setup() { pinMode(motor1, OUTPUT); pinMode(motor2, OUTPUT); pinMode(motor3, OUTPUT); pinMode(motor4, OUTPUT); pinMode(13, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(13, HIGH); while (millis() < 5000) { } digitalWrite(13, LOW); }
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Calibration of sensor
void loop() { sensorValuey = analogRead(sensorPiny); sensorValuex = analogRead(sensorPinx); if (sensorValuey < 310) { // yAxis = (370-sensorValuey); digitalWrite(motor1, LOW); digitalWrite(motor2, HIGH); digitalWrite(motor3, LOW); digitalWrite(motor4, HIGH); /* analogWrite(ledPin1, yAxis*1.77); digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);*/ } if (sensorValuey > 360) { // yAxis = (sensorValuey-418); digitalWrite(motor1, HIGH); digitalWrite(motor2, LOW); digitalWrite(motor3, HIGH); digitalWrite(motor4, LOW); /* analogWrite(ledPin2, yAxis*1.77); digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);*/ } if (sensorValuex < 310) { // xAxis = (330-sensorValuex); digitalWrite(motor1, HIGH); digitalWrite(motor2, LOW); digitalWrite(motor3, HIGH);
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digitalWrite(motor4, HIGH); /* analogWrite(ledPin1, xAxis*1.75); digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW);*/ } if (sensorValuex > 360) { // xAxis = (sensorValuex-373); digitalWrite(motor1, HIGH); digitalWrite(motor2, HIGH); digitalWrite(motor3, HIGH); digitalWrite(motor4, LOW); /* analogWrite(ledPin2, xAxis*1.75); digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW);*/ }
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References
1. ^ Michael Barr. "Embedded Systems Glossary". Neutrino Technical Library. Retrieved 2007-0421. 2. ^ Heath, Steve (2003). Embedded systems design. EDN series for design engineers (2 ed.). Newnes. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7506-5546-0. "An embedded system is a microprocessor based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions." 3. ^ Michael Barr; Anthony J. Massa (2006). "Introduction". Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools. O'Reilly. pp. 12. ISBN 978-0-596-00983-0. 4. ^ Giovino, Bill. "Micro controller.com - Embedded Systems supersite". 5. ^ Embedded.com - Under the Hood: Robot Guitar embeds autotuning By David Carey, TechOnline EE Times (04/22/08, 11:10:00 AM EDT)Embedded Systems Design Embedded.com 6. ^ Matthias Rehm, Nikolaus Bee, Elisabeth Andr, Wave Like an Egyptian - Accelerometer Based Gesture Recognition for Culture Specific Interactions, British Computer Society, 2007 7. ^ Pavlovic, V., Sharma, R. & Huang, T. (1997), "Visual interpretation of hand gestures for human-computer interaction: A review", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence., July, 1997. Vol. 19(7), pp. 677 -695. 8. ^ R. Cipolla and A. Pentland, Computer Vision for Human-Machine Interaction, Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-521-62253-0 9. ^ Ying Wu and Thomas S. Huang, "Vision-Based Gesture Recognition: A Review", In: GestureBased Communication in Human-Computer Interaction, Volume 1739 of Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 103-115, 1999, ISBN 978-3-540-66935-7,doi:10.1007/3-540-466169 10. ^ Alejandro Jaimesa and Nicu Sebe, Multimodal humancomputer interaction: A survey, Computer Vision and Image Understanding Volume 108, Issues 1-2, OctoberNovember 2007, Pages 116-134 Special Issue on Vision for Human-Computer
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12. ^ Tsai, Allen. "AT&T Releases Navigator GPS Service with Speech Recognition". Telecom Industry News. Retrieved 2 April 2008. 13. ^ a b Story, Alfred Thomas (1904). A story of wireless telegraphy. New York, D. Appleton and Co.. 14. ^ a b "Heinrich Rudolf Hertz". chem.ch.huji.ac.il. Retrieved 2008-03-16. 15. ^ J.C. Bose, Collected Physical Papers. New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., 1927
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