The Histology of Female Genital System Semester VI (2012)

Posted by sugiritama at 6:09 AM Labels: 2012, genital system, lecture, materi kuliah, reproducti e system 0 comments Contents : Female Repro !"ti#e System $#aries $#arian Folli"les %ter!s &enstr!al Cy"le &ammary Glan Female Repro !"ti#e System !he "emale reproducti e system consists o" the internal reproducti e organs #the paired o aries and o iducts, the uterus, and the agina$ and the e%ternal genitalia& Although the mammary glands are not considered part o" the "emale reproducti e system, their physiology and "unction are so closely associated 'ith the reproducti e system& $#aries !he paired o aries, located 'ithin the pel is, are almond(shaped bodies ) cm long, 1&* to 2 cm 'ide, and 1 cm thick& !he sur"ace epithelium co ering the o aries, called the germinal epitheli!m, is a modi"ied peritoneum& +irectly beneath this epithelium is the t!ni"a al'!ginea, the connecti e tissue capsule 'hose collagen "ibers are oriented parallel to the o ary sur"ace& ,ach o ary is subdi ided into the highly "ell!lar "orte( and a me !lla) !he o arian corte% is composed o" a connecti e tissue "rame'ork, the stroma, housing "ibroblast(like stromal cells as 'ell as o#arian folli"les in arious stages o" de elopment& !he medulla contains large blood essels, lymph essels, and ner e "ibers embedded in a connecti e tissue stroma& -e"ore the onset o" puberty, all o" the "ollicles o" the o arian corte% are in the primor ial folli"le stage& !he pulsatile release o" .n/0 "rom the hypothalamus results in a similar, pulsatile, release o" gonadotropins #"ollicle(stimulating hormone 12304, and leutini5ing hormone 1L04$ "rom the basophils o" the anterior pituitary that culminates in the commencement o" "ollicular de elopment and the onset o" the o#!latory "y"le& !he de elopment o" the primary "ollicles is independent o" 2306 di""erentiation and proli"eration o" the "ollicular cells are triggered by local "actors secreted by cells o" the o ary& 3econdary and later "ollicles, ho'e er, are under the in"luence o" 230& 2ollicular de elopment usually culminates in the release o" a single oocyte #o ulation$&

$#arian Folli"les 7 arian "ollicles are surrounded by stromal tissue and consist o" a primary oocyte and its associated "ollicular cells arranged in a single spherical layer or se eral concentric layers around the primary oocyte& !here are "our identi"iable stages o" "ollicular de elopment based on the gro'th o" the "ollicle and the de elopment o" the oocyte: Primordial "ollicles, unilaminar and multilaminar primary "ollicles, secondary #antral$ "ollicles, and .raa"ian #mature$ "ollicles& !he de elopment o" the primordial and primary "ollicles is independent o" 2306 instead, the di""erentiation and proli"eration o" the "ollicular cells are triggered by as yet uncharacteri5ed local "actors secreted by cells o" the o ary& 3econdary and later "ollicles, ho'e er, are under the in"luence o" 230& 2ollicular de elopment usually culminates in the release o" a single oocyte #o ulation$& Primordial "ollicles, the most primiti e "ollicles, are abundant be"ore birth, a"ter 'hich they become "e'er in number& !he primordial "ollicle is composed o" a primary oocyte, arrested in the prophase stage o" meiosis 8, is surrounded by a single layer o" "lattened "ollicular cells&

*rimary Folli"le Primordial "ollicles de elop into primary "ollicles distinguished as a result o" changes in the primary oocyte, the "ollicular cells, and the surrounding stromal tissue& !he primary oocyte gro's to about 100 to 1*0 9m in diameter 'ith an enlarged nucleus #sometimes called the germinal esicle$& 2ollicular cells become cuboidal in shape& As long as only a single layer o" "ollicular cells encircles the oocyte, the "ollicle is called a unilaminar primary follicle& :hen the "ollicular cells proli"erate and strati"y, "orming se eral layers o" cells around the primary oocyte, the "ollicle is called a multilaminar primary follicle, and the "ollicular cells are more commonly re"erred to as granulosa cells& +uring this stage, an amorphous substance #the zona pellucida$ appears, separating the oocyte "rom the surrounding "ollicular cells& Micro illi o" the oocyte and "ilopodia o" the "ollicular cells in ade the 5onula pellucida and "orm gap ;unctions through 'hich they communicate throughout "ollicular de elopment& 3tromal cells "orm an inner theca interna, composed mostly o" a richly asculari5ed cellular layer, and an outer theca externa, composed mostly o" "ibrous connecti e tissue& !he theca interna cells produce the male se% hormone androstenedione, 'hich enters the granulosa cells, 'here it is con erted by the en5yme aromatase into the estrogen estradiol& !he granulosa cells are separated "rom the theca interna by a thickened basal lamina& Se"on ary Folli"le 3econdary "ollicles are similar to primary "ollicles e%cept "or the presence of accumulations of liquor folliculi among the granulosa cells& <ontinued proli"eration o" the granulosa cells o" the secondary "ollicle depends on 230 released by basophil cells o" the anterior pituitary& As more "luid is produced, indi idual droplets o" li=uor "olliculi coalesce to "orm a single, "luid("illed chamber, the antrum& !he granulosa cells become rearranged so that the primary oocyte is no' surrounded by a small group o" granulosa cells that pro;ect out "rom the 'all into the "luid("illed antrum& !his structure is called the cumulus oophorus& !he loosely arranged lo' cuboidal granulosa cells immediately ad;acent to the 5ona pellucida mo e slightly a'ay "rom the oocyte, but their "ilopodia remain 'ithin the 5ona pellucida, maintaining contact 'ith the primary oocyte& !his single layer o" granulosa cells that immediately surrounds the primary oocyte is called the corona radiata. Most o" the "ollicles that reach this stage o" de elopment undergo atresia& A "e' secondary "ollicles continue to de elop into mature "ollicles&

Graafian Folli"les

<ontinued proli"eration o" the granulosa cells and continued "ormation o" li=uor "olliculi result in the "ormation o" a graa"ian #mature$ "ollicle 'hose diameter reaches 2.5 cm by the time of ovulation& !he graa"ian "ollicle may be obser ed as a transparent bulge on the sur"ace o" the o ary, nearly as large as the o ary itsel"& !he "ollicular cells o" the 'all o" the "ollicle compose the membrana granulosa& <ontinued "ormation o" li=uor "olliculi causes the cumulus oophorus composed o" the primary oocyte, the corona radiata, and associated "ollicular cells to become detached "rom its base to "loat "reely 'ithin the li=uor "olliculi& -y the 1>th day o" the menstrual cycle, estrogen produced mostly by the de eloping graa"ian "ollicle, but also by secondary "ollicles, causes ele ation o" blood estrogen to le els high enough to ha e the numerous e""ects, including the shutting o"" o" 230 release and a surge in L0 release& !he high blood le els o" L0 causes the completion of the first phase of meiosis I, resulting in the "ormation o" the secondary oocyte& !he secondary oocyte begins, and is arrested in, the metaphase stage o" meiosis 88& and is released "rom the graa"ian "ollice, a process kno'n as ovulation. !he remnants o" the graa"ian "ollicle are con erted into the corpus hemorrhagicum and then the corpus luteum& %ter!s !he uterus, a single, thick, pear(shaped structure located in the midline o" the pel is, recei es at its broad, closed end the terminals o" the paired o iducts& 8t is di ided into three regions, the body, "undus, and the cer i%& !he uterine 'all o" the body and the "undus is composed o" an endometrium, myometrium, and either an ad entitia or a serosa& The en ometri!m, or mucosal lining o" the uterus, is composed o" a simple columnar epithelium and a lamina propria& !he epithelium is composed o" nonciliated secretory columnar cells and ciliated cells, 'hereas the lamina propria houses simple branched tubular glands that e%tend as "ar as the myometrium !he morphological and physiological alterations that occur in the endometrium during the phases o" the menstrual cycle are controlled by arious hormones& The en ometri!m consists o" t'o layers, the f!n"tionalis, a thick, super"icial layer that is sloughed at menstruation and the 'asalis, a deep, narro' layer 'hose glands and connecti e tissue elements proli"erate and thereby regenerate the "unctionalis during each menstrual cycle& !he "unctionalis is asculari5ed by numerous coiled helical arteries that supply the glands and connecti e tissue& !he straight arteries are much shorter and supply only the basalis& !he myometrium is composed o" inner longitudinal, middle circular, and outer longitudinal layers o" smooth muscle& Much o" the anterior portion o" the uterus is co ered by ad entitia , 'hereas the "undus and posterior portion o" the body are co ered by a serosa&

&enstr!al Cy"le

Menstruation, 'hich begins on the day bleeding "rom the uterus starts, occurs 'hen "ertili5ation does not take place& !he corpus luteum becomes non"unctional about 1> days a"ter o ulation, thus reducing the le els o" progesterone and estrogen& Although the entire "unctionalis layer o" the endometrium is sloughed, it is not completely released "rom the 'all immediately6 rather, this process continues "or ) to > days& !he proli"erati e phase #or "ollicular phase$ occurs at the same time as the de elopment o" the o arian "ollicles& 8t begins 'hen the menstrual "lo' ceases, on about day >, and continues through day 1> by 'hich time the "unctionalis layer o" the endometrium has been "ully restored to its pre ious status 'ith a "ull complement o" epithelium, glands, stroma, and coiled arteries& !he secretory phase #or luteal phase$ commences a"ter o ulation& +uring this phase, the endometrium continues to thicken& !he secretory products "irst accumulate in the basal region o" the cytoplasm o" the cells constituting the endometrial glands, the granules mo e apically, and are released into the lumen o" the gland& !his glycogen(rich material 'ill nourish the conceptus be"ore the "ormation o" the placenta& !he secretory phase completes the menstrual cycle as the 2?th day approaches, presaging the menstrual phase o" a ne' menstrual cycle& 7bser e the correlation 'ith the e ents occurring in the o ary as 'ell as 'ith the blood hormonal le els&

&ammary Glan Mammary glands secrete milk, a "luid containing proteins, lipids, and lactose as 'ell as lymphocytes and monocytes, antibodies, minerals, and "at(soluble itamins& !he glands 'ithin the breasts are compound tubuloal eolar glands, consisting o" 1* to 20 lobes radiating out "rom the nipple& ,ach lobe is drained by its o'n lacti"erous duct 'here each duct is dilated to "orm a lacti"erous sinus "or milk storage and then narro's be"ore reaching the nipple& /esting or nonsecreting mammary glands o" nonpregnant 'omen ha e the same basic architecture as the lactating #acti e$ mammary gland, e%cept that they are smaller and 'ithout de eloped al eoli, 'hich occur only during pregnancy& Mammary glands are acti ated by ele ated surges o" estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy to become lactating glands to pro ide milk "or the ne'born& At this time, the terminal portions o" the ducts branch and gro' and the al eoli de elop and mature As pregnancy progresses, the breasts enlarge as a result o" hypertrophy o" the glandular parenchyma and engorgement 'ith colostrum, a protein(rich "luid, in preparation "or the ne'born& :ithin a "e' days a"ter birth, 'hen estrogen and progesterone secretions ha e subsided, prolactin, secreted by acidophils o" the anterior pituitary gland, acti ates the secretion o" milk, 'hich replaces the colostrum& !he secretions o" the al eolar cells are o" t'o kinds: lipids and proteins& Lipids are stored as droplets 'ithin the cytoplasm& !hey are released "rom the secretory cells, possibly by the

apocrine mode o" e%ocytosis& Proteins synthesi5ed 'ithin these secretory cells are liberated "rom the cells by the merocrine mode o" e%ocytosis&