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FOREIGN STUDIES OF ANTENNA According to Andre S.

Alamran antenna is a device that converts RF power applied to its feed point into electromagnetic radiation. Intercepts energy from a passing electromagnetic radiation, which appears as RF voltage across the antennas feed point. The intensity of the radiation launched by the antenna is generally not the same in all directions. This radiation pattern is the same whether the antenna is used to transmit or receive signals The ratio of the maximum radiation by a given antenna to the radiation of a reference in the same direction is called the directivity. LOCAL STUDIES OF ANTENNA According to John T. William an antenna is an electrical device which converts electric currents into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter applies an oscillating radio frequency electric current to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves).

RELATED LOCAL LITERATURE OF ANTENNA

Microstrip antenna
microstrip antenna is a metallic path printed on a thin, grounted dielectric substrate. The micro strip antenna radiates relatively broad beam broad side to the plane of the substrate. Thus the micro strip antenna has a very lone profile and can be fabricated using printed circuit or photolithography technique. Other advantage include says fabrication into linear or plannes arrays and easy integration with microwave integrated circuit. To a large extent the development of a micro strip antenna have been driven by system requirement for antennas with low weight, low cost, last integeablitiy into array or with microwave integrated circuits for polarization diversity. RELATED FOREIGN LITERATURE OF ANTENNA Yagi-Uda Antenna The Yagi-Uda Antenna is a widely used antenna design due to its high gain capability, low cost and ease of construction. This antenna is ideally suited to installations in which the range of frequencies in use is fairly small. This antenna provides long range (from the front) and

high rejection (from the rear). The tight RF bandwidth and narrow beamwidth of this antenna make it ideal for custom applications with high demand requirements. Compare this antenna to a shotgun microphone with a tight acoustic filter. LOCAL STUDIES OF ANTENNA According to Louis V. Narvana the antenna is the interface between the transmission line and space. And antennas are passive devices; the power radiated cannot be greater than the power entering from the transmitter. When speaking of gain in an antenna, gain refers to the idea that certain directions are radiated better than others. Antennas are reciprocal - the same design works for receiving systems as for transmitting systems BRIEF HISTORY The first antennas were built in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his pioneering experiments to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by the theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Hertz placed dipole antennas at the focal point of parabolic reflectors for both transmitting and receiving.

He published his work in Annalen der Physik und Chemie .

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