Sample SAP BI with Netweaver 7.

0 Application Associate Certification Exam Questions These questions are similiar to the ones asked in the actual Test. How should I know? I know, because although I got my BW Certification five year s back, I have re-certified with the latest version of the Associate Certification test. Before you start here are some Key features of the BI Associate Certification Ex am - The exam is Computer based and you have three Hours to answer 80 Questions. - The Questions are (mostly) multiple choice type and there is NO penalty for an incorrect answer. - Some of the Questions have more than one correct answers. You must get ALL the options correct for you to be awarded points. - The Official Pass percentage is 65% (But this can vary). You will be told the exact passing percentage before your begin your test.

Sample Questions Q1. The BEx Web Analyzer: (More than one answer is correct) A. Is a standalone Web Application that can be called using a URL B. Can be called as an iView in the SAP Portal C. Allows you to save the data view after ad-hoc analysis. Answer: A, B, C The BEx Web Analyzer is a standalone, convenient Web application for data analys is that you can call using a URL or as an iView in the portal. The Web Analyzer allows you to execute ad hoc analyses on the Web: When you have selected a data provider (query, query view, InfoProvider, external data source), the data is displayed i n a table with a navigation pane. You can navigate to the data and use other Web Analyzer functions available in t he application toolbar. For example, you can change the type of data display, use the information broadcasti ng functions to broadcast your analyses to others, and create printable versions of your analyses. In the Web Analyzer, you can save the data view generated from navigation and an alysis as a query view by choosing Save View in the context menu, and you can save the ad hoc analysis by choosing Save As. When the query view is saved, only the data view is saved; when the ad hoc analysis i

s saved, the entire Web application is saved, including the properties of Web items and the layout of th e data.

Q2. In which of the following can you implement currency translations? (More than one answer is correct) A. B. C. D. Query definition Query Run Time Transformation Rules Infopackage

Answer: A, B, C The following diagram shows where the currency translation is possible in BI.

Q 3. What must be in place before you are able to define `Exception Cells' in the qu ery definition? (Only one answer is correct) A. B. C. D. E. 1 Structure 2 Structures, both in the rows 2 Structures, one in rows and one in columns 3 Structures No structures are required.

Answer: C When you define selection criteria and formulas for structural components and th ere are two structural components of a query, generic cell definitions are created at the intersection of the structural components that determine the values to be presented in the cell. Cell-specific definitions allow you to define explicit formulas and selection co

nditions for cells as well as implicit cell definitions. This means that you can override implicitly created cell value s. This function allows you to design much more detailed queries. You can define exception cells only for queries that have two structures. For ex ample, you can use characteristic values in one structure and key figures in the other. You can the n define cells if these prerequisites have been met. A cell is the intersection between two structural components. The term cell for the function Defining Exception Cells should not be confused with the term cell in Microsoft Excel. The formulas or selection conditions that you define for a cell always take effect at the intersection between two structural components. If a drilldown characteristic has two different characteristic values, the cell definition alwa ys takes effect at the intersection between the characteristic value and the key figure.

Q 4. With reference to `Attributes' in BI, which of the following statements are tru e? (More than one answer is correct) A. Attributes are stored against Characteristic in BI. B. Attributes are part of Metadata C. There are two types of Attributes Text and Navigation D. Navigation Attributes provide functionality similar to characteristic in quer y definition. Answer: A, C, D Attributes are part of Master Data and not Meta Data. Characteristic attributes can be converted into be selected in the query in exactly the same way as the characteristics for edge/dimension is added to the InfoCube. During the data selection for the the InfoProvider and the master data table (`join') in order to fill the navigation attributes. They can an InfoCube. In this case, a new query, the data manager connects Query.

e.g. If you need the costs of the cost center drilled down by person responsible : You use the attribute `Cost Center Manager' for the characteristic `Cost Center'. If you want to navigate in the query using the cost center manager, you have to create the attribute `Cost Center Manager' as a navigation attribute, and flag it as a navigation characteristic in the InfoProvider. When executing the query there is no difference between navigation attributes an d the characteristics for an InfoCube. All navigation functions in the OLAP processor are also possible for n

avigation attributes

Q 5. What is the definition of a restricted key Figure? (Only one answer is correct) A. A basic key figure of the InfoProvider whose values have been restricted by t he use of a formula. B. A basic key figure of the Infoprovider that has been restricted by one or mor e characteristic selections. C. A basic key figure that is displayed in conjunction with a hierarchy. Answer: B You can restrict the key figures of an InfoProvider for reuse by selecting one o r more characteristics. The key figures that are restricted by one or more characteristic selections can be basi c key figures, calculated key figures, or key figures that are already restricted.

Q 6. You are planning to use Calculated Key Figures. Which of the following stat ements are true? (More than one answer is correct) A. B. C. D. Calculated Calculated Calculated Calculated Key Key Key Key Figures Figures Figures Figures can be can be can be stored stored at Infoprovider level. stored in the PSA stored at Query level at Query level can be reused

Answer: A, C In the Query Designer, you use formulas to recalculate the key figures in an Inf oProvider so that you can reuse them. Calculated key figures consist of formula definitions containing basic key figures, restricted key figures or precalculated key figures. If you define a Calculated key figure at the InfoProvider level, you can use thi s calculated key figure in all queries based on this InfoProvider by moving the key figure into the rows or col umns of the query using drag and drop. If you define a Calculated Key Figure at the Query level, it is valid only for t he Query in question and cannot be resued.

Q 7. Your company wants to consolidate Cost Center data from an SAP system and a n external system via a file interface. In the legacy system, the cost centre number is 13 characters lo ng but the SAP system only

allows 10 characters. Which one of the following approaches would you use recomm end. (Only one answer is correct) A. Create a new InfoObject COSTC** to represent the 13 character cost center num ber. B. Change the delivered content object 0COSTCENTER Answer: B Unlike other SAP products, versioning allows both a customer version and SAP ver sion of the same object, and they can be different. This approach leads to faster implementations and is generally taken in `real life' projects.

Q 8. In IP (Integrated Planning), the Infoprovider can be: (More than one answer is correct) A. Infocube B. DSO C. Multiprovider Answer: A, C The InfoProvider defines the data basis for planning. This involves real-time In foCubes and MultiProviders. See InfoProviders. For real-time InfoCubes you can define permitted combinations of characteristic values in the form of characteristic relationships and create data slices for data that you want to pr otect.

Q 9. With reference to aggregation levels in IP, which of the following statemen ts are true? (More than one answer is correct) A. Aggregation levels are used as InfoProviders for planning B. an aggregation level is located on a real-time enabled InfoCube C. Aggregation levels can also be created on MultiProviders and Data Store Objec ts Answer: A, B Aggregation levels are used as InfoProviders for planning: with an aggregation l evel, you model levels whose data can be changed manually using input-ready queries or automatically using pl anning functions. An aggregation level is set using a set of characteristics and key figures from the underlying InfoProvider. The key figures included in the aggregation level are aggregated using the character istics that are not included in the aggregation level.

In the simplest case, an aggregation level is located on a real-time enabled Inf oCube. For more information on the functioning principle of aggregation and saving the changed data records for an aggregation level by means of a simple example, see Simple Aggregation Level. Aggregation levels can also be created on MultiProviders.

Q 10. Why do we need to normalise a data model? (Only one answer is correct) A. B. C. D. E. to make it look good to increase performance To comply with the multidimensional modelling rules To avoid redundancy None of the above

Answer: D Data normalization is a process in which data attributes within a data model are organized to increase the cohesion of entity types. In other words, the goal of data normalization is to reduce and even eliminate data redundancy, The advantage of having a highly normalized data schema is that information is s tored in one place and one place only, reducing the possibility of inconsistent data. Please note that in the extended star schema only the Fact Table (and not dimens ion table) is normalized.

Q 11. Aggregates can be created for which of the following? (Only one answer is correct) A. B. C. D. E. Multiproviders Virtual Providers DSO InfoCubes InfoCubes & DSO

Answer: D Aggregates can be created only for InfoCubes. You can create multiple aggregates against the same infocube.

Q 12. Aggregates can be automatically proprosed by the BI system. Which of the f ollowing options are available? (More than one answer is correct) A. Propose from Query B. Propose from BI Statistics C. Propose from DSO

Answer: A, B You can choose Proposals in the menu if you want the system to propose aggregate s. You have the following options: Proposals from queries: The system considers the queries that are created f or an InfoCube. Proposals from the previous navigation: The system evaluates the last navig ational step that you carried out with a query. Proposals from BI Statistics (tables): The system considers BI statistical data (database tables). Proposals from BI Statistics (InfoCube): The system considers the data that is contained in the BI Statistics InfoCube. ABAP Sample Questions Q1.There are various possibilities of creating/changing an ABAP programme. Some of these are: A. B. C. D. Opening programs in the Object Navigator Using the ABAP Editor Using EEWB Using Forward Navigation

Answer: A, B, D

To start the ABAP Editor to create or change ABAP programs, the R/3 system offer s three possibilities: Opening Programs in the Object Navigator The Object Navigator of the ABAP Workbench (Transaction SE80) offers a hierarchi cal overview of all R/3 Repository objects, ordered by package, user name of the programmer, object type s, and so on. By selecting a program, the Object Navigator supplies direct access to all compo nents of a program, such as main program, includes, classes, or global data. By selecting a program object i n the Object Navigator and calling a maintenance transaction, you directly open the appropriate tool for th is object, in this case the ABAP Editor. This way is appropriate for all ABAP programs, as the Object Navigator gives you a constant overview of all components of a program. In particular, screens and user interfaces are displaye d. Using the ABAP Editor To open ABAP programs directly from the tool ABAP Editor, select the menu path T ools --> ABAP Workbench --> Overview --> Development --> ABAP Editor from the SAP menu of SAP Easy Acce

ss (or start Transaction SE38). If you want to change a program using this method, you must already know its nam e and environment. This procedure is only suited for maintaining or creating relatively simple or s hort programs, which have few or no additional components. Using Forward Navigation In any of the tools in the ABAP Workbench, you can open a different Repository o bject by positioning the cursor on it and double-clicking. The system automatically opens the object using the c orrect tool. This also applies to editing ABAP programs. Forward navigation by double-click can be used at any point where the names of A BAP programs appear in the ABAP Workbench.

Q2. Which of the following are acceptable names of an ABAP program? A. B. C. D. E. ZQSDABAP YMYFIRSTABAPPROGRAM ZMyFirst ABAP PROGRAM Z==FIRSTABAPPROGRAM THISISMYFIRSTABAPPROGRAMME

Answer: A, B, E The name of an ABAP program can be between 1 and 30 characters long. The following symbols and signs must not be used in program names: Period (.), comma (,), space ( ), parentheses (), apostrophe (`), inverted commas ("), equals sign (=), asterisk (*), accented characters or German umlauts (, , , , , and so on), percentage signs (% ), or underscores (_).

Q3. Data types in ABAP are not just attributes of fields, but can be defined in their own right. Where in ABAP can you define data types? A. ABAP Dictionary B. In programs C. In IMG Answer: A, B The following graphic shows where you can define data types in ABAP:

This differentiates between Predefined ABAP types that are built into the kernel. Local data types that you can define in ABAP programs. Data types in the ABAP Dictionary that are available to all programs in t he entire system. In the ABAP Dictionary, you can define types either as Dictionary objects or in type groups.

Q4. Which of the following are ways to process large volumes of data in ABAP? A. Internal Tables B. Extracts C. Database Storage Answer: A, B There are two ways of processing large quantities of data in ABAP - either using internal tables or extract datasets. Internal tables Internal tables provide a means of taking data from a fixed structure and storin g it in working memory in ABAP. The data is stored line by line in memory, and each line has the same structure. In ABAP, internal tables fulfill the function of arrays. Since they are dynamic data objects, they save the progr ammer the task of dynamic memory management in his or her programs. You should use internal tables whenever you want to process a dataset with a fix ed structure within a program. A particularly important use for internal tables is for storing and formatting d ata from a database table within a program. They are also a good way of including very complicated data structures in an ABAP program. Like all elements in the ABAP type concept, internal tables can exist both as da ta types and as data objects A

data type is the abstract description of an internal table, either in a program or centrally in the ABAP Dictionary, that you use to create a concrete data object. The data type is also an attribut e of an existing data object. Extracts Since internal tables have fixed line structures, they are not suited to handle data sets with varying structures. Instead, you can use extract datasets for this purpose. An extract is a sequential dataset in the memory area of the program. You can on ly address the entries in the dataset within a special loop. The index or key access permitted with internal t ables is not allowed. You may only create one extract in any ABAP program. The size of an extract dataset is, in principle, unlimited. Extracts larger than 500KB are stored in operating system files. The practical size of an extract is up to 2GB, as long as there is enough space in the filesystem. An extract dataset consists of a sequence of records of a pre-defined structure. However, the structure need not be identical for all records. In one extract dataset, you can store records of different length and structure one after the other. You need not create an individual dataset for each different st ructure you want to store. This fact reduces the maintenance effort considerably. In contrast to internal tables, the system partly compresses extract datasets wh en storing them. This reduces the storage space required. In addition, you need not specify the structure of a n extract dataset at the beginning of the program, but you can determine it dynamically during the flow o f the program. You can use control level processing with extracts just as you can with internal tables. The internal administration for extract datasets is optimized so that it is quicker to use an extract for control level processing than an internal table.

Q5. SAP ERP System contains a lock mechanism, fully independent of database lock s, that allows you to set a lock that spans several dialog steps. These locks are known as SAP locks. Which of the following are functionalities of SAP Locks? A. The SAP lock concept is based on lock objects B. Before you can set an SAP lock in an ABAP program, you must first create a lo ck object in the ABAP Dictionary. C. There are three types of locks in the system, shared, logical and exclusive D. When you create a lock object, the system automatically creates two function modules.

Answer: A, B, D The SAP lock concept is based on lock objects. Lock objects allow you to set an SAP lock for an entire application object. An application object consists of one or more entries in a d atabase table, or entries from more than one database table that are linked using foreign key relationships. Before you can set an SAP lock in an ABAP program, you must first create a lock object in the ABAP Dictionary. A lock object definition contains the database tables and their key fields on the basis of which you want to set a lock. When you create a lock object, the system automatically gene rates two function modules with the names ENQUEUE_<lock object name> and DEQUEUE_<lock object name> . You can then set and release SAP locks in your ABAP program by calling these fun ction modules in a CALL FUNCTION statement.

Lock Types There are two types of lock in the R/3 System: Shared lock Shared locks (or read locks) allow you to prevent data from being changed while you are reading it. They prevent other programs from setting an exclusive lock (write lock) to change the object. It does not, however, prevent other programs from setting further read locks. Exclusive lock Exclusive locks (or write locks) allow you to prevent data from being changed wh ile you are changing it yourself. An exclusive lock, as its name suggests, locks an application object for exclusi ve use by the program that sets it. No other program can then set either a shared lock or an exclusive lock for the same application object.

Q6. When you create a function module, you can set the Process Type attribute to one of the following values: A. B. C. D. Update with immediate start Update without immediate start Updated with Manual start Update with Delayed start

Answer: A, D To be able to call a function module in an update work process, you must flag it in the Function Builder. When you create the function module, set the Process Type attribute to one of the fol lowing values: Update with immediate start Set this option for high priority ("V1") functions that run in a shared (SAP LUW ). These functions can be restarted by the update task in case of errors. Update w. imm. start, no restart Set this option for high priority ("V1") functions that run in a shared (SAP LUW ). These functions may not be restarted by the update task. Update with delayed start Set this option for low priority ("V2") functions that run in their own update t ransactions. These functions can be restarted by the update task in case of errors.

Q7. From Release 6.10, ABAP supports multi-byte coding for characters in Unicode . A. True B. False Answer: A From Release 6.10, ABAP supports multi-byte coding for characters in Unicode. Pr ior to Release 6.10, ABAP used only character sets that were based on single-byte codes such as ASCII and EBCDIC or double-byte codes, such as SJIS and BIG5. This switch to Unicode affects all statements where an explicit or implicit assu mption is made about the internal length of a character. If you use these statements in a program that is designed to exploit the Unicode capabilities of the runtime environment, they must be checked and changed if nec

essary. Once a Unicode-enabled program has been changed accordingly, it behaves in the s ame way in both Unicode and non-Unicode systems. You can develop programs in a non-Unicode system (NUS) and then import them into a Unicode system (US). The following sections describe the conversions that are necessary:

Q8. Each ABAP program consists of self-contained processing blocks, which may oc cur in any order in the source code. Processing blocks are sections of programs, made up of structure bl ocks. Which of the statements about processing blocks are True? A. They can be processed sequentially or in parallel. B. They can be called from within a program, or from outside an ABAP program C. To start an ABAP program, at least one of its processing blocks must be start ed from outside the program itself. Answer: B, C Processing Blocks are processed sequentially. Each ABAP program consists of self-contained processing blocks, which may occur in any order in the source code. Processing blocks are sections of programs, made up of structure blocks. T hey are processed sequentially. A processing block can be called either from outside the ABAP prog ram, or from a processing block within the same ABAP program (see also Structure of ABAP Programs). When a processing block is called from outside the program, it can be called either by the ABAP runtime env ironment or another ABAP program.

To start an ABAP program, at least one of its processing blocks must be started from outside the program itself. Each ABAP program has a program type, which determines whether and how a program can be run.

Q9. Some ABAP programs can be run by a user by entering the program name or a tr ansaction code. These programs are of type? A. B. C. D. Type Type Type Type 1 M F K

Answer: A, B The following gives an overview of the ABAP program types: Type 1 You can start a type 1 program by entering its program name. For this reason, th ey are also known as executable programs. When you start a type 1 program, processors are started in the runtime environment that call a series of processing blocks (event blocks) in a predefined sequence. The sequence is oriented towards reporting tasks. This is why executable programs are also known as reports. A special type of type 1 program is a logical database. You can start logical da tabases together with reports. A logical database contains subroutines that are called by an invisible system pro gram in a prescribed sequence for type 1 programs. The subroutines make certain reporting functions reusable. For further information, refer to Logical Databases. Type M Type M programs can only be started using a transaction code. A transaction code starts a screen, which consists of the screen itself and its flow logic. Screen flow logic can call spe cial processing blocks (dialog modules) in the corresponding ABAP program. Since type M programs contain mostly dialog modules, they are known as module pools. Programs that Cannot Be Run Directly These programs cannot be started directly by a user. Instead, they contain proce ssing blocks or other source code that can only be used by an application program that is already running. Th ey are described in more

detail in a later section. Type F Type F programs are not executable. They serve as a container for function modul es. When you call a function module from an ABAP program, the entire main program is loaded into the internal session of the current program. Since type M programs contain mainly function modules, they are known a s function groups. Function modules are a type of procedure. They are described in more detail in the Proced ures section. Type K Type K programs are not executable. They are container programs for global class es, and are known as class definitions. Classes belong to ABAP Objects and are described in more detail in that section. Type J Type J programs are not executable. They are container programs for global inter faces, and are known as interface definitions. Type S Type S programs are not executable. They are container programs for subroutines that should only be called externally. When you call a subroutine from an ABAP program, the entire main pro gram is loaded into the internal session of the current program. Since type S programs contain mainly su broutines, they are known as subroutine pools. Subroutines are a type of procedure. Type I Type I programs cannot be run directly, and contain no callable processing block s. They are used exclusively for modularizing ABAP source code, and are included in other programs.

Q10. Class-based exceptions are handled in a control structure that has the foll owing elements: A. B. C. D. Try block Catch block Delete block Erase block

Answer: A, B Class-based exceptions are handled in TRY. ... " TRY block CATCH cx_... cx_... ... ... " CATCH block CATCH cx_... cx_... ... ... " CATCH block the following control structure: (application coding) (exception handler) (exception handler)

... CLEANUP. ... ENDTRY.

" CLEANUP block (cleanup context)

TRY Block The TRY block contains the application coding whose exceptions are to be handled . This statement block is processed sequentially. It can contain further control structures and calls of p rocedures or other ABAP programs. If an exception occurs in the TRY block or in a procedure called up here, the sy stem starts by searching for a CATCH statement of the same TRY-ENDTRY structure. It then searches from the inside out for a CATCH statement in any enclosing TRYENDTRY structures that handle the event. The system may call this handler. If the system does not find a handler, but the TRY-ENDTRY structure is contained in a procedure, it tries to propagate the exception to th e caller. Exceptions cannot be propagated in any processing blocks without a local data ar ea (event blocks, dialog modules). A runtime error occurs immediately if the handler is missing. If no exceptions occur in the TRY block, program execution is continued directly after ENDTRY after the block has been completed. CATCH Block A catch block contains the exception handler that is executed when a particular exception has occurred in the TRY block of the same TRY-ENDTRY structure. A TRY-ENDTRY structure can contain several exception handlers. The syntax for in troducing an exception handler is: CATCH cx_... cx_... INTO ref. Any number of exception classes can be specified after CATCH. This defines an ex ception handler for all the specified exception classes and their subordinate classes. After an exception occurs, the system searches through the listed exception hand lers in the specified order. The first exception handler whose CATCH statement contains the corresponding exc eption class or one of its superclasses is executed. The system then continues program execution directly a fter ENDTRY. No subsequent exception handlers are considered. For this reason, the order of t he different exception handlers within a TRY-ENDTRY structure must be based on the inheritance hierarch y of the specified exception classes.

CLEANUP Block If the system does not find a handler for an exception in a TRY-ENDTRY structure , it searches for a handler in the enclosing TRY-ENDTRY structures from the inside out (as mentioned above). If the system does not find a handler here, it tries to propagate the exception to a procedure caller. Precisely one CLEANUP block can be defined in each TRY-ENDTRY structure. If the system has not found a handler for an exception, but the exception is handled in an enclosing TRY-ENDTR Y structure or is propagated to a caller, the block is executed before the TRY-ENDTRY structure is exited. In the CLEANUP block, cleanup work can be executed for the context of the TRY bl ock. For example, objects often have to be brought into a consistent state or externa l resources, to which an external handler no longer has access, have to be released. The nesting of TRY-ENDTRY blocks and the possible propagation of exceptions may mean that several CLEANUP blocks are executed before an exception is actually handled.

Q11. In a loop, a statement block is executed several times in succession. Some of the different kinds of loops in ABAP are: A. B. C. D. Unconditional loops using the DO statement Conditional loops using the WHILE statement Loops through internal tables using the LOOP statement Unconditional loops using the WHILE statement

Answer: A, B, C The different types of loop statements are: nt. Unconditional loops using the DO statement. Conditional loops using the WHILE statement. Loops through internal tables and extract datasets using the LOOP stateme Loops through datasets from database tables using the SELECT statement.

Unconditional Loops To process a statement block several times unconditionally, use the following co ntrol structure: DO [<n> TIMES] [VARYING <f> FROM <f1> NEXT <f 2>].

<Statement block> ENDDO. If you do not specify any additions, the statement block is repeated until it re aches a termination statement such as EXIT or STOP (see below). The system field SY-INDEX contains the number of loop passes, including the current loop pass. Use the TIMES addition to restrict the number of loop passes to <n>. <n> can be literal or a variable. If <n> is 0 or negative, the system does not process the loop. If you do not use the TIMES o ption, you must ensure that the loop contains at least one EXIT or STOP statement to avoid endless loops. You can assign new values to a variable <f> in each loop pass by using the VARYI NG option. You can use the VARYING addition more than once in a DO statement. <f 1 > and <f 2 > are the fir st two fields of a sequence of fields the same distance apart in memory and with the same type and length. In the first loop pass, <f> takes the value <f 1 >, in the second loop pass, <f 2 >, and so on. If you change the value of the field <f> within the DO loop, the value of the current field <f i > is also changed. You must ensure that there are not more loop passes than fields in the sequence, otherwise a run time error occurs. Conditional Loops To repeat a statement block for as long as a certain condition is true, use the following control structure: WHILE <condition> [VARY <f> FROM <f1> NEXT <f 2>]. <statement block> ENDWHILE. <condition> can be any logical expression. The statement block between WHILE and ENDWHILE is repeated as long as the condition is true or until a termination statement such as EXIT o r STOP occurs. The system field SY-INDEX contains the number of loop passes, including the curr ent loop pass. The VARY option of the WHILE statement works in the same way as the VARYING option of the DO statement (see above).

Terminating Loops ABAP contains termination statements that allow you to terminate a loop prematur ely. There are two categories of termination statement - those that only apply to the loop, and those that apply to the entire processing block in which the loop occurs. The STOP and REJECT statements belong to the latter group.

The termination statements that apply only to the loop in which they occur are C ONTINUE, CHECK, and EXIT. You can only use the CONTINUE statement in a loop. CHECK and EXIT, on the other hand, are contextsensitive. Within a loop, they only apply to the execution of the loop itself. Outside of a loop, they terminate the entire processing block in which they occur (subroutine, dialog module, event block, an d so on). CONTINUE, CHECK, and EXIT can be used in all four loop types in ABAP (DO, WHILE, LOOP, and SELECT).