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“Whoever recites the Qur’aan being skillful in it will be with the honorable
messenger-angels. And whoever recites the Qur’aan with hesitation as it is
difficult for him will have a double reward.”
To every brother and sister who has felt the handicap of a foreign tongue …..
To every Muslim whose love of the Qur’aan has urged him to overcome his
own limitations, trusting that reward is in proportion to effort, striving and
reaching out to Allah….
Table of Contents
A Brief Introduction to Tajweed
A Chart of Arabic letters and Symbols
Section one: Pronunciation of Arabic Letters
Makhaarij
Sifaat
Opposite Sifaat
Sifaat Witout Opposites
Additional Notes Concerning Specific Letters
Section Two: Preparing for Recitation
Seeking Refuge
Pronouncing the Name of Allah
Stops
Pauses
Section Three: Basic Rules Of Tajweed
Tafkheem and Tarqeeq
The Rule of Laam
The Rule of Raa
Qalqalah
Al-Ghunnah
Rules of Noon Saakinah and Tanween
Ith-haar
Idghaam
Iqlaab or Qalb
Ikhfaa’
1
Rules of Meem Saakinah
Idghaam Shafawi
Ikhfaa’ Shafawi
Ith-haar Shafawi
Other Types of Idgham
Idgham of Two Identical Letters
Idgham of Two Similar Letters
Idgham of Two Proximites
Idgham of Laam in the Definite Article
Rules Of Maad
Asli (original) or Tabee ‘I (normal) Madd
Badal: Sustitute Madd
‘Iwadh: Replacement Madd
Small Silah Madd
Far ‘I: Derived Madd
Muttasil: Connected Madd
Munfasil: Separated Madd
Greater Silah Madd
‘Aaridh: Madd Exposed to Sukoon
Leen: Madd of Ease
Laazim (Compulsary Madd) in Words
Laazim (Compulsory Madd) in Letters
Further Information about Opening Letters
Final Du ‘aa’
Glossary of Commonly Used Arabic Terms
References
ﺣﻴﻢﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﻟﺮ
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO TAJWEED
2
teacher. The correct method of recitation is indeed a sunnah which has
comedown to us orally through an unbroken chain of qualified reciters going
back to the Prophet Himself (blessings and peace be upon him).
Scholars have defined the Qur’aan as: “the words of Allah revealed to
Muhammad (blessings and peace be upon him), the recitation of which is a form
of worship.” This definition can be applied to no other book or speech. And
recitation, as all worship, requires correctness as far as possible.
An explanation in English was attempted only as an aid to those Muslims who
are not yet familiar with the Arabic language, and as a supplement to that of an
instructor. It follows the qiraa’ah (reading) of “Hafs taken from ‘Aasim ﺣﻔﺺ ﻋﻦ
()ﻋﺎﺻﻢ,” which is the only widely taught in most of the Muslim world today. If
it should prove beneficial, then all praise is due to Allah. We ask Him to forgive
our shortcomings and accept our efforts.
Arabic Letter
Of Mark
Name
This Text
Symbol Used in
ا,ي Alif aa or a
ب Baa B
ت,ة Taa T
ث Thaa Th
ج Jeem J
ح Haa H
خ Khaa Kh
د Daal D
ذ Dhal Dh
ر Raa R
ز Zaay Z
س Seen S
ش Sheen Sh
ص Saad S
ض Dhaad Dh
ط Taa T
ظ Thaa Th
ع ‘ayn ‘
غ Ghayn Gh
ف faa f
Arabi Letter Name Symbol Used
Or Mark In This Text
ق Qaaf Q
ك Kaaf K
3
ل Laam L
م Meem M
ن Noon N
ه Haa H
و Waaw W
و Waaw Oo or u
ي Yaa Y
ي Yaa Ee or I
ء Hamzah ‘
◌َ fathah A
◌ُ Dhammah U
◌ِ Kasrah I
◌ّ Shaddah Doubled letter
◌ْ sukoon Absence of vowel
Section one
4
MAKHAARIJ (ﺎﺭِﺝ)ﺍ ﹶﳌﺨ
In the human body, the area of speech is divided into five main sections:
1. al-jawf ﻮﻑ ﳉ
ﺍﹶ
2. al-halq ﳊ ﹾﻠﻖ
ﺍﹶ
3. al-lisaan ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺴﺎﻥ
4. ash-shafataan ﺎﻥ ﹶﻔﺘﺍﻟﺸ
5. al-khayshum ﻮﻡﻴﺸ ﳋ
ﺍﹶ
These are further subdivided into a total of seventeen subsections which are the
actual points of articulation. They are listed in order (from innermost to
outermost) below, along with the letters which are formed in each makhraj.
true or actual ()ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ because they apply to consonant sounds and can be
pinpointed more accurately.
From this section of the throat also, but slightly higher, emerges ( ﻫـhaa)
5
3- ﳊﻠﹾﻖ
ﻂﺍﹶ
ﺳ ﹸ ﻭ - The mid-throat is the makhrij of ‘( ﻉayn) and just above it, ﺡ
(haa), a sharper “h” sound than ﻫـ.
4- ﳊﻠﹾﻖ
ﱏ ﺍ ﹶﺃﺩ- The nearest part of the throat (to the mouth) is the makhrij of ﻍ
(ghayn) followed by (ﺥkhaa).
5- ﳊﻠﹾﻖ
ﺍﹶ ﻠﻲﺎ ﻳﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﳑﹶﺃ ﹾﻗﺼ- The innermost part of the tongue next to the throat
along with what corresponds (i.e. is opposite) to it from the roof of the mouth.
This is the makhrij of ( ﻕqaaf).
6- ﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﹶﻢﺎ ﻳﺎﻥ ﳑﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺴ –ﹶﺃ ﹾﻗﺼThe innermost part of the tongue toward the mouth
and what corresponds from the roof of the mouth is the makhrij of ( ﻙkaaf).
7- ﻂ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ
ﺳ ﹸ ﻭ - The middle of the tongue: the upper surface ( ﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻬ ) ﹶﻇ
with what corresponds from the roof of the mouth is the makhrij of ( ﺝjeem),
( ﺵsheen) and ( ﻱyaa) when it begins a syllable as the consonant “y.”
8- ﺎﻓﱠﺘﺎﻩﻭ ﺣ ﺎ ِﻥ ﹶﺃﺎﻓﱠ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﹼﺴﺣ- One or both edges of the tongue along with the upper
back molars (more often on the left side) is the makhrij of ( ﺽdhaad).
9- ﺎﻓﱠ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﱢﺴﺎﻥﺣ- Between the edge of the tongue (usually the right side) and the
gums of the upper front molars, canine teeth and incisors is the makhrij of ﻝ
(laam).
6
10- ﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﱢﺴﺎﻥ
ﺭﹾﺃ - Between the tip of the tongue and the gums of the two upper
central incisors is the makhrij of ( ﻥnoon).
plates of the upper central incisors is the makhraj of ( ﺹsaad), ( ﺱseen) and ﺯ
(zaay).
14- ﻪﺭﹾﺃﺳ ﻠﻲﺎ ﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻥ ِﻣﻤ ﻬ ﹶﻇ- Between the upper surface of the tongue near the
end and the tips of the two upper central incisors is the makhraj of ( ﻅthaa), ﺫ
(thaal) and ( ﺙthaa).
15- ﻦﺘﻴ ﹶﻔﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ ﻴ ﺑ- Between the two lips is the makhraj of ( ﺏbaa), ( ﻡmeem)
and( ﻭwaaw) when it begins a syllable as the consonant “w.”
16- ﻔﹾﻠﻰ ﹶﻔ ِﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺑ ﹾﻄ- Between the inside of the lower lip and the tips of the
upper incisors is the makhraj of ( ﻑfaa).
7
The nasal passage:
belonging to the letters ( ﻥnoon) and ( ﻡmeem), a sound coming from the nose
in which the tongue has no part. It is said to resemble the voice of a female
gazelle if her child is lost. It will be dealt with further in sections on, (noon) and
(meem).
NOTE: In order to feel the makhraj of a given letter, pronounce that letter with
(sukoon) preceded by (hamzah) – for example, say: ﺡ
ﺃ, ﻕ
ﺃ, ﺃﺹ.
The instructor will help if any adjustment of the makhraj is necessary.
8
SIFAAT ﻔﺎﺕﺍﻟﺼ
The second study pertaining to pronunciation is that of Siffat (singular: Sifah,
meaning description, characteristics, attribute or quality). Here the word Sifaat
(or Sifah) refers to the special characteristics or qualities found in each letter.
The purpose of defining Sifaat is first, to make sure they are present during
pronunciation and second, to differentiate between letters whose origin is in the
same makhraj, such as ﺕand ط, ﺫand ﻅor ﺱand ﺹwhen a letter emerges
from the correct makhraj and all its Sifaat (qualities) are observed, then accurate
pronunciation is obtained.
Sifaat are of two types: permanent ( )ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔand temporary ( ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ
)ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ. The latter will be described under the section dealing with the rules of
Tajweed.
Permanent qualities, however, are those inherent in the letter, without which
correct pronunciation will not be realized. Most scholars give their number as
seventeen, ten opposite to each other (i.e. five pairs) and seven singles (i.e. with
no opposites). Every letter has at least five Sifaat (i.e. one from each pair of
opposites), and many have an additional single quality as well, with the letter ﺭ
(raa) having two additional qualities. See chart later down.
The following is a list of the permanent qualities ()ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ and the
letters which they carry them.
OPPOSITE SIFAAT
2 ﺮﺠﻬ
ﺍﹾﻟ- Audibility: trapping the flow of breath due to heavy dependence on the
makhraj – a quality of all other letters not included under whispering.
3 ﺓـﺪﺍﻟﺸ- Strength (or force): trapping the flow of sound in the makhraj – a
quality of the letter in the phrase: ﺑﻜﺖ ﺃﺟﺪ ﻗﻂ
9
4 ﺓـﺎﻭﺧﺍﻟﺮ- Weakness (or looseness): a flow of sound during pronunciation –
Between the two opposites of strength and weakness, falls a third quality:
moderation - ﻂﻮﺳ
ﺍﻟﺘ, where the sound emerges but does not flow. The letters of
moderation are ﻋﻤﺮ ﻟﻦ, and those of weakness are all of the letters not included
under the categories of strength and moderation.
5 ﻼﺀـِﺘﻌﺍﻻﺳ- Elevation: raising the tongue to the roof of the mouth during the
emergence of the letter – This quality belongs to the letters in the following
phrase: ﻗﻆ ﺧﺺ ﺿﻐﻂ
6 ﺳِﺘﻔﹶﺎﻝ ﺍﻻ- Lowness: lowering the tongue to the floor of the mouth – It includes
all letters other than those of elevation.
7 ـﺎﻕﻃﺒ
ﺍ ِﻹ ﹾ- Closing: the meeting of the tongue and what is opposite it from the
roof of the mouth – Its letters are four: ﺹ,ﺽ, ﻁand ﻅ.
8 ﺎﺡﺍﻻﻧ ِﻔﺘ- Opening; the separation of the tongue from the roof of the mouth – It
includes all letters other than ﺹ, ﺽ, ﻁand ﻅ.
(A final pair is not included in Tajweed study but is mentioned only for the sake
of completing the descriptive qualities. It is:)
9 ﺍ ِﻹﺫﹾﻻﻕ- Fluency: the easy flowing of the letters ﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺐfrom the tip of the
tongue and lips.
10 ﺎﺕﺻﻤ
ﺍ ِﻹ- Restraint: the emergence of the remaining letters from inside the
mouth and throat.
10
SIFAAT WITHOUT OPPOSITES
11ـﻔِﲑﺍﻟﺼ- Whistling: a sound emerging between the tip of the tongue and the
upper central incisors which resembles the sound of a bird – It is a quality of the
letters ﺹ, ﺱand( ﺯWith ﺯit is more a buzzing sound.)
12 ـﺔ
ﺍﻟ ﹶﻘ ﹾﻠ ﹶﻘﻠﹶـ- Vibration (or unrest): the vibration of the makhraj with the
or release – Its letters are five: ﻗﻄﺐ ﺟﺪ. This quality will be discussed further
in another section.
(ﻤﺪ )ﺍﹾﻟ.
14 ﺍﻑﻧﺤِـﺮﺍﻻ- Inclination: the inclination of the letter after its emergence from
the makhraj toward another makhraj – This is a characteristic of ﻝand ﺭ. ( ﻝ
inclines towards the tip of the tongue, and ﺭinclines back toward the makhraj of
ﻝ.)
15ﻜﺮِﻳـﺮ
ﹾﺍﻟﺘ- Repetition: the natural tendency to vibrate or roll the tongue when
pronouncing, the letter ﺭ – Correct pronunciation , however, requires the
prevention or avoidance of this quality by controlling the tongue and not
relaxing it.
16 ـﻲ ﹶﻔﺸﺍﻟﺘ- Diffusion; the spreading of air throughout the mouth during
11
17 ـِﺘﻄﹶﺎﻟﹶﺔﺍﻻﺳ- Elongation: the extension of sound over the entire edge of the
tongue from the front to back – This is a quality of ﺽand is most noticeable
when it is accompanied by Sukoon, as in the words ﺏ
ﻀ ِﺮ
ﻳ and ﺤﻜﹸﻮ ﹶﻥ
ﻀ
ﻳ .
NOTE: The sifaat of any letter are most evident when pronouncing it with a
Sukoon. For example: ﺏ
ﹶﺃ, ﺵ
ﹶﺃ, ﻅ
ﹶﺃ ﹾ.
A TABLE SHOWING THE SIFAAT OF EACH LETTER
Audibilit Lowness Closing
Weaknes Restrain Special Special
y/ / / Characteris Characteris
s/ t/ tic tic
Whisperi Elevatio Openin
Strength Fluency
Fluency 1 2
ng n g
audibilit openin vibratio
ﺏ strength lowness fluency
y g n
whisperi openin
ﺕ strength lowness restraint
ng g
whisperi weaknes openin
ﺙ lowness restraint
ng s g
audibilit openin vibratio
ﺝ strength lowness restraint
restraint
y g n
whisperi weaknes openin
ﺡ lowness restraint
ng s g
whisperi weaknes elevatio openin
ﺥ restraint
ng s n g
audibilit openin vibratio
ﺩ strength lowness restraint
y g n
audibilit weaknes openin
ﺫ lowness restraint
y s g
audibilit moderati openin inclinati repetiti
ﺭ lowness fluency
y on g on on
audibilit weaknes openin whistlin
ﺯ lowness restraint
y s g g
whisperi weaknes openin whistlin
ﺱ lowness restraint
ng s g g
whisperi weaknes openin diffusio
ﺵ lowness restraint
ng s g n
whisperi weaknes elevatio
elevatio whistlin
ﺹ closing restraint
ng s n g
12
audibilit weaknes elevatio elongati
ﺽ closing restraint
y s n on
audibilit elevatio vibratio
ﻁ strength closing restraint
y n n
audibilit weaknes elevatio
ﻅ closing restraint
y s n
audibilit moderati openin
ﻉ lowness restraint
restraint
y on g
audibilit weaknes elevatio openin
ﻍ restraint
y s n g
whisperi weaknes openin
ﻑ lowness fluency
ng s g
audibilit elevatio openin vibratio
ﻕ strength restraint
y n g n
whisperi openin
ﻙ strength lowness restraint
ng g
audibilit moderati openin inclinati
ﻝ lowness
lowness fluency
y on g on
audibilit moderati openin
ﻡ lowness fluency ghunnah
y on g
audibilit moderati openin
ﻥ lowness fluency ghunnah
y on g
whisperi weaknes openin
ﻫـ lowness restraint
ng s g
audibilit weaknes openin
ﻭ lowness restraint ease
y s g
audibilit weaknes openin
ﻱ lowness restraint ease
y s g
audibilit openin
ﺀ strength lowness restraint
y g
13
2- Alif is always a vowel of madd letter and is written in the same way (i.e.
alif saakinah preceded by fathah). It never begins a word since a syllable
cannot begin except with a consonant sound. If the written form of alif should
occur at the beginning of a word, it is in reality merely a support for hamzah
and not a letter in its own right.
Section two @
PREPARING FOR RECITATION
As in all forms of worship, the study and recital of the Qur’aan must be
accompanied by the correct intention – seeking the acceptance and pleasure of
Allah. It is preferable to be in state of Wudhu’ (ablution) if possible. A manner
of respect and politeness should be observed before the words of Allah, the
Exalted.
SEEKING REFUGE ( ﺎﺫﹶﺓ) ﺍﻻﺳِﺘﻌ
Allah (subhanahu wa ta ‘ala) has said:
ﺟِﻴ ِﻢﻴﻄﹶﺎ ِﻥ ﺍﻟﺮ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ ﷲ ِﻣ
ِ ﺘ ِﻌ ﹾﺬ ﺑِﺎﺳ ﺁ ﹶﻥ ﻓﹶﺎﺕ ﺍﹾﻟﻘﹸﺮ
ﺮﹾﺃ ﹶﻓِﺈﺫﹶﺍ ﹶﻗ
“And when you recite the Qur’aan seek refuge in Allah from Shaytan, the
rejected.”
So anyone intending to read or recite Aayaay (verses) from the Qur’aan should
begin by saying: ﻢ
ِ ﺟِﻴﺍﻟﺮ ﻴﻄﹶﺎ ِﻥ ﻦ ﺍﻟﺸ ﷲ ِﻣ
ِ ﻮ ﹸﺫ ﺑِﺎﹶﺃﻋ
14
(“ I seek refuge in Allah from Shaytan, the rejected.”) whether starting from the
beginning of a Surah or from any other point. Normally it is not said aloud
except in circles of learning. If one is interrupted during reading by some
necessity or speech not pertaining to Qur’aanic study, he should repeat the
seeking of refuge before resuming recitation.
: end of Aayah
ﻡ: compulsory stop to avoid altering the meaning
ﻁ: normal stop at the end of a sentence or thought
ﺝ: permissible stop
15
ﺻﻠﻰ: (or ﺹor )ﺯpermissible stop but preferable to continue
ﻗﻠﻰ: (or )ﻕpermissible to continue but preferable to stop
ﻙ: observe as previous symbol in the Aayah
ﻻ: Prohibited stop
∴ : stop at either of these two places but not at both
NOTE: The Sunnah of the Prophet (blessings and pease be upon him) is to
stop at the end of each Aayah regardless of its length. Therefore, we can
disregard the “ ”ﻻsign in some Mushafs at the end of many short Aayaat.
When stopping on any word, whether at the end of an Aayah or a phrase, or
merely to draw a breath, the following is observed:
1. Short vowels including Tanween are omitted in pronunciation from the last
letter of the word. (for example: ﻂ
ﻣﺤِﻴ ﹲ is pronounced ﻂ
ﻣﺤِـﻴ ﹾ and ﺍﹾﻟﻜﹶـﺎﻓِﺮﻭ ﹶﻥ
becomes ﻭ ﹾﻥﺍﹾﻟﻜﹶـﺎ ِﻓﺮ.) One exception is the Tanween of Fathah (◌ً )which is
pronounced when stopping as Alif. (See the section on “replacement Madd”)
2. When stopping on Taa Marbutah ( ــﺔor )ﺓall vowels and Tanween
(including that of Fathah) are omitted and the letter is pronounced as Haa with
Sukoon ()ـﻪ.
PAUSES (ﻜﹾﺖ)ﺍﻟﺴ
Sakt or Saktah means a pause held for two counts (the length of a Madd
letter) without breathing during recitation, and it is symbolized by the letter ﺱ
or the word ﺳﻜﺘﺔ. It should be observed in the following places in the Qur’aan:
16
2. After ﻦ
ﻣ in Surah 75, Aayah 27
ﺍﻕﻦ ) ﺱ ( ﺭ ﻣ ﻭﻗِﻴ ﹶﻞ
3. Afterﻞ
ﺑ ﹾ in Suarh 83, Aayah 14
ﻠﻰ ﹸﻗﻠﹸﻮِﺑﻬِﻢﺍ ﹶﻥ ﻋﺑ ﹾﻞ ) ﺱ( ﺭ ﹶﻛﻼﱠ
4. After ﻪ ﻴﺎِﻟ ﻣin Surah 69, Aayah 28 (according to some scholars)
ﻪ ﻴﺳ ﹾﻠﻄﹶﺎِﻧ ﻲﻋﻨ ﻚ
ﻫ ﹶﻠ ()ﺱ ﻪ ﻴﺎِﻟﻲ ﻣﻋﻨ ﻰﺎ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻏﻨﻣ
These pauses are to prevent confusion about the meanings which might occur
otherwise.
SECTION THREE
BASIC RULES OF TAJWEED
Definitions:
1. Letters having the quality of elevation ()ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﺀ, i.e. the letters ﺧﺺ
ﺿﻐﻂ ﻗﻆ, are also called letters of Tafkheem (heaviness) because all of them
17
are heavy whether accompanied by a short vowel or a Sukoon. The heaviest of
them are those of closing ( )ﺍﻹﻃﺒﺎﻕsince the tongue is then in the highest
position against the roof of the mouth. Tafkheem is most emphasized in any
given letter when it carries a Fathah followed by Alif, next when it carries only
a Fathah, next when it carries a Dhammah, then Sukoon, and least of all with a
kasrah. Practice saying: )
، ﺮ ﺒـ ﺻ، ﻖ ﺧﻠﹶـ ، ﻒ
ﻢ ﻃﹶـﺎِﺋ ﻴ ِﻬ ﻋﻠﹶ ﻑ
ﻃﹶﺎ، ﺎ ِﻃﹶﺌ ﹰﺔ ﺧ، ﲔ
ﺎﹶﻟﱢ ﺍﻟﻀ، ﲔ
ﺎ ِﺩ ِﻗ ﺻ، ﻦ ﺎِﻟﺪِﻳ)ﺧ
،ﺎﻗﹶـﹰﺎ ِﻃﺒ، ﻡ ـﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﱠﻌ، ﻼ ﹶﺓ
ـ ﹶ ﺍﻟﺼ، ﺁ ﹸﻥ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹸﻘﺮ، ﻗﹶﺎ ﹶﻝ، ﻗﹰﺎ ﹶﻏﺪ، ﺮ ﻬ ﹶﻇ، ﺭ ﹶﻗﺪ، ﹶﻃ ِﻔﻘﹶﺎ،ﺮﺏ ﺿ
(.ﻢ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻇ ﹶﻠ، ﺝ
ﺍﺧﺮ ﺇ
2. Letters having the quality of lowness ()ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﻝ, i.e. the remaining
consonants, are called letters of Tarqeeq (lightness) and must always be
pronounced with the tongue lowered (except for the letters ﻝand ﺭwhich, in
certain circumstances, alternate between Tarqeeq and Tafkheem. Practice
saying:
،ﺐ
ﹸﻛِﺘ،ﻤﻞﹶ ﺣ ،ﻮﻥﹶﺎﻫ ﺍﻟﻨ،ﻭﻥﹶ ﺍﻵ ِﻣﺮ، ﻭ ﹶﻥﺎ ِﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺴ، ﻭ ﹶﻥﺎ ِﻣﺪ ﺍﹾﻟﺤ، ﻭ ﹶﻥﺎِﺑﺪ ﺍﹾﻟﻌ، ﻮ ﹶﻥﺎِﺋﺒ) ﺍﻟﺘ
( ﺖ
ﻤ ﻌ ﻧﹶﺃ
3. The Madd letter (long vowel) Alif takes on the quality of the letter
preceding it; if heavy, the Alif is also pronounced with Tafkheem, and if light,
with Tarqeeq.
Say:
ﻃﹶﺎِﺋ ﹶﻔ ﹲﺔ، ﻮ ﹶﻥﺎِﺋﺒ ﺍﻟﺘ، ﻗﹶﺎ ﹶﻝ، ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ، ﲔ
ﺎ ِﺩ ِﻗ ﺻ، ﻦ ﺎ ِﺟﺪِﻳﺳ
THE RULE OF LAAM
Laam ( ) ﻝis normally a light letter, the only exception being when it occurs in
the divine name. If the divine name is preceded by a Kasrah ( ِ) or Yaa
Saakinah (ﻱ
), the Laam is pronounced with Tarqeeq, as in:
ﻬﻢ ﹸﻗ ِﻞ ﺍﻟﻠ،ِﻮ ﹸﺫ ﺑِﺎﷲ ﹶﺃﻋ،ِ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﷲ،ِﺪ ﷲ ﻤ ﺤ
ﺍﹾﻟ،ِﺴ ِﻢ ﺍﷲ
ِﺑ
18
But if it is preceded by Fathah ( َ ), Dhammah ( ُ ) or Waaw Sakinah (ﻭ
), or
the reader begins with the divine name, the Laam is pronounced with Tafkheem,
as in:
،ﻬﻢ ﻚ ﺍﻟﻠ
ﻧﺎﺒﺤ ﺳ ،ﺽﺍﻷﺭﺕ ﻭ
ِ ﺍﻤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴ ﻮﷲ ﻧ
ُ ﺍ،ِﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺒ ﻋ ﻲ ﻗﹶﺎ ﹶﻝ ﺇﻧ،ُﻗﹶﺎ ﹶﻝ ﺍﷲ
ﻬﻢ ﻭِﺇ ﹾﺫ ﻗﹶﺎﻟﹸﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻠ
THE RULE OF RAA
The letter Raa ( )ﺭalternates between Tarqeeq and Tafkheem according to the
short vowel accompanying it or in case of Sukoon the vowel preceding it.
Therefore:
19
QALQALAH ( ) ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ ﹾﻠ ﹶﻘﻠﹶﺔ
The quality of Qalqalah was briefly mentioned under the section on Sifaat (see
number 12: “Vibration”). In Tajweed books it is usually treated as a separate
study.
Literally, Qalqalah means “Movement, Shaking or unrest.” In Tajweed
terminology it means “the Movement or Vibration of the Makhraj with the
pronunciation of one of the letters of Qalqalah when it is accompanied by
Sukoon.” It is caused by a sudden release of the flow of sound after its having
been trapped under pressure in the Makhraj, producing an additional sound
which gives emphasis and clarity to the letter. The letters of Qalqalah are those
contained in the phrase ﻗﻄﺐ ﺟﺪ,and it is to be noted that if one were to end a
syllable on any of them without the quality of Qalqalah , that letter would be
suffocated and not heard by the listener. The qualities of audibility and strength
are combined in these letters.
Qalqalah is somewhat less evident when occurring in the middle of a word, such
as:
ﻙ ﺍﺩﺭ ﹶﺃ، ﻌ ﹸﻞ ﺠ
ﺗ ، ﻭ ﹶﻥﺼﺮ
ِ ﺒ ﻳ ، ﻢ ﻬ ﻤ ﻌ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻃ، ﺘﻠﹸﻮ ﹶﻥﻳ ﹾﻘ
This is called Qalqalah Sughra (lesser Qalqalah).
Qalqalah is more pronounced when at the end of a word, such as:
ﺪ ﺣ ﹶﺃ، ﺞ
ﺑﻬِﻴ ، ﺐ
ﻭ ﹶﻗ ، ﻂ
ﻣﺤِﻴ ﹾ ، ﻖ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻔ ﹶﻠ
This is called Qalqalah Kubra (Greater Qalqalah).
Qalqalah is most pronounced when the letter is doubled with a Shaddah
(ّ), such as:
ﺤﻖ
ﺍ ﹾﻟ، ﺤﺞ
ﺍ ﹾﻟ، ﺗﺐ
For practice read the following Surahs: al-Buruj, at-Tariq, al-Adiyat, al-Masad
and al-Falaq.
20
When noon or meem is doubled, as indicated by a shaddah (ّ ), the ghunnah is
held for two counts (equal to the length of a long vowel), as illustrated in the
words ( ) ِﺇﻥﹼand ( ﹸﺛﻢ )
Say:
ﻞﻣﻤﺰ ﺎ ﺍﹾﻟﻬﺎ ﹶﺃﻳ ﻳ،ﺎﺱﺍﻟﻨ ِﺔ ﻭﺠﻨ
ِ ﻦ ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻣ،ﺎ ﺑِﻪﻣﻨ ﻯ ﺁﻬﺪ ﺎ ﺍﹾﻟﻌﻨ ﺳ ِﻤ ﺎﺎ ﹶﻟﻤﻭﹶﺃﻧ ،ﺎ َﺀﻟﹸﻮﻥﹶﺘﺴﻳ ﻋﻢ
Ghunnah also occurs in other circumstances which will be dealt with under the
rules for noon and meem.
(ﺮ ﺸ
ﺑ) is pronounced as if it was written (ﺮ ﹾﻥ ﺸ
ﺑ)
(ﺮﺍ ﺸ
ﺑ) is pronounced as if it was written (ﺮ ﹾﻥ ﺸ
ﺑ)
(ﺸ ٍﺮ
ﺑ) is pronounced as if it was written (ﺸ ِﺮ ﹾﻥ
ﺑ)
21
Therefore, the rules for noon saakinah apply to tanween as well. There are four
rules which effect the pronunciation of noon saakinah and tanween:
Ith-haar means making apparent; here, making the letter apparent or clarifying
it. In the case of noon it means pronouncing it clearly without ghunnah,
separating it distinctly from the letter following it.
There are six letters that when following noon saakinah or tanween cause them
to be pronounced with ith-haar. They are those whose makhraj is the throat: ﺀ
(hamzah), (ﻫـ،ﻉ،ﺡ،ﻍ ) and ( ) ﺥ.
This is due to the distance between the throat and the makhraj of noon (the tip
of the tongue), making its assimilation into those letters difficult if not
impossible. It can occur either in one word as (ﺮﻨﻬ ﺗ) and (ﻤﺖ ﻌ ﻧ )ﹶﺃor in two
separate words as (ﺚﺣﻴ ﻦ ) ِﻣand (ﺏ ﹶﺃﻟِﻴﻢ
ﻋﺬﹶﺍ ). Some examples of ith-haar in
noon saakinah and tanween are:
ﹸﻛﻔﹸﻮﹰﺍ،ﺘﻢ ﺇ ﹾﻥ ِﺧ ﹾﻔ،ﺴﻠِﲔ
ﻦ ِﻏ ِﻣ،ﻮﻥﹶﺤﺘ
ِ ﻨ ﻳ ،ﻋ ِﻤﻞﹶ ﻦ ﻣ ،ﺎﺭﻧﻬﺎ ﺍ َﻷﺤِﺘﻬ
ﺗ ،ﺮﺷﻬ ﻒ
ِ ﻦ ﹶﺃﹾﻟ ِﻣ،ﻬﻢ ﻨ ِﻣ
ﻗﹰﺎ ِﺭﺯ،ٍﻴﺮ ﺧ ﻦ ِﻣ،ﻡ ﻫِﻲ ﻼ
ﺳ ﹶ ،ﻮﻥﻤﻨ ﻣ ﺮ ﻴ ﺮ ﹶﻏ ﺟ ﹶﺃ،ﻪﻋﻨ ﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻨﹶﺌ ﻳﻭ ﻪ ﻨ ﻋ ﻮ ﹶﻥ ﻬ ﻨ ﻳ ﻢ ﻫ ﻭ ،ﺪﹶﺃﺣ
.ﻣﻘﹶﺎ ٍﻡ ﹶﺃﻣِﲔ ،ﻋ ِﻠﻴﻢ ﻊ ﺍ ِﺳ ﻭ،ﻨﹰﺎﺣﺴ
22
the following letter which carries a vowel mark so that they become as one (i.e.
as the second letter). A shaddah indicates that assimilation has taken place.
The rule of idghaam is applied to noon saakinah only when it occurs at the end
of a word. If the following word begins with one of the letters of idghaam,
assimilation will take place due to the proximity of its makhraj to that of noon.
The letters causing idghaam of noon saakinah and tanween are those contained
in the word ()ﻳﺮﻣﻠﻮﻥ.
There are two types of assimilation:
1. Idghaam with ghunnah ( ﺔﻐﻨ ﻡ ِﺑ ﺩﻏﹶﺎ ) ِﺇwhich is caused by the letters waaw (
) ﻭ, yaa ( ) ﻱ, meem ( ) ﻡor noon ( ) ﻥ. It is also called incomplete idghaam
because although the noon has been assimilated, its quality of ghunnah remains.
It must be remembered that ghunnah is always held for two counts. For
example:
ﺓﻤﺰ ﺰ ٍﺓ ﱡﻟ ﻤ ﻫ ﻳ ﹲﻞ ﻟﱢ ﹸﻜﻞﱢ ﻭ، ﻪ ﻦ ﻟﱠ ﻳ ﹸﻜ ﻢ ﻭﹶﻟ، ﺔﺿﻴ
ِ ﺍﺸ ٍﺔ ﺭ
ﻋِﻴ، ﻮ ﹰﻻﺳﺮﹰﺍ ﺭﺑﺸ ، ﻚ
ﺑﻦ ﺭ ِﻣ
In both types of idghaam the tongue must not approach the makhraj of noon
(except when the letter causing it is also noon) and only the following letter is
pronounced. For example:
(ﻤ ﹾﻞ ﻌ ﻦ ﻳ ﻣ ) is pronounced as (ﻤ ﹾﻞ ﻌ ﻴ)ﻣ
23
(ﻢ ﹸﻜﺑﻦ ﺭ ) ِﻣis pronounced as (ﻢ ﹸﻜﺑ) ِﻣﺮ
The only exceptions to this rule are in the opening letters of two surahs, which
are pronounced with noon saakinah at the end. They are (( )ﻥNoon) and ()ﻳﺲ
(Yaaseen). These are pronounced with ith-haar in spite of the waaw following
them:
baa ( ) ﺏ, whether in one word or two. Some mus-hafs use a small meem
symbol ( ) مover the noon as a reminder of its pronunciation, while others do
not. This meem is then subject to the rule of ikhfaa’ shafawi, and its ghunnah
remains and must be observed. (See rules for “Meem Saakinah –Ikhfaa’
Shafawi”)
Examples:
ﻢ ﺖ ﹶﻟ ﹸﻜ
ﻨِﺒ ﻳ ، ﺾﺑﻌ ﻦ ﺎ ِﻣﻀﻬ
ﻌ ﺑ ﹰﺔﻳ ﹸﺫﺭ، ﺑﺼِﲑ ﻊ ﺳﻤِﻴ ، ﻌ ِﺪ ﺑ ﻦ ِﻣ، ﻙ ﺒﹶﺄﻧﹶﺃ
ﻙ ﺒﹶﺄﻧﹶﺃ is pronounced as if it was written ﻙ ﺒﹶﺄﻣ ﹶﺃ
ﻌ ِﺪ ﺑ ﻦ ِﻣis pronounced as if it was written ﻌ ِﺪ ﺒﻤ ِﻣ
24
ikhfaa’ as there is in idghaam. Correct pronunciation is obtained by placing the
tongue in a position of readiness to articulate the letter following noon while
holding the ghunnah for two counts. The tip of the tongue should not touch the
upper part of the mouth during the ghunnah or else noon will be evident and not
hidden, and this is to be avoided.
Examples:
For practice of rules of noon saakinah and tanween, read surah 2:66-71.
RULES OF MEEM
SAAKIAH
Meem is among the letters whose makhraj is between the lips. Therefore, when
referring to the rules applying to meem saakinah ( ﻡ ) the word shafawi
(meaning “labial”) is used to distinguish the rule from that of noon saakinah.
There are three rules which apply to meem saakinah. These are:
IDGHAAM SHAFAWI
When meem saakinah is followed by another meem, it is merged into the
second letter, which takes on a shaddah indicating idghaam. Ghunnah must be
observed for two counts while the lips remain closed.
25
Examples:
. ﻑﺧﻮ ﻦ ﻢ ﻣ ﻬ ﻨﻣ ﺁﻉ ﻭ
ٍ ﻮﻦ ﺟ ﻢ ﻣ ﻬ ﻤ ﻌ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻃ، ﺽﺮﻢ ﻣ ﻓِﻲ ﹸﻗﻠﹸﻮِﺑ ِﻬ
IKHFAA’ SHAFAWI
If the letter baa ( ) ﺏshould follow meem saakinah, the meem is concealed by
it and ghunnah is retained. The lips should not be completely closed during
ghunnah here to avoid making the meem evident.
Examples:
. ﻢ ﻬ ﻨﻴ ﺑ ﻢ ﺣ ﹸﻜ ﻓﹶﺎ، ﻚ
ﺪ ﹶﺫِﻟ ﻌ ﺑ ﻢ ﹸﻜ ِﺇﻧ، ﺓﺎﺭﺤﺠ
ِ ﻢ ِﺑ ﺮﻣِﻴ ِﻬ ﺗ
NOTE: Once noon saakinah or tanween has been turned into meem according
to the rule of iqlaab, it becomes subject to the rule of ikhfaa’ shafawi as
described above.
ITH-HAAR SHAFAWI
When meem saakinah is followed by any letter other than meem or baa, it is
pronounced with ith-haar, i.e. distinctly and separately and without ghunnah.
Special emphasis is given to ith-haar when the following letter is faa ( ) ﻑor
waaw ( ) ﻭsince they both emerge close to the makhraj of meem and must be
distinguished clearly from baa which causes ikhfaa’.
Examples:
. ﺎﺍﻫﺴﻮ
ﻢ ﹶﻓ ﻧِﺒ ِﻬ ِﺑ ﹶﺬ، ﺖ
ّﺒﻳﹶﺜﻭ ﻢ ﺮ ﹸﻛ ﺼ
ﻨ ﻳ ، ﻌ ِﻘﻠﹸﻮﻥ ﺗ ﻢ ﻌﻠﱠ ﹸﻜ ﹶﻟ، ﺡ
ﺮ ﺸ
ﻧ ﻢ ﹶﺃﹶﻟ، ﻦ ﻳ ﹸﻜ ﻢ ﹶﻟ
Practice rules of meem saakinah with surah 3:152
OTHER TYPES OF
IDGHAAM
26
Idghaam was defined under the rules of noon saakinah, although it is not
confined to only that letter. Other cases in which idghaam occurs in the
Qur’aan will be mentioned here briefly with examples for the purpose of
recognition. It is to be noted that if the letter carrying sukoon is one normally
requiring qalqalah, that quality is eliminated when the letter is merged into
another.
. ﺎﺑِﻲ ِﻜﺘﺐ ﺑ
ﻫ ﺍ ﹾﺫ، ﺕﻤﻮ ﺍﹾﻟ
Note: Whenever two noons or two meems are merged into one, ghunnah is
observed as was mentioned previously.
ﺖ ﻃﱠﺎِﺋﻔﹶﺔ
ﻨﻣ ﻓﹶﺂ- ﺎﺗ ﹸﻜﻤﻮ ﻋ ﺖ ﺩ
ﺒﹸﺃﺟِﻴ
c- Daal ( ) ﺩis merged into taa ( ) ﺕas in:
ﺪﺕ ﻣﻬ - ﺪﺕ ﻢ – ِﻛ ﺩﺗ ﺭ ﻦ – ﹶﺃ ﺒﻴﺪ ﺗ ﹶﻗ
d- Taa ( ) ﻁis merged into taa ( ) ﺕas in:
27
e- Baa ( ) ﺏis merged into meem ( ) ﻡas in:
ﻚ
ﺚ ﺫﹼِﻟ
ﻬ ﹾ ﻳ ﹾﻠ
ﻢ ﺨ ﹸﻠ ﹾﻘ ﱡﻜ
ﻧ ﻢ ﹶﺃﹶﻟ
IDGHAAM OF LAAM I THE DEFIITE ARTICLE
( ﺔﺴﻴ
ِ ﻤ ﻡ ﺍﻟﻼﱠ ِﻡ ﺍﻟﺸ ﺩﻏﹶﺎ ) ِﺇ
In the Arabic language, the indefinite article is indicated by tanween at the end
of a noun. The definite article, however, precedes the noun and is connected to
it in the form of ( ) ﺍﻝ, i.e., the connecting hamzah followed by laam. (The
word ( ﺏ
ﺎ ) ِﻛﺘrefers to any book, i.e. “a book,” while ( ﺏ
ﺎ ) ﺍﹾﻟ ِﻜﺘrefers to a
specific book, i.e. “the book.”
Although the ( ) ﺍﻝform does not change when written, the pronunciation of
laam depends upon the letter following it, and it is subject to the rules of
idghaam and ith-haar.
When laam of the definite article is followed by any of the letters called
“shamsiyyah” (ash-shams ( ﺲﻤ ) ﺍﻟﺸmeans “the sun” and the word itself is an
28
example of this rule), the laam is merged into the letter following it which takes
on a shaddah. The shamsiyyah letters which case idghaam are fourteen:
( ﺕﺙﺩﺫﺭﺯﺱﺵﺹﺽﻁﻅﻝﻥ )
The remaining letters of the alphabet are also fourteen:
(hamzah) ﺏ ﺝ ﺡ ﺥ ﻉ ﻍ ﻑ ﻕ ﻙ ﻡ ﻫـ ﻭ ﻱ ﺀ . They are called
“qamariyyah” (al-qamar ( ) means “the moon”) and cause ith-haar, i.e. the clear
pronunciation of the laam.
RULES OF MADD
Madd means “lengthening or extension,” specifically, lengthening of the sound
of a long vowel to make the words clear and distinct. The letters of madd are
three: alif saakinah preceded by fathah ( ﹾﺍ َ ), waw saakinah preceded by
ْ ِ ).
dhammah ( ) ُ ْوand yaa saakinah preceded by kasrah (ي
There are two main divisions of madd: basic, which is called original or normal
madd, and derived, also known as additional madd. To each category belong
various types as pictured below. They will be explained in the following pages.
A CHART OF
TYPES OF MADD
Substitute(2)
29
Replacement Small Silah (2) Connected
(2) (4or 5)
Separated
(2 or 4)
Greated
Silah (2
or 4)
Compulsory Exposed to
(in words) (6) Sukoon (2,
4, or 6)
ﺎﺎﻫﻐﺸ ﻳ ، ﺎ ِﺇﻧ، ِﺇﻥﱠ، ﻢ ﻋ ِﻠ ، ﻢ ﺎِﻟ ﻋ، ﺏ
ﹸﻗﻠﹸﻮ، ﹶﻗﻠﹶﻰ، ﻗﹶﺎ ﹶﻝ، ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ، ﺐ
ﹸﻛِﺘ، ﺎﻴﻬ ﻮ ِﺣ ﻧ
.ﺎ ٍﻝﻧﻨِﻲ ِﺑﻤﻭ ﺗ ِﻤﺪ ﹶﺃ، ﺎ ﻓِﻲ ﺟِﻴ ِﺪﻫ، ﻚ
ﻧﻭﺎﺩﻳﻨ ، ﺧﻠﹸﻮﺍ ﺩ
Related to this madd are three other forms: badal, ‘iwadh and small silah.
30
This madd follows the same principle as normal madd; the difference being that
the madd letter is substitute for what was originally a hamzah. It occurs when
the letter preceding it is also hamzah, as in the words ( ﻦ
ﻣ ( ) ﺁsometimes written
( ◌َﻦ) ﺀَﺍﻣ, ( ﻲ ﻭِﺗ ) ﹸﺃand ( ﺎﻥﻳﻤ) ِﺇ. Such words for all practical purposes are no
different from those with normal madd, where the length of the vowel is two
counts.
( ﺎﺀَﺍِﻧﺴ ), ( ﺎ ًﺀ ) ِﺑﻨas ( ﺎﺀَﺍ) ِﺑﻨ, etc. The exception mentioned is when tanween
accompanies taa marbutah.
This lengthening to two counts is called madd of small silah. (Greater silah will
be described under “Derived Madd.”) To illustrate:
( ﻢ ﻌ ﹶﻠ ﻳ ﻪ ) ِﺇﻧ is pronounced: ( ﻢ ﻌ ﹶﻠ ﻳ ﻮﻬ) ِﺇﻧ
31
( ﺑﺼِﲑﹰﺍ ) ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ِﺑ ِﻪ is pronounced: ( ﺼﲑﹰﺍ) ﻛﹶﺎ ﹶﻥ ِﺑﻬِﻲ ﺑ
Look at verse 23 of surah 45 and notice which of the final haas is affected by
this rule.
NOTE: It must be remembered that not every haa at the end of a word is a
pronoun. For example, the haa at the end of the divine name ( ) ﺍﷲis a part of
the word itself.
There are two exceptions to the rule of small silah in the Qur’aan. The first is (
ﻢ ﻪ ﹶﻟ ﹸﻜ ﺿ
ﺮ ﻳ ﻭﺍﺸ ﹸﻜﺮ
ﺗ ﻭِﺇ ﹾﻥ ) in aayah 7 of surah 39 where the dhammah of haa is
not lengthened, and in aayah 69 of surah 25
( ﺎﻧﹰﺎﻣﻬ ﺪ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ﺨ ﹸﻠ
ﻳﻭ ) where the kasrah of haa is lengthened to two counts in spite
of the madd letter preceding it.
32
MUNFASIL: SEPARATED MADD ( ﻨ ﹶﻔﺼِﻞ ﻤ
ﺍﹾﻟ ﺪ ﻤ ) ﺍﹾﻟ
If a madd letter occurs at the end of a word and the following word begins with
hamzah (i.e. the vowel and hamzah are separated), lengthening beyond two
counts is optional. One may hold the madd letter for either two, four, or five
counts, but must be consistent, making it the same length every time it appears.
(For teaching purposes, the choice is often four counts.) It is also referred to as
optional madd
( ﺪ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ) ﺍﹾﻟﻤ.
Some examples are as follows:
ﻖ ﺧ ﹶﻠ ﺎِﺗ ِﻪ ﹶﺃ ﹾﻥﻦ ﺁﻳ ﻭ ِﻣ ، ﻚ ِﻩ ِﺇﹶﻟﻴﺆﺩ ﻳ ، ﻩﺧ ﹶﻠﺪ ﻪ ﹶﺃ ﺎﹶﻟ ﻣ، ﺪﻪ ﹶﺃﺣ ﻭﺛﹶﺎ ﹶﻗ
33
Some examples are:
ﻓِﻴﻪ، ﺎﺏﺤﺴ
ِ ﺍﹾﻟ، ﺎﻥﺗ ﹶﻜﺬﱢﺑ ، ﺎ ِﺩﻗِﲔ ﺍﻟﺼ، ﻮﻥﻌ ﹶﻠﻤ ﺗ ، ﺑﺼِﲑ ، ﻣﺒِﲔ
The madd letter may be held for two, four or six counts, but as in any optional
madd, one must adhere consistently to the length of his choice. It is possible
that a madd normally held for four or five counts (due to hamzah) could also be
exposed to sukoon, as in the word ( ﺎﺀﻤ ) ﺍﻟﺴor ( ﺍﺀﻬﺪ
) ﺍﻟﺸ. It is then permissible
to extend it to six counts if one has chosen that length for all exposed madd.
ﺀﺷﻲ ﻦ ِﻣ، ﺀﻮ ﺍﻟﺴ، ﻑﺧﻮ ﻦ ِﻣ، ﺖﺒﻴ ﺍﹾﻟ، ﻒﻴﺍﻟﺼ ﻭ، ﺶﺮﻳ ﹸﻗ
These are not originally madd letters, so there is no lengthening if one does not
stop in the word, but in case of a stop, the leen letter follows the pattern of
exposed madd and is extended to two, four or six counts.
34
idghaam was taken place and there was originally a sukoon on the merged
letter. The madd letter preceding shaddah is always held for six counts, as in
the words:
Read: ﺴﻄﹸﺮﻭﻥ
ﻳﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺍﹾﻟ ﹶﻘ ﹶﻠ ِﻢﻥ~ * ﻭ
ﻤﺠِﻴﺪ ﺍﹾﻟﻘﹸﺮﺁ ِﻥ ﺍﹾﻟﻕ~ * ﻭ
ﺍﹾﻟﻘﹸﺮﺁ ِﻥ ﺫِﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﱢﻛﹾﺮﺹ~ * ﻭ
The intensified form occurs again when a madd letter precedes idghaam
(indicated by shaddah) as in the combination of ( ﻢ
ﻴﻣ ﻡ ) ﻵin the opening letters
(ﻢ
) ﺍﹶﻟor ( ﻢ ﻴﲔ ﻣ
ِﺳ ) in the opening letters ( ﻃﺴﻢ ).
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FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT OPENING LETTERS
There are fourteen letters among those of the alphabet which appear at the
beginning of some surahs. In spite of much speculation as to their meaning, the
only correct statement in this regard is that Allah knows best.
counts, as in ( ) ﻃﻪ.
All rules of tajweed must be applied to opening letters during their recitation.
Thus, ( ~ ) ﺹis pronounced with qalqalah ( ﺩ ـﺂﺻ ), ikhfaa’ is observed in (
ﻋﺴﻖ ) ( ﻑ
ﲔ ﻗﹶﺂ
ﲔ ِﺳ
ﻋ ), etc.
A FINAL DU’AA’
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Blessings and peace be upon our prophet, Muhammad, and his family and
companions, and praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds.
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Tanween Nunation- the doubling of a short vowel mark to indicate
the sound of noon ( ) ﻥat the end of a word ( ٌ ً ) or ( ٍ ).
Tarqeeq Giving a letter the quality of lightness or thinness.
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