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ROXHILL PARK:
HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIOI\ AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Prepared for Seattle Parks Department

King County

Treatment Division Department of Natural Resources

.Wastewater

March, 2000

KrNc. CouNrv
Department of Natural Resources

Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

Table of Contents

1. Purpose

3 3

2.
3. 4.

Surirmary

Neighborhood and Management Areas

4 4
5 5

Historic Conditions

5. Soils 6. Stormwater 7. Groundwater

8.
Discussion

6 6 9 10

9. Conclusions
10. Recommendations Appendix A

t2
l2
12
12.

1. Methods and Analysis ' 2. Laboratory Tests 2.1. Methods and Analysis 2.2. Modflow Anasis
2.2.1. Model Setup 2.2.2. ModelCalibration 2.2.3. ModelValidation 2.2.4. Simulation
Bibliography
Drawings

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17 18

Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

Purpose
This report provides recommendations for developing a comprehensive hydrologic and hydraulic analysis for the Roxhill Park wetland restoration project. The report was prepared in partial fulfillment of the design task#12: storm drainage and wetland hydrology, It includes background information on site conditions and surrounding land use, and a review of historical and existing conditions at Roxhill Park, including groundwater data from field investigations performed in 1999. Additional data needs are identified, and a scope of work for future field investigations, hydrologic analysis and modeling, and construction are provided.

2.

Summary
'Watershed Action Plan. 1992 The City of Seattle adopted the Longfellow Creek One of the specific actions or goals included in this plan was to reestablish the historic wetlands of Longfellow Creek in Roxhill Park. This l$-acre Seattle Park is located at the south edge of the watershed and was built over the peat bog that was the headwaters of Longfellow Creek. The City of Seattle has developed general objectives associated with this wetland restoration effort. These include reducing

In

downstream peak surface water flows, improving water quality, restoring natural habitat, enhancing public access, building stewardship and citizen involvement, and celebrating the communities artistic and cultural legacies. Wetland reestablishment, through creation or restoration, requires a thorough analysis and understanding of existing hydrologic and geomorphic conditions. Because historical data are lacking on the size, structure, and function of the wetland that occupied Roxhill Park, preliminary data was collected using soil test pits and groundwater wells. These studies were performed in the northeastern half of the park. The results obtained from these studies indicate that 5 - 6 acres of the park are underlain with 6 - 8 feet of peat soils. There is a seasonal groundwater table that fluctuates 3.7 ft between winter surface saturation and late fall low water.
These preliminary investigation results indicate that wetlands can be reestablished in Roxhill Park due to the presence of both peat soils and an active groundwater table. Approximately 6.5 - 7.5 acres of Roxhill Park are available for reestablishing the Longfellow Creek headwater wetland. These restored wetlands would be located in the northeastem half of the park, in the vicinity of the historic wetland. Water depth, and the timing and duration of water level fluctuation are key to the structure and functions of the restored wetland.

In order to develop reasonable predications regarding the hydroperiod of the restored wetland, a phased design and development approach is recommended. Phase 1 involves the removal of fill from the peat within a selected study area. Additional information on evaporation and soil moisture retention would be obtained pursuant to developing a calibrated groundwater model.

Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

Phase 2 involves the development of the groundwater model that is calibrated to site

conditions. This model will provide the capability and flexibility to evaluate seasonal hydrologic conditions under various design and cost alternatives. The development of this model is central to sizing and designing the engineering structures for regulating water levels so that the wetland: a) will not flood neighboring properties, and b) will develop wetland structure and functions that are biologically and aesthetically consistent with the project goals and objectives.

3.

Neighborhood and Management Areas

Roxhill Park is located SE1/4 of Section 36, Township 24, Range 3 in the Delridge district of Seattle. Roxhill Park is situated in a highly urbanized environment and is bordered to the east and west by established or planned single and multifamily residential land uses. These include the Daystar senior retirement community located to the east, and the LATCH (Lutheran Alliance to Create Housing) multifamily community development to the southeast. Commercial shopping centers are located on the north and south sides of the park. The Roxhill Elementary School is located in the southwestem quadrant of the park. Roxhill Park can be separated into three management areas on the basis of topography and activity. For the purposes of this report these areas have been identified based on a combination of both existing and proposed future activities. These areas include: Area "4" located in the northwest comer of the park, is a well drained, relatively level bench which supports a children's playground, public restroom and picnic benches. This area is the future location of a soccer field. . Area "8" occupies the middle and eastern part of the park. A broad swale with slopes of 3 -7o/o is located in the middle of the park and separates areas A & B. This swale ends at the east in a 0.37 -acre Palustrine Emergent wetland. To the north and east of the wetland are poorly draining areas of open, grassed playfields with slopes of 2 - 4Yo. These playfields are bordered by 3-foot wide paved pedestrian path that runs north-south along the eastern property line. A row of 35-40 ft maple (Acer spp) trees borders this path. This area is the location for creation of a wetland park. r ,Area "C" occupies the south end of the park and includes 3.8-acres of playfield . and parking, which are used by the Roxhill Elementary School. Slopes are l-2%o and drainage is good. No future developments are proposed for this area.

4.

Historic Conditions
Very little documentation exists regarding the size, structure or functions of the wetland that occupied Roxhill Park. USGS 1:125000 maps from 1895 show two tributaries forming the headwaters of Longfellow Creek. Aerial photographs of the areataken in 1959 indicate an approximately 8 - 10 acre wetland located in the vicinity of Roxhill Park. This area appears to be dominated by herbaceous emergent vegetation, with scatted clusters of shrub-scrub and trees. Data from soil tests indicate that apeat-forming wetland existed in the vicinity of Roxhill Park. Seeds obtained from the test pits indicate that sedges (Carex spp.) occupied the site. In

Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

addition, Mr. Wayne Miller, an employee of the Seola Peat Mining Company, which mined the nearby Seola bog, was interviewed regarding the historic wetland in Roxhill Park. He indicated that attempts may have been made to farm the wetland but that by 1942 that effort had been abandoned. Plants found in the wetland included native Indian (i.e. Labrador) tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) and willows (Salix spp.).In 1969 the City of Seattle regraded the wetland and placed 1.5 - 2 feet of topsoil on the peat for the purpose of establishing a public park.

5.

Soils
Geologic maps (V/aldron) indicate that soils in the site vicinity are predominantly glacially derived sediments deposited during the Vashon Stade of the Fraser Glaciation. These sediments comprise sands and gravels and are mantled by significant peat deposits. These peats were created during'\/arTner periods between and since glacial advances and range in depth from 7 to 10 feet.

In order to determine the condition of the underlying soils and groundwater, nine soil test pits were excavated on June 3, 1999 in Area B, in the vicinity of the wetland reestablishment area. The test pits were excavated using a construction backhoe. Pit locations were selected by the project Ecologist, with soil logs recorded by a Seattle Public Utilities Geologist. Field results showed that this portion of the site is covered with 1.5 - 2 feet of imported silt, sand and gravel. Underlying the fill are fibrist peats ranging in depths from 8-10 feet. Underneath the peatlayer is alluvium consisting of plastic blue silt clay that reportedly extends to depth of 25 30 feet (Seattle 1992).

6.

Stormwater
Longfellow Creek is a three-mile waterway that drains a watershed that is 2,685 acres in size. Roxhill Park sits at the head of the basin, with a contributing drainage area of approximately 60 acres, less than 2o/o of the total basin area. Average rainfall in the Longfellow Creek Watershed is 37.75 inches per year, almost two inches more than the city average.

in the buried storm pipelines to the north side of SV/ Thistle Street, where Longfellow
area is conveyed downstream through the park

All stormwater from this drainage

Creek exists as an open channel. Three storm pipelines border the north, south, and east sides of Area B. These include a 3O-inch pipe located in the SV/ Cambridge Street ROW that connects to a 48-inch pipe located in the 27th Avenue SV/ ROV/. A 2l-inchpipe is located 20 feet south of and parallel to SW Barton Street. The 48inch and 2l-inch pipes terminate in a72-inch vault that originates within the south shoulder of SW Barton Street.

All pipes

are concrete "spigot and

specifications call for all such inch washed gravel. The high shrink-swell characteristics and low bearing capabilities of the native peat soils provide avery poor foundation for bedding storm

bell" style pipes. Seattle Engineering Dept. pipes to be bedded in a minimum of 6inches of 3/8-

Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

sewer pipes. In such a situation the clay soils provide a preferable bearing horizon. Consequently, the depth of gravel backfill is quite extensive where all the peat was removed and backfilled with gravel. The bottom of the 48-inch storm pipeline is 1.5 - 3.5 feet above the clay horizon and all of the peat below the pipes was removed and backfilled with washed gravel. The 72-inch vault that receives the pipes is also similarly bedded in gravel and thus serves as a primary groundwater outlet. As a result of these conditions, the network of storm pipelines that ring Roxhill Park operate as a giant subsurface drain system.

7.

Groundwater
During excavation of the soil test pits in Area B, groundwater was observed seeping out of gravel and sand lenses in the test pit walls, although no freestanding groundwater was observed. Soils were generally moist throughout the peat horizon, although soil saturation was variable, ranging from 1 to 6 feet deep as measured from the bottom of each pit.
To observe groundwater levels, five groundwater-monitoring wells were installed. The wells were constructed of 1.5 -inch schedule 60 PVC pipes that were slotted along the column and backfilled along the slots with washed sand. The interface between the pipe and ground surface was capped with bentonite and then backfilled with native soil.

Field study results (Figure I and Figure 2) indicate a fluctuating perennial groundwater table in the vicinity of the proposed restoration area. Groundwater depths are seasonally variable in response to precipitation, with lowest water levels observed September - November. With the onset of winter rains groundwater levels quickly reacted, with widespread surface saturation by late November. Average groundwater levels have been the lowest near the northeast corner of the site, at well T,where the storm sewer system outlets undemeath SV/ Barton St. Groundwater levels in the other 6 wells have ranged from 1.5 - 6.6 feet higher than well 7. Overall, there is 3.7 feet of seasonal groundwater fluctuation.

8.

Discussion
Based on the preliminary results from field investigations of Roxhill Park, soil and groundwater hydrologic conditions are favorable for the reestablishment of a

wetland. However, the design of groundwater-dominated wetlands is subject to a much greater degree of uncertainty than the design of surface-water-dominated wetlands. Groundwater flow is significantly more difficult to accurately measure than surface water flow, and groundwater fluctuation may not have a direct or linear relationship to surface-water level fluctuations (V/LF) that control plant community development. Excavation for wetland construction can, moreover, dramatically increase evapotranspiration and lower overall groundwater levels 1-3 feet (V/inston reeT).

12

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Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

Water level fluctuation in wetlands is the product of complex responses of ground and surface waters to local soils and geomorphology. V/ater enters wetlands from precipitation, surface water, and groundwater. Water is lost from wetlands due to some combination of evapotranspiration, surface water outflow, and groundwater outflow. Changes in water inflow and outflow will be reflected in a change in stored water.

Hydroperiod refers to the depth, frequency, duration, and pattern of wetland 'Water level fluctuation (V/LF) is defined as the difference between inundation. maximum depth and average base (i.e.: groundwater) depth in a time period. V/etland hydroperiods have been classified into four patterns (Homer and Reinelt
1eeO):

1) 2) 3) 4)

stable base water level with stable base water level with fluctuating base water level fluctuating base water level

low event fluctuations (SL); high event fluctuations (SH); with high event fluctuation (FL); with low event fluctuation (FH).

The periodicity and duration of water in the wetland is a major determiner of the floral and faunal communities in a wetland as many species are linked to particular depths and ranges of water levels. Research from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydraulic Engineering Center (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1996) indicates that

the duration of inundation andlor soil saturation during the early growing season is a key influence on plant community development. Seasonal growing conditions are particularly critical and consequently'WLF must be evaluated in terms of the following four growing periods: . Early growing season: February 15 - May 15 r Intermediate growing season: May 16 - September 15 . Senescence: September 16 - November 15 r Dormancy: November 16 - February 14

In general, in the Puget Sound Basin, more species of plants and animals are found in wetlands with water regimes thatmay or may not vary seasonally but which have relatively low event fluctuations during the early and intermediate growing seasons. Therefore wetland restoration or creation efforts should target the establishment of hydroperiods that maintain stable (permanent) or fluctuating base (seasonal) flows with low event water level fluctuations during these periods. Reference standards for establishing wetlands in the Puget lowland (Azouz 1998) recommend that water level fluctuation should be limited to 21cm (8.4 inches) annually. For example, Labrador tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum), which historically grew in the wetlands of Roxhill Park, tolerates an early growing season V/LF of 3.31 inches, and an intermediate going season WLF of 4.26 inches (Cooke 1998).

9.

Conclusions
Many assmptions and uncertainties exist regarding the movement of groundwater into and out of Roxhill Park. The contributing drainage basin is urbanized and serviced by storm pipelines that convey water around and through the perimeter of

Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

the park. These piped flows combine and exit the park underneath SV/ Barton St, and are routed underneath Westwood Village mall to SV/ Thistle Street where they daylight into Longfellow Creek. These storm pipelines are extensively bedded in gravel and have coupled joints that are relatively leaky. Consequently, they may be alternately delivering water to, and draining water from the peat soils that surround them. The storm pipelines in the lowest area of the park, along the east side, are probably functioning as the main drainage system for water that has been delivered

to the ground from storm pipelines higher in the park. The hydroperiod of the future Roxhill Park wetlands will be determined by a combination of groundwater outflow, soil moisture characteristics (i.e. capillary fringe), and evapotranspiration. Evaporation will occur immediately after the overburden of fill has been removed from the underlying peat soils. After plants are established then transpiration through plant leaves and stems will remove stored water from the soil. Altogether, as evapotranspiration exceeds the available stored water and soil moisture capacity, the water table will be lowered, thus increasing the water level fluctuation. It is to be expected that WLF may be drastically different in the uncovered state than in the present confined conditions.

Wetland'WLF especially during the early and intermediate growing seasons is the key factor in the structure and function of wetlands, including soil formation, plant community composition, and wildlife habitat. Overall biological richness is most closely linked to wetlands with a stable base and low event (SL) fluctuations (PSV/SRP 1997).In the presently confined condition of Roxhill Park there is 3.7 feet of seasonal groundwater fluctuation. V/ith the removal of the fill layer that presently confines the peat this seasonal groundwater fluctuation is anticipated to increase due to evaporative losses. The range of water level fluctuation may increase L2 feeL
Analysis of the relationship between water level fluctuation (WLF) and wetland plant communities (Azous 1997) revealed that average annual fluctuations of this magnitude (>60cm/24in) corresponded to the formation of aquatic bed plant communities. Such communities are characteized by low overall species diversity, and may be dominated by invasive plants such as cattail (Typha spp.) andreed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) and aggressive non-native amphibians such bullfrog (Rana catesbeian). Therefore, the structure and function of aquatic bed wetland communities are not consistent with the project goals and objectives for wetland reestablishment in Roxhill Park.

10. Recommendations In order to establish a hydroperiod and wetland community that provide wetland attributes that are consistent with project goals and objectives, additional hydrologic information is needed. The following approach is recommended:
Phase
1

Additional information is needed regarding the affect of removing the confining layer of topsoil from the underlying peat in Roxhill Park. These include the role of

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Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

both evaporation and the capillary fringe on moisture loss and retention in the underlying peat soils. Where there is alarge capillary fringe soils may wick water 1* feet from wetter groundwater zones to drier surface areas. In order to obtain real data on these conditions an area of the confining topsoil would be removed to reveal the underlying peat. In addition, cutoff walls would be installed to isolate the study area from the surrounding geologic units. A careful monitoring program, with the possible participation of nearby Roxhill Elementary and other schools, would be used to obtain the data needed for development of the groundwater model and the design of the necessary engineering structures.
Phase 2

Groundwater is the most significant hydrologic component in reestablishing wetlands in Roxhill Park. The existing data (which do not include the intermediate growing season) indicate that engineering controls are required in order to reduce the range of water level fluctuation from 3.7 feto the reference standard range of 8.4 inches. In order to design these features additional hydrologic information is needed. Therefore, we recommend that a calibrated groundwater model be developed, for which specifications have been provided in Appendix A.
The groundwater model is needed to size, design and construct the engineering features that will regulate V/LF in the reestablished wetlands of Roxhill Park. These features will include an outlet structure to regulate groundwater outflow through, and around, the 72-inch storm sewer vault located in the northeast comer of the park. In order to contain and control the lateral flow of groundwater between adjacent properties impervious cutoff walls might need to be constructed. An inlet structure may be required to regulate stormwater inflows into the wetland. This may be accomplished through the construction of flow-splitters that would permit stormwater volumes to be released as surface water into the wetland. The following scope of work describes the information needed to develop the groundwater model in order to size and design these engineering features as part of the original scope of

work:

11

Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

Appendix A
Additional data on groundwater inflow and outflow are needed in order to prepare the groundwater model. King County staff will obtain these data, along with contract consultants. In order to determine the volume of groundwater, the areal extent of groundwater depths must be described and the rate of groundwater flow or conductivity must be measured. Groundwater depth and distribution can be measured using existing and additional groundwater wells. In order to measure the rate of groundwater conductivity; a "slug-test" can be performed using a point piezometer that is open only over a short interval at the base. In this test a given volume of water, or a solid cylinder of known volume, is suddenly introduced into the well. The recovery time of the water level with time is then observed. The slug test will not give an estimate of storage coefficient, which will have to be estimated from the laboratory tests of porosity.

1.

Methods and Analysis The slug tests will be conducted in the existing piezometers, depending on which have an adequate quantity of standing water in them. The test will use a solid plastic slug, a pressure transducer, and a data logger to obtain the best possible data, particularly given the uncertainties regarding the hydraulic conductivity of the peat material. The testing will be accomplished and analyzed in general accordance with ASTM methodolo gy (D 40a4 and D59 l2)'
Slug testing: ASTM D4044-96 - (Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers

ASTM D5912-96 - (Analytical Procedure) Determining Hydraulic Conductivity of an Unconfined Aquifer by Overdamped V/ell Response to Instantaneous Change in Head
(Slug)

2.

Laboratory Tests A variety of laboratory tests must be performed in order to evaluate the physical and hydraulic properties of the peat soils. These data will be obtained by contract
consultants These will include tests for: Capillary fringe/rise Porosity

. .

Hydraulicconductivity

2.1. Methods and Analysis

Soil samples will be obtained in as undisturbed a state as possible, using a drilling apparatus with hollow-stem auger equipment and Shelby tube samplers (if the material will allow sampling this way). Other sampling methodology may be

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Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

substituted in the field according to the field geologist's judgement and the recovery results using the best methods recommended here. The samples will be taken to a geotechnical laboratory and tested for hydraulic conductivity ermeability) and basic physical properties (e.g., porosity, unit weight, and moisture content. Again, adjustments to methodology may have to be made in the laboratory depending on the consistency of the samples obtained.

Soil sampling (Shelby tube) ASTM Dl58l-94 - Standard Practice for Thin-Wall Tube Sampling of Soils

ASTM D5084-90 - Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter ASTM D5856-95 - Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Porous Material Using a Rigid-'Wall, Compaction-Mold Permeameter ASTM D45ll-92 - Hydraulic Conductivity of Essentially Saturated Peat
(Constant Head)

2.2.Modfhow Analysis The preparation of a groundwater model will provide the capability to evaluate wetland water level fluctuation under different hydrologic, design, and cost scenarios. Contract consultants will develop the model. While the information provided by the model will reduce decision-making uncertainty it will not, however, eliminate all unknowns. Most importantly, a hydrologic model calibrated to site conditions will improve the probability of sizing, designing, and constructing the engineering features (inlet and outlet structures) essential to maintaining a desirable wetland community.
The development of a calibrated groundwatr model requires information about the geologic structure of the area around the wetland, the hydraulic properties of the geologic units, the rates, timing and location of evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge. A properly calibrated groundwater model can be used to make predictions of future events. The most popular and commonly used model that is recommended for this effort is MODFLOV/ (McDonald and Harbaugh 1e88).

Modflow gives water levels (potentiometric surface elevation) as the primary variable that is solved. Consequently, the water budget is actually a by-product of the analysis rather than the desired outcome. The model should be a transient
state model.

2.2.1.

Model Setup The MODFLOV/ model will be developed, by a hydrogeologist contractor, for the extent of the northern portion of the park

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Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

(Cambridge to Barton Sts, 27th to 29th Aves SW). The model will include the peat layer as the main aquifer, the clay underlying the peat as an impeneable bottom of the model, and overlying soil layers (fill) and the ground surface as additional layers (as needed)'
Based on the preliminary conceptual model of the site, fixed (but seasonally varying) head boundary conditions will be established for the storm sewer bedding anticipated along the northern, eastem, and southern sides (Barton,27th, and Cambridge, respectively); these will probably be linearly varying along the edge (because of the high hydraulic conductivity). A more-complicated (but still fixed head) boundary condition will be developed along the western boundary' The boundary conditions will be estimated through the calibration process, and will vary over time according to precipitation data from nearby rain gages. The model will include some vertical recharge to the surface, with leakage though the fill to the peat. There are also some catch basins which will require special consideration, such as ModFlow drain cells The grid will be aligned to line up with the test pit wells and other features that may be included in the design.

2.2.2. ModelCalibration
The model will be calibrated to the 1999 water level observations which have been made in the test pit monitoring wells'
2.2.3

Model Validation If data for 2000 are avallable, the model may be validated against
theSe water levels to demonstrate the robustness of the calibration

(particularly the boundary conditions)'

2.2.4.

Simulation
The calibrated model will be exercised to estimate water level fluctuations after excavation of the peat. Recharge will be increased to the total precipitation. Evapotranspiration will be added, at arate based on literature values for peat. The top layer of fill soil will be removed from the model. The boundary conditions will not change, but will be based (along with the recharge) on the precipitation pattern and quantities for a qiticalperiod.

For any given simulation, the model will be run first at a steady-state condition using winter recharge rates (November to February); this will establish an initial head distribution for the subsequent period. The model will then be run on a transient time-stepping schedule

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Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

capable of evaluating wetland water level fluctuation during the four growing seasons of interest, which are:

Early growing season: February 15 - May l5 Intermediate growing season: May 16 - September Senescence: September 16 - November 15 Dormancy: November 16 - February 14

15

It is anticipated that the initial run, simulating the situation immediately after excavation of the peat, and with no further design changes, will be very deficient in water, so that the water level in the peat drops below an acceptable point (i.e., the wetland would dry out). Thus, the next steps for using the model will be adding design features that will allow more water during critical growing periods.
The consultant will provide versions of the model that incorporate various possible engineering facilities that may allow additional water levels in the wetland during critical periods. While some of these are yet to be developed, examples include:

An outlet control structure downgradient of the wetland, in the northeast corner of the site, with cutoff walls along the portion of the north and east sides closest to this corner. Water storage capacity in the area of the part upgradient from the wetland area. This could be a vault or a cutoff wall, and controlled outlet, that provides water storage in groundwater above the wetland' Interpretation of results 'Water level fluctuation shall be evaluated in terms of four regional wetland hydroperiod patterns (Horner and Reinelt). The goal of the model analysis shall be to state the expected average frequency of excursions greater than 15 cm above or below the mean water level on a weekly basis for each growing season. The model shall be capable of predicting the duration of such excursions for a normal water year'
Achievement of these goals may be demonstrated by I-2 years of supporting data showing continuous water level monitoring provided the water years are within normal precipitation volumes and events' Alternatively, water levels and rainfall, using an on-site rainfall 9age, may be monitored for one year and a statistical analysis performed on the data. The analysis should show the potential variation in hydroperiod based on the monitored year in relationship to historical rainfall obtained from a nearby official rainfall gauging station. To detennine if the water years are normal (for low land areas tn Central Puget Sound Basin), the following suggestions may provide guidance:

15

Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

event may be defined as: a precipitation event accumulating equal to or greater than 1.00 inches of precipitation with no gaps of rain equal to or greater than 6 hours (Hence, an accumulation equal to or greater than 1.00 inch of rain and a gap with no rain equal to or greater than 6 hours defines the end of an event). Normal frequency of these storm events occurs on average eight +/-

A storm

three times ayeat. Mean arurual precipitation with a standard error (e.g. SEATAC equals 39 +l- 7 inches per year) Dry years may be determined either by the lack of storm events or the less than average annual precipitation

The following design guidance shall be used in formulating goals for a stable base with low event fluctuation (SL) wetland hydroperiod: Limit the frequency of stage excursions.greater than 15 cm (6 inches) above or below the mean water level (non-storm event based) to six or less (on average) per year. Multiple years may be used for estimating the average frequency ofexcursions per year. Limit the duration of stage excursions greater than 15 cm (6 inches) above or below the mean water level to no more Ihan72 hours per excursion. During the amphibian breeding season, February I through May 31, limit the magnitude of stage excursions above or below the average base water level to no more than 8 cm (3 inches), and limit the total duration of these excursions to no more than24 hours in any 30 day period.

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Roxhill Park: Hydrologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

Bibliography
and Urbanization. Final report of Research Program. Washington Management the Puget Sound Wetlands and Stormwater State Department of Ecology, Olympia, V/ashington & University of V/ashington, Seattle, V/ashington, USA.

Azous,4.L., and R.R. Horner (eds.). 1997. Wetlands

Azous, A.L, Mason B. Bowles and K.O.Richter. 1998. Reference Standards and Project Performance Standards for the Establishment of Depresssional Flow-Through'Wetlands 'Western Washington. King County Department of in the Puget Lowlands of Development and Environmental Services, Renton, Washington, USA. Cooke, S.P. 1998. Plant Species Hydrographs. Cooke Scientific Services, Seattle Washington, USA. Dunne, T. and L.B. Leopold. 1978. Company, New York, NY.
'Water

in Environmental Planning. Freeman and

Seattle Drainage and Wastewater Utility.1992. Longfellow Creek Watershed Char actenzation : B ackground Report

McDonald, M.G., A.V/. Harbaugh. 1988. A modular-three-dimensional finite-difference 'Water-Resources Investigations of the United ground-water flow model. Techniques of States Geological Survey, Book 6, Chapter 41.
Pierce, Gary J. 1993. Planning hydrology for constructed wetlands. V/etland Training 'West Clarksville, NY Institute, Inc.

Rigg, George B. 1958. Peat resources of Washington. Department of Conservation, Olympia, V/4. Winston, R.B. 1996. Design of an urban, groundwater-dominated wetland. V/etlands 16 @): s2a-fi|. Winston, R.B. 1997. Problems associated with reliably designing groundwater-dominated constructed wetlands. Wetland Journal Vol. 9, No. 1.

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Roxhill Park: Hydtologic Investigation and Additional Study Recommendations

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