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Course Outline
Unit II (A)
Mechanical Properties such as stress-strain relationship, modulus, toughness, strength, dy namic mechanical behavior etc.
Basic Concepts
Mechanical Prop. deformation. Response of material to applied force or
Applied force; 1. Tensile Load 2. Compressive Load 3. Shear loading 4. Bending or Flexural Loading 5. Impact Loading 6. Dynamic Loading
Types of Loading
LECTURE 1
Tensile Loading
Examples: Climbers rope, Fishing net, Fibers Etc.
Compressive Loading
Examples: Pipeline, Mounting Pads, Bushes Chair Shoes Etc.
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Shear Loading
Examples: Rivets, Adhesives, Tearing of Film Etc.
Examples
Simply Supported beam Molded Chair Racks Aircrafts floor Etc.
Impact Loading
Shield
Dynamic Loading
When a body is subjected to transient (Changing with time) loading conditions. Examples;
Axel of motorcar Vibrational loading Cyclic loading
Examples
Helmet Shoe sole Cabinet (casing) of mobile. Policemens Shield Etc.
Fast Speed Stone
Tensile stress, :
ENGINEERING STRESS
Shear stress, :
Ft
Area, A
Ft
Area, A
Loading at an angle
F Fs
Properties of Materials
LECTURE - 2
F = t Ao
original area before loading
Ft
Fs F = s Ao
Stress has units: N/m2 or lb/in2
4
Ft
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ENGINEERING STRAIN
Tensile strain: Lateral strain:
= Lo
Shear strain:
/2
wo
L/2
Lo
/2 L/2
L = L wo
F
E 1
Linearelastic
=E
3. Poisson's ratio, :
/2
= L
Strain is always dimensionless.
= tan
/2 - /2
F
simple tension test
/2
: dimensionless
10
G
M
=G
Elastic Bulk modulus, K:
E(GPa)
200 100 80 60 40
P V Vo V Vo 1
P P P
10 9 Pa
Si carbide Tungsten Al oxide Molybdenum Si nitride Steel, Ni <111> Tantalum Si crystal Platinum <100> Cu alloys Zinc, Ti Silver, Gold Glass-soda Aluminum Magnesium, Tin Concrete
CFRE(|| fibers)*
Aramid fibers only
AFRE(|| fibers)*
Glass fibers only
GFRE(|| fibers)* GFRE* Graphite CFRE* GFRE( fibers)* CFRE( fibers)* AFRE( fibers)*
P= -K
20 10 8 6 4 2
-K
Epoxy only
E G= 2(1 + )
K=
E 3(1 2 )
Wood(
grain)
13
Hard to measure,
Elastic initially
permanent (plastic) after load is removed
Ti (5Al-2.5Sn)a W (pure) Cu (71500)cw Mo (pure) Steel (4140)a Steel (1020)cd Al (6061)ag Steel (1020)hr Ti (pure)a Ta (pure) Cu (71500)hr
tensile stress,
1000
in ceramic matrix and epoxy matrix composites, since in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.
100 70 60 50 40 30 20
Tin (pure) Al (6061)a
dry
engineering strain,
plastic strain
15
LDPE
10
17
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TENSILE STRENGTH, TS
Maximum possible engineering stress in tension.
TS engineering stress
wood(|| fiber) Nylon 6,6 PC PET PVC PP HDPE GFRE( CFRE( AFRE(
strain
Metals: occurs when noticeable necking starts. Ceramics: occurs when crack propagation starts. Polymers: occurs when polymer backbones are
LDPE
wood(
Based on data in Table B4, Callister 6e. fiber) a = annealed fiber) fiber) hr = hot rolled ag = aged cd = cold drawn cw = cold worked qt = quenched & tempered AFRE, GFRE, & CFRE = aramid, glass, & carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy fiber) composites, with 60 vol% fibers.
19
DUCTILITY, %EL
Plastic tensile strain at failure:
L Lo %EL = f x100 Lo
Lo
Ao
Af
Lf
Properties of Materials..........continued
LECTURE 3
%AR =
Ao A f x100 Ao
%AR and %EL are often comparable. --Reason: crystal slip does not change material volume. --%AR > %EL possible if internal voids form in neck.
20
TOUGHNESS
Energy to break a unit volume of material Approximate by the area under the stress-strain curve.
Creep
Deformation at constant stress
Due to thermal fluctuations Breaking of hydrogen bonds
Load Constant load
smaller toughness (ceramics) larger toughness (metals, PMCs) smaller toughnessunreinforced polymers
eg;
Climbers rope
deformation c
Load removed
Time
a b = Instant extension b c = total creep d- e = Instant recovery e f = Primary creep (recoverable with time) g h = Secondary creep (non recoverable)
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g a h
Time
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Stress Relaxation
Relaxation in stress at constant deformation
Due to rearrangement of chains Formation of new secondary bonds
deformation Constant Strain
plastic failure
x
elastomer
0 0
initial: amorphous chains are kinked, heavily cross-linked.
Deformation is reversible!
--brittle response (aligned, cross linked & networked case) --plastic response (semi-crystalline case)
25
80 4C 60 40 20 20C 40C
to 1.3 0.3
26
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Elastic Deformation
1. Initial 2. Load
bonds stretch return to initial shape
3. Unload
Deformation of Materials
F
Return to the original shape when the applied load is removed. Elastic means reversible!
LECTURE 4
Linearelastic Non-Linearelastic
Plastic Deformation
1. Initial 2. Load
bonds stretch & planes shear
Viscous Deformation
p lanes still sheared
3. Unload
elastic + plastic
plastic
F F
Could not return to the original shape when the applied load is removed. Plastic means permanent!
linear elastic linear elastic
Plastic deformations in noncrystalline solids (as well as liquids) occurs by a viscous flow mechanism. Usually attributed to fluids. But solids may also behave like viscous materials under high temperature and pressure. Viscous materials deform steadily under stress. Deformations are time dependent.
plastic
elastic
Based on the above mentioned deformation characteristics, several material idealizations could be made. Such as:
1. 2. 3. 4. Elastic Materials Plastic Materials extensometer Elastoplastic Materials Viscoelastic Materials
specimen
1. Elastic Materials
Return to the their original shape when the applied load is removed.
Unloading Loading
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2. Plastic Materials
No deformation is observed up to a certain limit. Once the load passes this limit, permanent deformartions are observed. P
Limit
3. Elastoplastic Materials
Up to a limit shows elastic properties. Within this limit if the load is removed, returns to its original shape. If the load passes the limit, plastic deformations are observed.
P
Unloading Loading
Elastic Limit
Plastic deformation
4. Viscoelastic Material
Deformations are time-dependent.
Stress
Fast Loading-Unloading
Slow Loading-Unloading
Strain
LECTURE 5
Parameters of DMA
f= stress; e= strain; t= time Sinusoidal loading;
Dynamic Modulus
1. In-phase modulus (Dynamic Modulus) 2. Out of phase modulus (Loss Modulus) 3. Loss factor or (Dissipation factor)
= f m .Cos = E' em
e = e0 + em sin t
em = strain _ amplitude e0 = static _ strain
f m .Sin = E" em
Sin( ) E" = tan( ) = Cos ( ) E'
Stress Response;
f = f 0 + f m sin(t + ) where f m = stress _ amplitude
=
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Energy Dissipation
At extreme frequency, there is little energy loss; (a). At high freq. little viscous displacement. (b). At low frequency little viscous resistance. But near the transition, when structure just becoming mobile, maximum energy dissipation takes place.
Max. Dissipation At peak
Temperature
Tg(tan) > Tg(E) Tg(E) ~ Tg(DSC) More accurate
Frequency
10Hz 1Hz When frequency is increased, the material behaves like a stiff material and Tg-peak shifts to right hand side at the same temperature
0.1 Hz
Temperature
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Moisture
0.1% Moisture acts as plasticizer and increases the chain mobility hence Tg goes down. Tg peak shifts to LHS with rise in moisture content. Tg=0C Tg=32C Tg=80C
Annealing
Annealing causes rise in crystallinity hence chains are packed in regular pattern and their mobility goes down. It causes increase in Tg. Tg-peak shifts to RHS on temperature scale
8.0% tan()
3.0%
Un-annealed tan()
Annealed
Temperature
Temperature
Plasticizer
Unplasticized PVC
DMA of Nylon
Temperature
-transition: (Below -80C) Due to movement of CH2 groups in chain. transition: (-80C to 0C) Due to movement of chain segments and amide group NHCO). transition: (0C to 150C) Main Tg. Due to segmental mobility in amorphous zone. Melting - (above 270C) Melting of crystalline zone.
Q&A
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