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OBJECTIVE:
(1) To calibrate a hydraulic pressure sensor using Lab view (2) To determine uncertainty of pressure sensor
INTRODUCTION:
Pressure is defined as force per unit area. It is usually more convenient to use pressure rather than force to describe the influences upon fluid behavior. The standard unit for pressure is the Pascal, which is a Newton per square meter. The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal (N/m2), but other units of pressure include psi, atmospheres, bars, inches of mercury, millimeters of mercury, and torr. When you deal with the pressure of a liquid at rest, the medium is treated as a continuous distribution of matter. But when you deal with a gas pressure, it must be approached as an average pressure from molecular collisions with the walls. Pressure in a fluid can be seen to be a measure of energy per unit volume by means of the definition of work. This energy is related to other forms of fluid energy by the Bernoulli equation.
Absolute pressure is zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, so it is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure. Negative signs are usually omitted. To distinguish a negative pressure, the value may be appended with the word "vacuum" or the gauge may be labeled a "vacuum gauge." Differential pressure is the difference in pressure between two points.
Fluid pressure
The concepts of fluid pressure are predominantly attributed to the discoveries of Blaise Pascal and Daniel Bernoulli. Bernoulli's equation can be used in almost any situation to determine the pressure at any point in a fluid. The equation makes some assumptions about the fluid, such as the fluid being ideal and incompressible. An ideal fluid is a fluid in which there is no friction, it is inviscid, zero viscosity. The equation is written between any two points a and b in a system that contain the same fluid.
where: p = pressure of the fluid = g = densityacceleration of gravity = specific weight of the fluid.[7] v = velocity of the fluid g = acceleration of gravity z = elevation
Liquid pressure
Liquid pressure also depends on the density of the liquid. If someone was submerged in a liquid more dense than water, the pressure would be correspondingly greater. The pressure due to a liquid in liquid columns of constant density or at a depth within a substance is represented by the following formula:
where: P is liquid pressure g is gravity at the surface of overlaying material is density of liquid h is height of liquid column or depth within a substance
where: P is the absolute pressure of the gas n is the amount of substance T is the absolute temperature V is the volume R is the ideal gas constant. Real gases exhibit a more complex dependence on the variables of state.
Table(1) Pressure Units Unit Pascal Pa 1 N/m2 105 0.980665 105 1.01325 105 133.322 6.895103 Bar Pressure units Technical Standard Torr Pound per atmosphere atmosphere square inch at atm torr psi 5 6 3 1.019710 9.869210 7.500610 145.04106 1.0197 0.98692 750.06 14.5037744 0.96784 p0 735.56 760 = 1 mmHg 51.715 14.223 14.696 19.337103 1 lbF/in2
Pressure measurement
Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum. Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure gaugesor vacuum gauges. Many instruments have been invented to measure pressure, with different advantages and disadvantages. Pressure range, sensitivity, dynamic response and cost all vary by several orders of magnitude from one instrument design to the next.
Liquid column:
By using Bernoulli's principle and the derived pressure head equation, liquids can be used for instrumentation where gravity is present. Liquid column gauges consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube that has ends which are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight (a force applied due to gravity) is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube (a force applied due to fluid pressure). A very simple version is a U-shaped tube half-full of liquid, one side of which is connected to the region of interest while the reference pressure (which might be the atmospheric pressure or a vacuum) is applied to the other. The difference in liquid level represents the applied pressure. The pressure exerted by a column of fluid of height h and density is given by the hydrostatic pressure equation, P = hg. Therefore the pressure difference between the applied pressure Pa and the reference pressure P0 in a U-tube manometer can be found by solving Pa P0 = hg. In other words, the pressure on either end of the liquid (shown in blue in the figure to the right) must be balanced (since the liquid is static) and so Pa = P0 + hg.
Bourdon
The Bourdon pressure gauge uses the principle that a flattened tube tends to straighten or regain its circular form in cross-section when pressurized. Although this change in cross-section may be hardly noticeable, and thus involving moderate stresses within the elastic range of easily workable materials, the strain of the material of the tube is magnified by forming the tube into a C shape or even a helix, such that the entire tube tends to straighten out or uncoil, elastically, as it is pressurized.
THEORY:
The pressure on the bottom of a tank due to a liquid in it depends on the level up to which it contains the liquid. The pressure and level of water is related through Pascals Law. P = g H Where P is the pressure at the bottom of the tank in Pascal is the density in kg/m3 g is acceleration due to gravity =9.81 m/s2 H is the level liquid in the tank. The pressure can be measured by any pressure sensor or transducer. The transducer will convert pressure into a voltage signal that can be read by an data presentation device. Usually a piezoelectric transducer is used because it becomes easy for it to convert the force or pressure signal into voltage.