Section

4.1 Maximum and Minimum Values

V63.0121.006/016, Calculus I

March 23, 2010

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. . . . . .

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Computation of Midterm Letter Grades

Quizzes . . . 15% . Midterm . . 10% . 10% . . 40% . HW . . WebAssign .

25% .

. Final .
. . . . . .

Computation of Midterm Letter Grades

Quizzes . . . 15% . Midterm . . 10% . 10% . . 40% . HW . . WebAssign .

25% .

. Final (to be determined) .

. . . . . .

Computation of Midterm Letter Grades

WebAssign . . 17% . Quizzes . . 17% . 25% . . 41% . HW .

. Midterm .
. . . . . .

Distribution of Midterm Averages and Letter Grades

Median = 81.35% (curved to B) Average = 74.39% (curved to B-) Standard Deviation = 21%

What can I do to improve my grade?

Quizzes . . . 15% . Midterm . . 10% . 10% . . 40% . HW . . WebAssign .

25% .

. Final .

What can I do to improve my grade?

future Quizzes . . 9% . Midterm . . past Quizzes . future WA . . past WA . 6% . . 5% . future HW . 5% . . 5% . past HW . . 5% . . . 40% .

25% .

. Final .

What can I do to improve my grade?

Midterm . . . future HW . . 25% . 5% . . 40% . 6% . 5% . 5% . past Quizzes . . past WA . . past HW .

future WA . . 5% .

9% . . future Quizzes .

. Final . 59% of your grade is still in play!

. . . . . .

Help!

Free resources: recitation TAs ofce hours my ofce hours Math Tutoring Center (CIWW 524) College Learning Center

Outline
Introduction The Extreme Value Theorem Fermats Theorem (not the last one) Tangent: Fermats Last Theorem The Closed Interval Method Examples Challenge: Cubic functions

Optimize

Why go to the extremes?

Rationally speaking, it is advantageous to nd the extreme values of a function (maximize prot, minimize costs, etc.)

Pierre-Louis Maupertuis (16981759)

. . . . . .

Design

Image credit: Jason Tromm .

.
. . . . . .

Why go to the extremes?

Rationally speaking, it is advantageous to nd the extreme values of a function (maximize prot, minimize costs, etc.) Many laws of science are derived from minimizing principles.

Pierre-Louis Maupertuis (16981759)

. . . . . .

Optics

.
Image credit: jacreative .
. . . . . .

Why go to the extremes?

Rationally speaking, it is advantageous to nd the extreme values of a function (maximize prot, minimize costs, etc.) Many laws of science are derived from minimizing principles. Maupertuis principle: Action is minimized through the wisdom of God.

Pierre-Louis Maupertuis (16981759)

. . . . . .

Outline
Introduction The Extreme Value Theorem Fermats Theorem (not the last one) Tangent: Fermats Last Theorem The Closed Interval Method Examples Challenge: Cubic functions

Extreme points and values

Denition
Let f have domain D.

Image credit: Patrick Q .

Extreme points and values

Denition
Let f have domain D. The function f has an absolute maximum (or global maximum) (respectively, absolute minimum) at c if f(c) f(x) (respectively, f(c) f(x)) for all x in D

Image credit: Patrick Q .

Extreme points and values

Denition
Let f have domain D. The function f has an absolute maximum (or global maximum) (respectively, absolute minimum) at c if f(c) f(x) (respectively, f(c) f(x)) for all x in D The number f(c) is called the maximum value (respectively, minimum value) of f on D. .

Image credit: Patrick Q .

Extreme points and values

Denition
Let f have domain D. The function f has an absolute maximum (or global maximum) (respectively, absolute minimum) at c if f(c) f(x) (respectively, f(c) f(x)) for all x in D The number f(c) is called the maximum value (respectively, minimum value) of f on D. An extremum is either a maximum or a minimum. An extreme value is either a maximum value or minimum value.
Image credit: Patrick Q .
. . . . . .

Theorem (The Extreme Value Theorem)

Let f be a function which is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]. Then f attains an absolute maximum value f(c) and an absolute minimum value f(d) at numbers c and d in [a, b].

Theorem (The Extreme Value Theorem)

Let f be a function which is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]. Then f attains an absolute maximum value f(c) and an absolute minimum value f(d) at numbers c and d in [a, b].

. . a . . . b

Theorem (The Extreme Value Theorem)

Let f be a function which is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]. Then f attains an absolute maximum value f(c) and an absolute minimum value f(d) at numbers c and d in [a, b].

f(c ) maximum . value

f(d ) minimum . value

. . a . .

. d minimum
. . .

.. c b . maximum

No proof of EVT forthcoming

This theorem is very hard to prove without using technical facts about continuous functions and closed intervals. But we can show the importance of each of the hypotheses.

Bad Example #1

Example
Consider the function { x 0x<1 f(x ) = x 2 1 x 2.

Bad Example #1

Example
Consider the function { x 0x<1 f(x ) = x 2 1 x 2. . .
| . . 1

Bad Example #1

Example
Consider the function { x 0x<1 f(x ) = x 2 1 x 2. . .
| . . 1

. Then although values of f(x) get arbitrarily close to 1 and never bigger than 1, 1 is not the maximum value of f on [0, 1] because it is never achieved.

Bad Example #1

Example
Consider the function { x 0x<1 f(x ) = x 2 1 x 2. . .
| . . 1

. Then although values of f(x) get arbitrarily close to 1 and never bigger than 1, 1 is not the maximum value of f on [0, 1] because it is never achieved. This does not violate EVT because f is not continuous.

Bad Example #2
Example
Consider the function f(x) = x restricted to the interval [0, 1).

Bad Example #2
Example
Consider the function f(x) = x restricted to the interval [0, 1).

| . . 1

Bad Example #2
Example
Consider the function f(x) = x restricted to the interval [0, 1).

| . . 1

There is still no maximum value (values get arbitrarily close to 1 but do not achieve it).

Bad Example #2
Example
Consider the function f(x) = x restricted to the interval [0, 1).

| . . 1

There is still no maximum value (values get arbitrarily close to 1 but do not achieve it). This does not violate EVT because the domain is not closed.
. . . . . .

Final Bad Example

Example
Consider the function f(x) = interval [1, ).

1 is continuous on the closed x

Final Bad Example

Example
Consider the function f(x) = interval [1, ). . . . . 1

1 is continuous on the closed x

Final Bad Example

Example
Consider the function f(x) = interval [1, ). . . . . 1

1 is continuous on the closed x

There is no minimum value (values get arbitrarily close to 0 but do not achieve it).

Final Bad Example

Example
Consider the function f(x) = interval [1, ). . . . . 1

1 is continuous on the closed x

There is no minimum value (values get arbitrarily close to 0 but do not achieve it). This does not violate EVT because the domain is not bounded.

Outline
Introduction The Extreme Value Theorem Fermats Theorem (not the last one) Tangent: Fermats Last Theorem The Closed Interval Method Examples Challenge: Cubic functions

Local extrema
Denition
A function f has a local maximum or relative maximum at c if f(c) f(x) when x is near c. This means that f(c) f(x) for all x in some open interval containing c. Similarly, f has a local minimum at c if f(c) f(x) when x is near c.

Local extrema
Denition
A function f has a local maximum or relative maximum at c if f(c) f(x) when x is near c. This means that f(c) f(x) for all x in some open interval containing c. Similarly, f has a local minimum at c if f(c) f(x) when x is near c. .

. . . local minimum
. .

|. . .. a local maximum

b .
.

| .

Local extrema
So a local extremum must be inside the domain of f (not on the end). A global extremum that is inside the domain is a local extremum.

. .

|. . |. . .. a local . local and global . b global maximum min max

. . . . . .

Theorem (Fermats Theorem)

Suppose f has a local extremum at c and f is differentiable at c. Then f (c) = 0. .

. . . local minimum b .
| .

|. . .. a local maximum

Theorem (Fermats Theorem)

Suppose f has a local extremum at c and f is differentiable at c. Then f (c) = 0. .

. . . local minimum b .
| .

|. . .. a local maximum

Sketch of proof of Fermats Theorem

Suppose that f has a local maximum at c.

Sketch of proof of Fermats Theorem

Suppose that f has a local maximum at c. If x is slightly greater than c, f(x) f(c). This means f(x) f(c) 0 xc

Sketch of proof of Fermats Theorem

Suppose that f has a local maximum at c. If x is slightly greater than c, f(x) f(c). This means f(x) f(c) f(x) f(c) 0 = lim 0 + xc xc x c

Sketch of proof of Fermats Theorem

Suppose that f has a local maximum at c. If x is slightly greater than c, f(x) f(c). This means f(x) f(c) f(x) f(c) 0 = lim 0 + xc xc x c The same will be true on the other end: if x is slightly less than c, f(x) f(c). This means f(x) f(c) 0 xc

Sketch of proof of Fermats Theorem

Suppose that f has a local maximum at c. If x is slightly greater than c, f(x) f(c). This means f(x) f(c) f(x) f(c) 0 = lim 0 + xc xc x c The same will be true on the other end: if x is slightly less than c, f(x) f(c). This means f(x) f(c) f(x) f(c) 0 = lim 0 xc xc x c

Sketch of proof of Fermats Theorem

Suppose that f has a local maximum at c. If x is slightly greater than c, f(x) f(c). This means f(x) f(c) f(x) f(c) 0 = lim 0 + xc xc x c The same will be true on the other end: if x is slightly less than c, f(x) f(c). This means f(x) f(c) f(x) f(c) 0 = lim 0 xc xc x c Since the limit f (c) = lim f(x) f(c) exists, it must be 0. x c xc
. . . . . .

Meet the Mathematician: Pierre de Fermat

16011665 Lawyer and number theorist Proved many theorems, didnt quite prove his last one

Tangent: Fermats Last Theorem

Plenty of solutions to x2 + y2 = z2 among positive whole numbers (e.g., x = 3, y = 4, z = 5)

Tangent: Fermats Last Theorem

Plenty of solutions to x2 + y2 = z2 among positive whole numbers (e.g., x = 3, y = 4, z = 5) No solutions to x3 + y3 = z3 among positive whole numbers

Tangent: Fermats Last Theorem

Plenty of solutions to x2 + y2 = z2 among positive whole numbers (e.g., x = 3, y = 4, z = 5) No solutions to x3 + y3 = z3 among positive whole numbers Fermat claimed no solutions to xn + yn = zn but didnt write down his proof

Tangent: Fermats Last Theorem

Plenty of solutions to x2 + y2 = z2 among positive whole numbers (e.g., x = 3, y = 4, z = 5) No solutions to x3 + y3 = z3 among positive whole numbers Fermat claimed no solutions to xn + yn = zn but didnt write down his proof Not solved until 1998! (TaylorWiles)
. . . . . .

Outline
Introduction The Extreme Value Theorem Fermats Theorem (not the last one) Tangent: Fermats Last Theorem The Closed Interval Method Examples Challenge: Cubic functions

Flowchart for placing extrema

Thanks to Fermat

Suppose f is a continuous function on the closed, bounded interval [a, b], and c is a global maximum point. . . start . c is a local max

Is c an endpoint? yes .

no .

. Is f diffble at c? yes . . f (c) = 0

. no .

f is not diff at c

. c = a or c = b

The Closed Interval Method

This means to nd the maximum value of f on [a, b], we need to: Evaluate f at the endpoints a and b Evaluate f at the critical points or critical numbers x where either f (x) = 0 or f is not differentiable at x. The points with the largest function value are the global maximum points The points with the smallest or most negative function value are the global minimum points.

Outline
Introduction The Extreme Value Theorem Fermats Theorem (not the last one) Tangent: Fermats Last Theorem The Closed Interval Method Examples Challenge: Cubic functions

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x 5 on [1, 2].

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x 5 on [1, 2].

Solution

Since f (x) = 2, which is never zero, we have no critical points and we need only investigate the endpoints: f(1) = 2(1) 5 = 7 f(2) = 2(2) 5 = 1

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x 5 on [1, 2].

Solution

Since f (x) = 2, which is never zero, we have no critical points and we need only investigate the endpoints: f(1) = 2(1) 5 = 7 f(2) = 2(2) 5 = 1 So The absolute minimum (point) is at 1; the minimum value is 7. The absolute maximum (point) is at 2; the maximum value is 1 .

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2 1 on [1, 2].

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2 1 on [1, 2].

Solution

We have f (x) = 2x, which is zero when x = 0.

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2 1 on [1, 2]. We have f (x) = 2x, which is zero when x = 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = f(0) = f(2) =

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2 1 on [1, 2]. We have f (x) = 2x, which is zero when x = 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = 0 f(0) = f(2) =

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2 1 on [1, 2]. We have f (x) = 2x, which is zero when x = 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = 0 f(0) = 1 f(2) =

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2 1 on [1, 2]. We have f (x) = 2x, which is zero when x = 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = 0 f(0) = 1 f(2) = 3

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2 1 on [1, 2]. We have f (x) = 2x, which is zero when x = 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = 0 f(0) = 1 (absolute min) f(2) = 3

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2 1 on [1, 2]. We have f (x) = 2x, which is zero when x = 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = 0 f(0) = 1 (absolute min) f(2) = 3 (absolute max)

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 1 on [1, 2].

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 1 on [1, 2]. Since f (x) = 6x2 6x = 6x(x 1), we have critical points at x = 0 and x = 1.

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 1 on [1, 2]. Since f (x) = 6x2 6x = 6x(x 1), we have critical points at x = 0 and x = 1. The values to check are f(1) = f(0) = f(1) = f(2) =

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 1 on [1, 2]. Since f (x) = 6x2 6x = 6x(x 1), we have critical points at x = 0 and x = 1. The values to check are f(1) = 4 f(0) = f(1) = f(2) =

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 1 on [1, 2]. Since f (x) = 6x2 6x = 6x(x 1), we have critical points at x = 0 and x = 1. The values to check are f(1) = 4 f(0) = 1 f(1) = f(2) =

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 1 on [1, 2]. Since f (x) = 6x2 6x = 6x(x 1), we have critical points at x = 0 and x = 1. The values to check are f(1) = 4 f(0) = 1 f(1) = 0 f(2) =

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 1 on [1, 2]. Since f (x) = 6x2 6x = 6x(x 1), we have critical points at x = 0 and x = 1. The values to check are f(1) = 4 f(0) = 1 f(1) = 0 f(2) = 5

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 1 on [1, 2]. Since f (x) = 6x2 6x = 6x(x 1), we have critical points at x = 0 and x = 1. The values to check are f(1) = 4 (global min) f(0) = 1 f(1) = 0 f(2) = 5

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 1 on [1, 2]. Since f (x) = 6x2 6x = 6x(x 1), we have critical points at x = 0 and x = 1. The values to check are f(1) = 4 (global min) f(0) = 1 f(1) = 0 f(2) = 5 (global max)

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 1 on [1, 2]. Since f (x) = 6x2 6x = 6x(x 1), we have critical points at x = 0 and x = 1. The values to check are f(1) = 4 (global min) f(0) = 1 (local max) f(1) = 0 f(2) = 5 (global max)

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = 2x3 3x2 + 1 on [1, 2]. Since f (x) = 6x2 6x = 6x(x 1), we have critical points at x = 0 and x = 1. The values to check are f(1) = 4 (global min) f(0) = 1 (local max) f(1) = 0 (local min) f(2) = 5 (global max)

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2/3 (x + 2) on [1, 2].

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2/3 (x + 2) on [1, 2].

Solution

Write f(x) = x5/3 + 2x2/3 , then f (x) = 5 2/3 4 1/3 1 1/3 x + x = x (5x + 4) 3 3 3

Thus f (4/5) = 0 and f is not differentiable at 0.

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2/3 (x + 2) on [1, 2].

Solution

Write f(x) = x5/3 + 2x2/3 , then f (x) = 5 2/3 4 1/3 1 1/3 x + x = x (5x + 4) 3 3 3

Thus f (4/5) = 0 and f is not differentiable at 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = f(4/5) = f(0) = f(2) =

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2/3 (x + 2) on [1, 2].

Solution

Write f(x) = x5/3 + 2x2/3 , then f (x) = 5 2/3 4 1/3 1 1/3 x + x = x (5x + 4) 3 3 3

Thus f (4/5) = 0 and f is not differentiable at 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = 1 f(4/5) = f(0) = f(2) =

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2/3 (x + 2) on [1, 2].

Solution

Write f(x) = x5/3 + 2x2/3 , then f (x) = 5 2/3 4 1/3 1 1/3 x + x = x (5x + 4) 3 3 3

Thus f (4/5) = 0 and f is not differentiable at 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = 1 f(4/5) = 1.0341 f(0) = f(2) =

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2/3 (x + 2) on [1, 2].

Solution

Write f(x) = x5/3 + 2x2/3 , then f (x) = 5 2/3 4 1/3 1 1/3 x + x = x (5x + 4) 3 3 3

Thus f (4/5) = 0 and f is not differentiable at 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = 1 f(4/5) = 1.0341 f(0) = 0 f(2) =

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2/3 (x + 2) on [1, 2].

Solution

Write f(x) = x5/3 + 2x2/3 , then f (x) = 5 2/3 4 1/3 1 1/3 x + x = x (5x + 4) 3 3 3

Thus f (4/5) = 0 and f is not differentiable at 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = 1 f(4/5) = 1.0341 f(0) = 0 f(2) = 6.3496

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2/3 (x + 2) on [1, 2].

Solution

Write f(x) = x5/3 + 2x2/3 , then f (x) = 5 2/3 4 1/3 1 1/3 x + x = x (5x + 4) 3 3 3

Thus f (4/5) = 0 and f is not differentiable at 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = 1 f(4/5) = 1.0341 f(0) = 0 (absolute min) f(2) = 6.3496

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2/3 (x + 2) on [1, 2].

Solution

Write f(x) = x5/3 + 2x2/3 , then f (x) = 5 2/3 4 1/3 1 1/3 x + x = x (5x + 4) 3 3 3

Thus f (4/5) = 0 and f is not differentiable at 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = 1 f(4/5) = 1.0341 f(0) = 0 (absolute min) f(2) = 6.3496 (absolute max)

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) = x2/3 (x + 2) on [1, 2].

Solution

Write f(x) = x5/3 + 2x2/3 , then f (x) = 5 2/3 4 1/3 1 1/3 x + x = x (5x + 4) 3 3 3

Thus f (4/5) = 0 and f is not differentiable at 0. So our points to check are: f(1) = 1 f(4/5) = 1.0341 (relative max) f(0) = 0 (absolute min) f(2) = 6.3496 (absolute max)

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) =

4 x2 on [2, 1].

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) =

4 x2 on [2, 1].

x We have f (x) = , which is zero when x = 0. (f is not 4 x2 differentiable at 2 as well.)

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) =

4 x2 on [2, 1].

x We have f (x) = , which is zero when x = 0. (f is not 4 x2 differentiable at 2 as well.) So our points to check are: f(2) = f(0) = f(1) =

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) =

4 x2 on [2, 1].

x We have f (x) = , which is zero when x = 0. (f is not 4 x2 differentiable at 2 as well.) So our points to check are: f(2) = 0 f(0) = f(1) =

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) =

4 x2 on [2, 1].

x We have f (x) = , which is zero when x = 0. (f is not 4 x2 differentiable at 2 as well.) So our points to check are: f(2) = 0 f(0) = 2 f(1) =

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) =

4 x2 on [2, 1].

x We have f (x) = , which is zero when x = 0. (f is not 4 x2 differentiable at 2 as well.) So our points to check are: f(2) = 0 f(0) = 2 f(1) = 3

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) =

4 x2 on [2, 1].

x We have f (x) = , which is zero when x = 0. (f is not 4 x2 differentiable at 2 as well.) So our points to check are: f(2) = 0 (absolute min) f(0) = 2 f(1) = 3

Solution

Example
Find the extreme values of f(x) =

4 x2 on [2, 1].

x We have f (x) = , which is zero when x = 0. (f is not 4 x2 differentiable at 2 as well.) So our points to check are: f(2) = 0 (absolute min) f(0) = 2 (absolute max) f(1) = 3

Solution

Outline
Introduction The Extreme Value Theorem Fermats Theorem (not the last one) Tangent: Fermats Last Theorem The Closed Interval Method Examples Challenge: Cubic functions

Challenge: Cubic functions

Example
How many critical points can a cubic function f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d have?

Solution

If f (x) = 0, we have 3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0, and so x=

2 b

b b2 3ac 4b2 12ac = , 6a 3a

and so we have three possibilities:

Solution

If f (x) = 0, we have 3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0, and so x=

2 b

b b2 3ac 4b2 12ac = , 6a 3a

and so we have three possibilities: b2 3ac > 0, in which case there are two distinct critical points. An example would be f(x) = x3 + x2 , where a = 1, b = 1, and c = 0.

Solution

If f (x) = 0, we have 3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0, and so x=

2 b

b b2 3ac 4b2 12ac = , 6a 3a

and so we have three possibilities: b2 3ac > 0, in which case there are two distinct critical points. An example would be f(x) = x3 + x2 , where a = 1, b = 1, and c = 0. b2 3ac < 0, in which case there are no real roots to the quadratic, hence no critical points. An example would be f(x) = x3 + x2 + x, where a = b = c = 1.

Solution

If f (x) = 0, we have 3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0, and so x=

2 b

b b2 3ac 4b2 12ac = , 6a 3a

and so we have three possibilities: b2 3ac > 0, in which case there are two distinct critical points. An example would be f(x) = x3 + x2 , where a = 1, b = 1, and c = 0. b2 3ac < 0, in which case there are no real roots to the quadratic, hence no critical points. An example would be f(x) = x3 + x2 + x, where a = b = c = 1. b2 3ac = 0, in which case there is a single critical point. Example: x3 , where a = 1 and b = c = 0.
. . . . . .

What have we learned today?

The Extreme Value Theorem: a continuous function on a closed interval must achieve its max and min Fermats Theorem: local extrema are critical points The Closed Interval Method: an algorithm for nding global extrema Show your work unless you want to end up like Fermat!