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rd rd
presentation presentation
Multiplexing methods, Multiplexing methods,
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Ing. Bc. Ivan Pravda, Ph.D. Ing. Bc. Ivan Pravda, Ph.D.
Multiplexing methods, Multiplexing methods,
transmission systems PDH and SDH transmission systems PDH and SDH
Multiplexing methods Multiplexing methods
- Telecommunication systems support many functions, one of them
is multiplexing of various signals before transfer by transfer path
and adapt aggregate signals for transfer by specific transmission
medium
- Development of transmission systems is connected expressively
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- Development of transmission systems is connected expressively
with the most effective utilization of transmission media
multiple utilization of transfer path
- Used principles for transfer of various signals:
- FDM(Frequency Division Multiplex)
- TDM(Time Division Multiplex)
- WDM(Wavelength Division Multiplex)
- CDM(Code Division Multiplex)
Multiplexing method Multiplexing method FDM FDM
- Each signal is modulated to a certain frequency (Carrier), so we
can bundle different signals and send them at the same time as
independent of each other
- We insert some guard bands between the individual frequency
bands to avoid overlapping of frequencies
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bands to avoid overlapping of frequencies
- We just have to filter the proper frequency in order to demultiplex
a certain data out of a multiplexed line
- A big advantage is the independence of individual signals
- This method is used in wired and wireless applications, e.g. for
allowing internet access over Cable TV or by the ADSL/VDSL
access
Multiplexing method Multiplexing method TDM TDM
- We send data of different channels in certain timeslots (t)
through only one line, when we use the TDM
- We decide between:
- STD (Synchronous Time Division), where each input channel gets a fixed
timeslot (even when it doesnt need it)
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- ATD (Asynchronous Time Division), where a channel gets a timeslot only
when it needs one each timeslot holds an extra information about the
channel STDM(Statistical TDM)
- This method makes possible to transfer samples directly in
analogue form or transfer samples, that are processed by impuls
modulation (PAM, PPM, PWM)
- We employ TDM method in wired and wireless applications, e.g.
with connection of PCM30/32
Multiplexing methods Multiplexing methods FDM and TDM FDM and TDM
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Multiplexing method Multiplexing method WDM and CDM WDM and CDM
- WDMuse the similar principle that FDM, but the WDM is used
for optical signals or optical paths
- We differentiate:
- DWDM(Dense WDM) carriers spacing is under 1 nm (40 or 80 carriers
at the band)
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- CWDM(Coarse WDM) carriers spacing is over 10 nm (10 or 20 carriers
at the band)
- CDMmakes possible for multiplexing some characteristic of
properly made code
- This method is used by modern wireless systems, e.g. mobile
systems of 3.generation (UMTS) and wireless LAN networks (e.g.
Wi-Fi or Wi-Max systems with widespread spectrum)
Communication methods Communication methods
- Communication is able to be based basically on two principles:
- with connecting process
- without connecting process
- For communication with connecting process are characteristic
three phases creating of connection, self communication
and cancellation of connection
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and cancellation of connection
- Various elements of messages can connect, most frequently
circuits (channel time slots of PCM), packets (networks based
on protocol X.25), cells (ATM networks), frames (Frame Relay)
- IP networks based on transfer of datagrams or packets among
netowrks nodes are specific type of communication without
connecting process
Communication methods Communication methods
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- We can differentiate transfer mode in context with periodocity of
specific time slot or signals elements in definite communication
session:
- synchronous transfer mode (STM) periodic occurrance
- asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) random occurrance
Multiplex digital hierarchy Multiplex digital hierarchy
- Effective transfer of digital signals between points of telecommunication
network is supported by the help of TDM eventually WDM
- The main argument for creating multiplex digital hierarchies is established on
multiplexing of all types of digital signals (digitalized voice signals, data, video
etc.) to high-speed signal, that is possible to move by one line (today most
frequently by optical wire) standardization of digital systems hierarchies
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frequently by optical wire) standardization of digital systems hierarchies
- Many hierarchies of higher level signal was created over the signal of first level
(PCM30/32), that subsequently multiplex more telephone channels to one
digital transfer path
- Two types of digital hierarchy are used today:
- PDH(Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)
- SDH(Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
Plesiochro Plesiochronous nous digit digita al hierarch l hierarchyy (PDH) (PDH)
- Characteristics of PDH:
- Multiplexed signals dont have defined fixed time position with regard to
structure of higher level signal asynchronous multiplexing
- Structure of higher level signal contain a reserve, that is used for
compensation of deviation transfer rate of lower level signal time race of
multiplexed signals may be imprecise, we calculate on multiplexing with
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multiplexed signals may be imprecise, we calculate on multiplexing with
difference of transfer rate in fixed specified limits
- PDH interlace several multiplexed signals freely bit by bit to a frame of
higher level signal, but it isnt exists any define relation between frame of
lower level signal and frame of higher level signal
- Its possible to take lower level signals again with sequential demultiplexing
from higher levele signal, but multiple repeated operation of multiplexing
and demultiplexing may cause degradation of signal
PDH PDH multiplexing scheme multiplexing scheme
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Plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) Plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH)
- Multiplexing equipment in Europe hierarchy multiplex four lower
level signals and insert in addition some auxiliary information:
- group of frame synchronization (FAS Frame Alignment Signal)
- stuffing
- We can found in the structure of PDH signal some reserve in bit
places, we can use this reserve for transfer signals that has higher
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places, we can use this reserve for transfer signals that has higher
frequency. This reserve isnt used for signals that has lower
frequency idle reserve is filled by useless information this
method is named stuffing
- Types of stuffing:
- Positive stuffing transfer rate of higher level signal is superior to
multiple of lower level signals
- Negative stuffing transfer rate of higher level signal is inferior to
multiple of lower level signals
- Symmetric stuffing combination of previous (variation of transfer rate)
Synchron Synchronous ous digit digita al hierarch l hierarchyy (SDH) (SDH)
- Development of telephone traffic, but mainly intensive rising of
data transfers are connected with capacitys growth of transfer
facilities
- Addition of higher level than 5
th
level at PDH wast effective and
technically unscalable requirements for creating a new
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technically unscalable requirements for creating a new
hierarchy, that will be based on different principles of
multiplexing than PDH global standard SDH(Synchronous
Digital Hierarchy)
- Worldwide standardized SDH technology result from American
standard SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork)
Synchron Synchronous ous digit digita al hierarch l hierarchyy (SDH) (SDH)
- Characteristics of SDH:
- The SDH uses controlled byte interleaving (byte by byte) we can simply
obtain required data from frames of higher level signals by the help of
information fields address Pointer (PTR)
- All of the processed signals at SDH are multiplexed in synchronism with
fixed time position between higher level signal and lower level signal
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fixed time position between higher level signal and lower level signal
- The structure of SDH counts with high transfer rates, lowest level of SDH
begins approximately at the area, where the PDH ends
- Optical fibre is standardized transfer media, which is useful for high
transfer rated up to tens Gbit/s
- The structure of SDH standardizes technique for management of
transmission network and flexible security to safe operation in case of
failures
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
- Fundamental signals of synchronous digital hierarchy are called as
STM-N(Synchronous Transport Modules), where Nrepresent
hierarchical level
prefix STM-0 STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 STM-256
v
p
[Mbit/s] 51,84 155,52 622,08 2488,32 9953,28 39813,12
SONET STS-1 STS-3 STS-12 STS-48 STS-192 STS-768
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- Sublevel STM-0 was supplemented for compatibility with
standard SONET
- SDH frame length is strictly holded at 125 !s analogous to first
level of PCM (PCM30/32)
- Transfer rates of higher level SDHs signal is exact quadruple of
transfer rate of lower level SDHs signals (difference on PDH)
SONET
prefix
STS-1
(OC-1)
STS-3
(OC-3)
STS-12
(OC-12)
STS-48
(OC-48)
STS-192
(OC-192)
STS-768
(OC-768)
Synchron Synchronous ous digit digita al hierarch l hierarchyy (SDH) (SDH)
- Basic structure of SDHs frame, that is created by mapping of
tributary signal, is marked as container C-nk, where n represents
hierarchical level of PDHs signal and k differentiates triburary
signals of first level containers structure with according to
transfer rate of mapped signals (America, Europe)
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- Adaptation of user tributary signal to format of SDHs signal is
called as mapping
- When we create container C-nk, we add service bytes POH(Path
Overhead) to this container with length 125 !s. Structure of
container C-nk with POHcreates structure, that is called VC-nk
(Virtual Container) VC-nk doesnt have in information field
fixed position, position is identified by the value of PTR (Pointer)
Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
- POHis used for security and transfer control of VC-nk through
transmission SDHs network
- POHgo along with VC-nk from its assembling to its
disassembling
- Various types of virtual containers are used for various types of
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- Various types of virtual containers are used for various types of
tributary signals, that are used in american or european PDH
network and which we can transfer through SDH network
- We can store to virtual container and transfer of them other types
of signals, especially ATM cells, IP packets, Ethernet frames and
other SDH is multiplex structure, that contain various types of
multiplex elements
Multiplexing scheme of SDH (ITU Multiplexing scheme of SDH (ITU--T G.707) T G.707)
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SDH SDHs physical structure of frames s physical structure of frames
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Frame STM Frame STM--1 and it 1 and its capacity capability s capacity capability
- Frame STM-1 has 9 rows and 270 bytes per row and transfer rate
155,52 Mbit/s 1VC-4 (1E4), 3VC-3 (3E3,
2E3+21E1, 1E3+42E1, 63E1)
- First 9 bytes transfers service information SOH(Section
OverHead), that is divided to two partial overheads:
- RSOH(Regenerator Section OverHead)
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- RSOH(Regenerator Section OverHead)
- MSOH(Multiplex Section OverHead) not accessed in repeater
- Remaining part contains information field, that contain virtual
container VC-4, which begins at position defined by pointer
AU/PTR
- Section is defined as a part of network, where isnt multiplexed or
demultiplexed the STM signal
Structure of frame STM Structure of frame STM--11
- Reserved bytes of SOH provides frame synchronization of STM-1
modul and observes quality of transfer by particular regenerator
and multiplex sections
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SDH SDHs network elements s network elements
- Characteristics of SDHs NE (Network Element):
- time-division multiplexing or demultiplexing of digital signals
- recover link signals
- switch digital signal between particular link tracts
- SDHs NE has flexible modular construction, that is based on bus type
and make possible easy adaptation for network setting
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- Basic types of SDHs NE (Network Element):
1. Regenerator
2. Synchronous Multiplexes:
- Synchronous Multiplex Terminal
- Synchronous Multiplex Line
- Add-Drop Multiplex
- Synchronous Multiplex Hubbing
3. Synchronous Digital Cross-Connect
Basic types of SDH Basic types of SDH s network elements s network elements
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Block scheme of Add Block scheme of Add- -Drop muldex Drop muldex
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Typical SDH Typical SDH s network structure s network structure
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End of presentation End of presentation
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Thank you for your attention Thank you for your attention