Definition:

When the atoms and ions are acted upon individually

with no mutual interaction between them. This effect is called
Paramagnetism.

It depends upon Magnetic Moment of atoms and Ions.

 Origin of Magnetic Moment

1. Orbital motion of the electron

2. Electron Spin

 The magnetic moment of multi electron atom is the sum of

the magnetic moments of all electrons including orbital and
spin electron moment.
 How to Find ?

In particular atom or ion which passes only filled

shells have no permanent moments.

Hence they cannot be paramagnetic.

Other free atom show paramagnetism

If a state contains

2 electrons, Maximum spin for

Spins in the same direction the 2 electrons
If the spins are opposite direction The total spin will be zero
B A’ B A’

μ0 μ0
Higher Energy Lower Energy
More States Fewer States

(+) (-)

Parallel Anti Parallel

Each atom has a spin ½, magnetic moment μ.

Each atom can be in 2 possible states:

1. The state (+)

Which its magnetic moment (Spin)
Points up

2.The state (-)

Where its magnetic moment
Points down
1.Atomic Magnetic moment is parallel to the field
so that μ=μ0
2. The Magnetic energy of the atom is
E+= -μ0B
3. The probability P+ of finding the atom in the state

P+=

=
= (1)
Where,
C constant of proportionality

4. This is the state of Lower Energy

5.The state in which the atom is more likely to be found

1. Atomic mag. Moment is antiparallel to the field.
so that μ =-μ0
2. Magnetic Energy at the atom is
E_= μ0β
3. Probability P_ of finding the atom in this state is

(2)
4. This is the state of Higher Energy.

5.The state in which the atom is less likely to be found.

C is determined by the normalization requirement

(3)

In State(+)

Magnetic moment is parallel to the field B.

The mean must point in the direction of the field B.
By virtue of (1) & (2)

(4)

The ratio of the magnetic energy μ0B to the

characterizes thermal energy kT.
If T is very large (ω<<1)

1) Magnetic moment is parallel to the field is almost the same

as that it is antiparallel.
2) Magnetic moment is almost completely randomly oriented.

So that
If T is very small (ω>>1)

1) The Magnetic moment is parallel to the field than

antiparallel to it.

2)
The mean magnetic moment

(5)

(6)

(7)

The mean magnetic moment per unit volume of the Substance

Points then in the directions of the magnetic field

Magnitude (8)

N0 Magnetic atoms per unit volume.

 Verify the

If ω <<1
Then

Hence for ω<<1

If ω>>1 then

eω>>e-ω
for ω>>1, tanhω=1
The relation (6) predicts thus the following limiting behavior.

For μ0β<<kT,

(9)

For μ0β>>kT

(10)

When μ0β>>kT, the value of is small.

Note:-
in this limits is simply Proportional to the magnetic field B
and inversely Proportional to the Absolute temperature T.
Using (8) and (9)

for μ0β>>kT,

(11)

 Constant of Proportionality Independent B

This Parameter is called Magnetic Susceptibility of the Substance.

equation (11) becomes

χ is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature is known as Curies Law

 When μ0β>>kT

attains its maximum possible value μ0

Magnitization becomes

for μ0β>>kT,

(13)

Which is maximum possible value and is this independent of B or T