NationalProgrammeonTechnology EnhancedLearning(NPTEL) www.nptel.ac.

in

Advanced StructuralAnalysis
Lecture1 Module1: ReviewofBasicStructuralAnalysis
DevdasMenon Professor IITMadras
(dmenon@iitm.ac.in)

AdvancedStructuralAnalysis Modules
1. Reviewofbasicstructuralanalysis 1 2. Reviewofbasicstructuralanalysis 2 3. Basicmatrixconcepts 4. Matrixanalysisofstructureswithaxialelements 5. Matrixanalysisofbeamsandgrids 6. Matrixanalysisofplaneandspaceframes 7. Analysisofelasticinstabilityandsecondordereffects

Paperback (2008) Hardbound (2008)

Paperback Hardbound(2009) (2009)

Module1:ReviewofbasicSA 1
StaticallyDeterminateStructures:Introduction;Analysis

ofsupportreactions,internalforcesintrusses,beams, cables,archesandframes;Analysisofslopesand deflectionsinbeams.

WorkandEnergyMethods: Introduction;Principleof

virtualdisplacementsandvirtualforces;Reciprocal theorems;Energyconcepts;Displacementbasedand forcebasedenergyprinciples;derivingstiffnessand flexibilitycoefficients.

Module1:Reviewofbasic StructuralAnalysis 1
Introduction StaticallyDeterminateStructures WorkandEnergyMethods ForceMethods StaticallyIndeterminateStructures DisplacementMethods KinematicallyIndeterminate

Structures

PartII:Force Responsein Statically Determinate Structures PartIII: Displacement Responsein Statically Determinate Structures

BasicStructuralAnalysis

PartI: Fundamentals

PartV: Kinematically Indeterminate Structures: Displacement Methods

PartIV: Statically Indeterminate Structures: Force Methods

StructuralAnalysis&Design
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS LOADS (input) STRUCTURE (system)
StructuralAnalysisistheapplicationofsolid mechanicstopredicttheresponse (intermsof forcesanddisplacements)ofagivenstructure (existingorproposed)subjecttospecifiedloads.

RESPONSE? (output)
o Stability o Strength o Stiffness o Economy o Aesthetics

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

IntroductiontoStructuralAnalysis
LOAD STRUCTURE RESPONSE

StructuralSystem StructuralIdealisation StructuralElements Joints&InternalStability Supports&ExternalStability StaticIndeterminacy KinematicIndeterminacy

StructuralModelling
slab

Spaceframe

MODELLING OF STRUCTURES

STRUCTURE WALLS SKELETAL SPATIAL SLABS SHELLS

LINEAR(1D)

PLANAR(2D)

SPACE(3D)

FOLDED PLATES

PlaneFrame

Space Frame Grid SpaceFrame Element PlaneFrame Element

Beam

AxialSystem

PlaneTruss

SpaceTruss

Joints&Supports
Kinematicfunction: Controlrelativedisplacements Join t Staticfunction: Providefortransmissionofforces (Connection between elements)

Pinned

(Freerelative rotation)

Semirigid Rigid
(Norelative rotationor translation)

Support Reactions

Fixedsupport Rollersupport

Hingedsupport

Internalhingebehaviour
P1 B A P1 A MA B B SB P2 C P2 C

VA

SB P1

VC P2 C child parent B

DetailatB

SpaceandPlaneFrames

Spaceframe (3Danalysis)

SpaceFrame Element

Planeframe Element

Planeframes (2Danalysis)

PlaneFramesandBeams

Partial(substitute)frame

Continuousbeam Full(plane)frame undergravityloading Beamelement

Bendingmoments Shearforces

Grids(grillages)andBeams
Gridelement
Bendingmoments Shearforces Twistingmoments

Grid
Torsional stiffnessnegligible GridelementreducestoBeamelement (Introducetorsional releasesatmemberends)

StaticIndeterminacy(ns)
Cause(kinematicsrelated): Structureisoverconstrained oroverrigid Effect(staticsrelated): Structureishyperstaticor staticallyindeterminate

Justrigid

(ns =0)

(m =9,r =3,j =6) m +r =2j=12

Unstable

Overrigid (ns =m +r 2j = 2)

Mustsatisfycompatibilityconditions

ForcesandDisplacements
Mustsatisfyequilibriumconditions
F2 F1 F13
1 8 2 9

F3

F4
3 10

F5
11

F6

SimplePlaneTruss:
4

m =11,r =3,j =7 m +r =2j=14

F14

F12

F7
5

F8

F9
6

F10

F11
7

Forces: external;internal Fj(j 1,2,,14);Ni (i =1,2,,11)

D6

D2 D1

D4 D3
3 11

L11 D5 D6 N11
D10 D9

D5

L11+e11

D10 D9

Displacements: deflections;deformations Dj (j 1,2,,14);ei (i =1,2,,11)

KinematicIndeterminacy
2 1 13 12 7 8 9 3 4 5 6

SimplePlaneTruss:
10 11 14

m =11,r =3,j =7 m +r =2j=14

Global(Structure)Coordinates:j=1,2,,14 Restraints:D12 =0,D13 =0,D14 =0 UnknownDisplacements:D1 ,D2 ,,D11 Degreeofkinematicindeterminacynk =11 (Degreeofstaticindeterminacyns =0!)

Thedegreeofkinematicindeterminacymaybedefinedas thetotalnumberofdegreesoffreedom(independent displacementcoordinates)atthevariousjointsinaskeletal structure.

KinematicIndeterminacy
1 2 A
Beamelement

3
B 4

FixedBeam nk =0
Cantilever

B 6 3 A Planeframeelement

D2 D1
A

D4 D B 3 1

2 1 1 3

2
Portal frame nk =6

nk =2 2 3 4

ContinuousBeam

nk =4

1 3 5 6
nk =3

1 1
nk =6

Boxframe

Ignoringaxialdeformations

Staticvs KinematicIndeterminacy
1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 17 18

9 13

10 14

11 15

12 16

19 2 0

ns =(4 3) 3=36 nk =(4 4) 3=48

Ignoringaxialdeformations: nk =16+4=20

StructuralAnalysis
LOAD STRUCTURE RESPONSE

DirectActions IndirectLoading

ForceField DisplacementField

SupportReactions InternalForceResultants Displacements

EquilibriumofForces UnderlyingPrinciples: CompatibilityofDisplacements Forcedisplacementrelations

IndirectLoading
SupportDisplacements ConstructionalErrors EnvironmentalChanges

Caninduceaforceresponseifthestructureisoverrigid; otherwiseonlyadisplacementresponse!

SupportDisplacements
Justrigidstructures rotationalslipA A A B (rigidbodymotions;noforceresponse) (a)cantileverbeam (b)simplysupportedbeam A B BA differential settlement

Overrigidstructures rotationalslipA A B A B BA differential settlement

(bendingmoments,shearforces,supportreactionsinduced) (c)proppedcantileverbeam (d)fixedbeam

ConstructionalErrors
Lackoffitintrusses:
B

(AClongby 5mm)
A

xD

xD

(a) Internallyjustrigid (noforceresponse)

(b) internallyoverrigid (diagonalsundercompression; othermembersintension)

EnvironmentalChanges
Temperatureeffect

Noforce

Axialforce: N =kbar

L Axialforce:
N =ks s

=L(T)

ks

0<s < >ks >0

Justrigid

Overrigid

BasicRequirements

Equilibriumofforcesensuresstaticadmissibility Compatibilityofdisplacementsensureskinematic

admissibility
Forcedisplacementrelationsinvolvematerialstress

strainlaws

ForceResponse
Supportreactions Internalforces
Fij Actionofion j (appearsonfreebodyofj) Fij =Fji(Newtonsthirdlaw) P

P
R A 3 P

1 300 2

B RC
300

RA

A F1A FA1 1

FB1 F1B FB2

F2B

RC 2 P

C
Support reactions

2 300
3

1
C

2 F2C FC2 Bar forces

N1 3 P N 2 2 P

RA

RC

StaticallyAdmissibleFORCERESPONSE

LinearElasticBehaviour
Stimulus
P P

SYSTEM
highA lowL P/A

Response?

E L+e L A low A high L e 1 0 Singlematerial property! e/L

0 TensionTest

manyrodspecimens(samematerial), variouslengthsanddiameters

Forcedisplacementrelations
k P

ki

N i EA i ei Li

axial tension

load

stress

P k 1

Ni 1 ki ei elongation

E 1

deflection

strain

(a)loaddeflection (structure)

(b) internalforcedeformation (trusselement)

(c)stressstrain relation(material)

DisplacementResponse
P e1
Deflections Rotations
Compatibility:

1 300 2

Equilibrium:
N1 3 P N 2 2 P

B e2

B, hor B B B, ver
Forcedisplacement e 1 N 1 k 1 relation: e2 N 2 k 2

C Kinematically AdmissibleDISPLACEMENTRESPONSE