University of Malaya Faculty of Business and Accountancy Semester 3 2012/2013 CSGB6313 TRAINING MANAGEMENT

Title: National Service Training Program

Lecturer: Dr. William Stevenson

Prepared by:
VINODEN SUBRAMANIAM CHOW KIAN SIN LIU FANG HODA AGHA MOHAMMADI NAZARI CGA120012 CGA120128 CGA110123 CGA110113

TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 TRAINING CONCEPTS & OBJECTIVE

3.0 TRAINING MODULES & ACTIVITIES

4.0 IMPLEMENTATION

5.0 EVALUATION

6.0 CONCLUSION

7.0 REFERENCE

8.0 APPENDIX

1.0 INTRODUCTION

National Service Training Program (NSTP) or also known as Program Latihan Khidmat Negara (PLKN) is semi military based training program implemented in Malaysia in 2004. NSTP was initiated by the Malaysian government in an effort to shape a new generation who are disciplined, patriotic, confident, loyal to the country, ready to face any challenges, as well as to foster cooperation and unity among the various races in the country. Although NSTP presents fundamental characteristics of a military based training program, it is not a military conscripts training program which are implemented in neighbouring countries such as Singapore and Thailand. NSTPs aims and objective are not to solely exist for the purpose of Malaysian Military.

Since its inception in 2003, NSTP has successfully conducted training for more than 660,000 trainees nationwide in the period of 9 years from 2004 to 2012 (9 series). NSTP is compulsory for all Malaysian both male and female citizen who are 18 years old. Participants for this program are randomly drafted using computerized system and three intakes are done each year. Each intake will undergo the training program for 3 months. NSTPs training syllabus is comprised of 4 core modules which are conducted in a military style training regiment. Sub modules are also included in the training syllabus throughout the 9 series to cater the ever growing training needs.

Unlike military based training programs in countries such as Singapore and Thailand, Malaysias NSTP has its own identity. Although NSTP falls under the jurisdiction of Malaysian Ministry of Defence, it does not follow the armys theme song, symbols or uniform colours. NSTP has its own theme song, symbol and uniform. The combat uniform's design is of blue camouflage stripes, made out of light blue, dark blue, white, and black. The general colour scheme for NSTP is blue, and black.

2.0 PROGRAM CONCEPTS & OBJECTIVES

Although National Service Training Program (NSTP) was finally implemented on 16 February 2004, the idea of military conscript program in Malaysia was first triggered in the National Patriotism Congress on 24 October 2002. The idea was basically to have a training program for Malaysian youth to enhance their sense of national patriotism, volunteerism and sense of self pride and nurture racial solidarity. With the initialization of the idea, the process of deriving program concepts and objectives was executed.

2.1 Training Programs Concepts Jawatan Kuasa Mengenai Kerahan Tenaga (JKMKT) was formed on 30 October 2002. One of the main purposes of this committee is to gather feedback from parents and students regarding the implementation of the military conscript program. The findings from the research showed that 98.4% of parents from different races agree with the implementation of the program and 93% of parents want the program to be implemented with the boarding school style. About 80.4% of parents agree that both male and female students should be allowed to participate in this program. As for the duration of the training program, all parents agree that the training program should be between 3 to 6 months. The committee together with the ministry of defence and ministry of education conducted survey on 6000 school student from 350 different schools all around the country and found that 80% of them agree on the implementation of the program. Apart from that the committee also gathered opinions and feedbacks from all associations, organizations, NGO and political parties regarding the implementation of the program. The outcome of the discussion was that the training program must be based on 3 core components which are military training, citizenship training and formation of character and community service. In depth studies was also conducted to evaluate the military based training programs in countries such as Singapore, Thailand, South Korea, Portugal, Israel, Great Britain and France. As a result of all these studies the concept of the training program was derived. The concept of the training program in Malaysia will have a diversified purpose and objectives. This training program will not be implemented for the sole military purpose but rather to shape a society that

is disciplined, patriotic, confident, loyal to the country, ready to face any challenges, as well as to foster cooperation and unity among the various races. The name of the training program was also changed from Military Conscripts Training Program to National Service Training Program as it is not military conscript in nature.

2.2 Training Programs Objectives Based on the derived concepts, the committee formed the training programs main objectives. The training objectives are as follows:

Develop a young generation who are patriotic and with love and devotion for their country Enhance unity among the multi-racial communities in the country Instil a spirit of caring and volunteerism among society Produce an active, intelligent and confident generation Develop positive characteristics among the younger generation through good values Develop a generation that is obedient and loyal to the government

With the training programs objectives are in place, National Service Training Act of 2003 (Act 628) was established on 29 July 2003 to smoothen the implementation process of the National Service Training Program (NSTP). Apart from that National Service Training Council and National Service Training Department (NSTD) was also formed to plan, coordinate and monitor the implementation of the program. The roles and responsibilities of National Service Training Department (NSTD) are available in appendix I.

3.0 TRAINING MODULES & ACTIVITIES

The curriculums for the National Service Training Program were established by a Curriculum Council which operates under the National Service Training Department. A pilot project was conducted on 150 volunteer trainees from 1 to 28 September 2003. As a result of this project, 4 core training modules were established. The 4 core training modules are physical module, national building module, character building module and community service module. Apart from that sub modules were also introduced.

3.1 Physical Module The main objectives of the physical module are to develop trainees discipline through the military-style training regimentation. This module will help trainee to develop superior character, increase motivation, confidence and self belief. Apart from that it will also foster the spirit of togetherness among participants of different races, cultures and religions as a step towards national integration and increase the understanding of trainees responsibilities in the context of National security and development.

Activities that are included under this module are marching to increase trainees self discipline, teamwork and to test their mental, physical and emotional endurance level. Rope activities (high low rope circuit) allows trainee to shape self discipline, increase self belief and confidence, self motivation and team work. Creative sports are to teach trainee on problem solving techniques, teamwork and problem based learning. Jungle tracking are to teach trainee survival skills, analyzing skills, team work, and knowledge on planning, implementing and evaluating skills. Hand to hand combat activity is to teach trainee to self defense, self discipline and self endurance. First aid training is to equip trainee with treatment skills. Water based activities are to shape self discipline, self confidence, and team work and to break water phobia for certain trainees. Obstacle course activity is to test trainees mental and physical endurance, team work, strategy play, build self discipline and confidence.

3.2 Nation Building Module The Main objective of the nation building module is to understand the concepts of National and Nation Building to increase the patriotism spirit among the younger generations in Malaysia and to identify the challenges and threats from external and internal element. The concepts of National include homeland, people, government and sovereignty. This module is implemented in the form of lectures and group based activities in the classrooms. Group base activities includes group discussion, field trips, role playing, acting, watching videos, drawing, debate, analysis of situations and others. The lectures and group based trainings will basically cover all the concepts of National which are:a) National concepts in the context of homeland are to trigger the sense of pride and love for the homeland and willing to protect and defend it. b) National concepts in the context of people are to achieve racial integration, to build a loving relationship among ethnics, to understand all ethnics and discuss the difference and similarities of the ethics, research on ways to live harmoniously, contributions of people to the country and impact of the ever changing world on the people. c) National concepts in the context of government are to understand how governments are selected, process and operations of government, how government governs the country, the governing systems, laws and Malaysian Constitution. d) National concepts in the context of sovereignty are to understand the meaning of sovereignty and importance of Malaysia as a free country. e) Discuss ways to handle challenges and ways to change treats into opportunities.

3.3 Character Building Module Character building modules objective is to develop leadership skill through positive value in personal self and in others through group communication, team work, leadership approach in a group and problem solving and strategy in a group. The module consists of two sub modules. The first sub module is about bringing out the best in ones self. Through this sub module trainee will be able to explore their own self, identify their own characters, solidify their strengths and improve on their weakness. The second sub module is about bringing out the best in others around. Through this sub module, trainees will learn ways to work in a team effectively, act as leader and solve problems in groups. This module is also a classroom based training whereby lectures and activities such as character building games, role playing exercise, simulations and discussion are conducted.

3.4 Community Service Module The community service module aims to cultivate and develop a sense of responsibility among the younger generation through voluntary activities. The training comprise of doing voluntary work in public amenities, environment, social services and spirit of neighborliness. In doing community service, trainees can understand the way of life and cultural value of the various races in the country which will promote tolerance among the races and cultures. This module is more of an out of the class activities whereby trainee will be going out of their training camp to the local society to help. Activities involved in this module include caring out study on potential locations for activities, identify problems with the locations, propose solution for improvement, caring out improvement work such as cleaning and soon on. Trainees are expected to utilize all the knowledge and skills they learned in the National Service Training Program during the community service activities. For the theme neighborliness, trainees will care out voluntary service to families and communities in the housing areas, village, estates, Orang Asli settlement and FELDA. For the theme social service, trainees will provide voluntary service to organizations, institutes, government bodies and NGOs by giving support in terms of health, education and well fare. For

the theme environment, trainees will care out preservation activities on forest, beaches, rivers, industrial areas, agricultural areas and others. For the theme public facilities, trainees will provide voluntary service at parks, public halls, library, market, public transportation stations, lifts, public toilets, and other public facilities. Apart from that trainees will also be placed in government agencies such as Polis, fire department (Bomba), jail and army to get the exposure on the roles of these agencies in developing and defending the nation.

3.5 Sub Modules

Apart from the 4 core modules, sub modules are also been introduced regularly throughout the 9 years of NSTPs implementation. The purpose of this sub modules are to support the core modules and overcome the shortcoming and fulfill the training needs of the program.

3.5.1

Spiritual Component The main objective of the spiritual component is to help trainees to understand the first

principle of the National Principles (Rukun Negara), the belief in God. The module also helps trainees understand the relevance of religion to NSTPs objectives. For Muslim trainees, this module will guide them to learn human nature of belief and faith and application of Islamic morality. For non-Muslim trainees, the module will teach about their religions respectively and how to apply knowledge of religion in daily life.

3.5.2

Cultural Component Cultural component is intended for trainees to convey the message of love and manifest

feelings towards the leader, nation and homeland. The module will also guide trainees on applying the values at work as a team, producing creative work and critical thinking, and understand the importance of critical thinking and creativity to meet challenges in life.

3.5.3

Integration Program The objective of this program is to enable trainees to understand the various cultural

communities like the Malay, Chinese, Baba and Nyonya, Indian, Portuguese, Kadazan, Iban. It also allow trainees to understand the various religions like Islam, Christianity, Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh communities, and to understand the role, similarities and differences between men and women.

3.5.4

Value System Program The objective of this program is to enable trainees to understand the concept of value,

value systems, and advantages of value system. Recognize the value of self, creating value and to respect the dignity of others, see value in their everyday behavior, forming team values or shared values, appreciate values, and applying the effectively.

3.5.5

Bridging Integration Program The objective of this module is to help trainees from peninsular who are placed in Sabah

and Sarawak. Through this program, foster families are provided to these trainees to reduce their home sickness, boredom and pressure during the training program.

3.5.6

Weapon Handling Training (Colt M-16) This training is intended for trainees to gain experience using a weapon to strengthen the

patriotic spirit, enhance or improve their discipline, self-esteem, systematically train and manage them orderly and trained to work as a team. Implemented on series 3 (2006).

3.5.7

I-Smart Module In 2011, the National Service Training Department developed an I-Smart module to help

the youths who found to be weak to improve their 3M (reading, writing and arithmetic) skills. And this special module would not interfere with other training modules as it would only involved special instructors and those lacking the skills.

3.5.8

Health Lifestyle Module

The Health lifestyle module was introduced to ensure that all trainees would practice a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle. This module was first implemented in batch 3 series 10 (2013).

3.5.9

Reproductive Health Education & Social Program The Implementation of Reproductive Health Education and Social Program (PKRS) in

NSTP is in line with the Policy and Action Plan for Reproductive Health Education and the National Social approved by the Cabinet on 6 November 2009 which aims to produce individuals who are knowledgeable and have positive attitudes in the health reproductive and social. PKRS was implemented in NSTP from batch 2 Series 8 (2011).

3.5.10 Smart Solat Module Smart Solat Module is specially designed to help Muslim trainees who are unable to perform prayers correctly. In general, the implementation of the NSTPs smart solat module is to ensure that trainees who are weak in performing the prayer will be guided to master the basics theory and practical prayer perfectly. This module was implemented in series 9 (2012)

3.5.11 Malaysian Sovereign Module Malaysian Sovereign Module is formulated based on the militant intrusion incident in Lahad Datu, Sabah in 2012. This sub-module which comes under the Nation Building Module is aimed to giving the trainees greater understanding of the importance of protecting the countrys sovereignty from being marred by its enemies. The module is projected to be implemented in batch 1 series 11 (2014).

4.0 TRAINING PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION National Service Training Program is divided in to 3 batches every year. Each batch will undergo a 3 month training program separately. Each year is named as series and year 2004 which was the first year of implementation was named as series 1. As such each year will have batch 1 series 1, batch 2 series 1 and batch 3 series 1. Trainees are selected randomly and send to the designated training camps and will undergo the training duration accordingly. 4.1 Trainee Selection Although the regulation in the National Service Act states that all Malaysian citizens between the age of 16 to 35 are eligible to join this program, Malaysian government have decided that at the moment only student at the age of 18 or who have sat for the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) will be drafted into the program. All trainees are drafted randomly from the National Registration Departments database. For example for the year 2004, the drafting process is done for all Malaysian who were born in the year 1986. Only for the batch 1 series 1(2004) trainees, the drafting was done based on Education Ministrys database. The drafting process is done using computerized system called Selection Technique without Replacement (STWR). This system was replaced by Computerized Random Selection Process (Balloting) for series 9 (2012) onward. This training program is compulsory for all selected participants. All selected participants will be informed by mail through the address listed on their identification card (ID). They are also able to check their status on the programs website, or by SMS. Lists of participants names and ID numbers are also published in major newspapers. Exemption or exclusion is allowed for participants with health problem. Participants with such problems must get a medical check up for public clinics or government hospitals and get confirmation letter from doctors before applying for the exclusion. Postponement of the training program is also allowed for participants with abnormal or special problems. Participants with such problems must get confirmation letter from local authorities such as village headman or district officers before applying for postponement. List of health problems and abnormal problems that are qualified for exclusion and postponement are available in appendix II. All participants are also informed on things that they are allowed to bring to the training camp.

4.2

Training Implementation Once participants or trainees selection are done, they are required to gather at a specific

location on a specific date and time. Trainees are then transported to their designated camps by buses. Upon arrival, trainees are divided into groups and placed in living camps which are military style camps (canvas tents). Only during the first series (2004), trainees are placed in military style camps. Series 2 (2005) onward, trainees are provided with barracks and living quarters (concrete dormitory) to ensure that trainees can stay in a more comfortable place. Life in training camps is very much similar to military life style whereby trainees are required to obey strict rules and regulations. Daily training schedules are provided to trainees and they must follow them accordingly. Trainees are required to wake up as early as 6.00am and get ready for the training. By 6.30am they must be present at the training field for training and must go to sleep by 11.30pm. During Series 1 (2004), the training programs were divided in to two parts whereby for the first part, trainees will undergo physical modules training continuously for one month in the training camps. For the second part, trainees will be moved to nearest public universities to undergo three week of nation building module training, two weeks of character building module training and another three weeks of community service module training. During this implementation process many weaknesses was identified. Movement of trainees from camps to nearest universities caused wastage in terms of resources such money, time and man power. Apart from that locations in the universities were big and as such trainers found it difficult to control trainees while their stay in there. Trainees also seemed to get bored and loose interest in the training program as the training program was conducted by completing one module after another. Series 2 (2005) onward, all the training modules were conducted in the training camps. The training modules were also mixed in the daily schedule whereby trainees will undergo nation building module training from 9.00am to 12.30pm and undergo physical module training in the afternoon. This allowed the trainees to be more interested in the program at the same time a lot of resources were able to be saved. Example of daily training schedule for trainees are available in appendix III. As for the training location, physical module is conducted in the training field

that are provided in the training camps. For nation building and character building modules, the trainings are conducted in the classroom as the training form is lecture. As for community service module, the trainings are partially conducted in the class rooms and out the training camps. Usually community service trainings are done at the nearest village, town or local society to the training camps.

4.3 Trainers Trainers selected for this program includes full time, part time and retired military officers, university graduates, and public sector officers. All selected trainer are required to undergo the training course called Training of Trainer (TOT). This training course is specifically designed to train trainer on the National service training modules. All trainer that under go this training must pass the course before can be considered a qualified trainer. To improve the quality of trainers, speciality courses and refresher courses are provided for trainer from time to time. Efforts are also been take to get full time trainers as this will improve the commitment level of the trainers. Apart from that all trainers are encouraged to undergo training for all modules in the program to improve their competence level.

4.4 Training Facilities

The NSTP program is conducted in training camps which a design to facilitate the training program. When NSTP was first implemented in 2004, it had 72 training camps nation wide. As of 2012, the number of training camps has increase to 86. Training camps are equipped with living quarters for trainees and staffs, training ground, field, obstacle courses, shooting range, lecture halls or classrooms, cafeterias, halls, mini shop, laundry service, praying rooms and others. During the first intake in 2004, trainees were provided with canvas tents as their living quarters. In the series 2 onward, concrete dormitories are providing for trainees to increase their comfort. Each dormitory will house 20 trainees.

5.0 EVALUATION National Service Training Program has been successfully implemented in Malaysia for the past 10 year. During this period, various evaluation on the trainees and the program it self has been conducted by National service training department and other independent organizations to measure the effectiveness of the program.

5.1 Evaluation on trainees during the program. Evaluation on the trainees is done continually throughout the training program. National Service Training Department (NSTD) conducts evaluation on trainees in each batch yearly before trainees end the program. The evaluation is done by surveying 10% of trainees from each camp for each batch. The result of this evaluation on the year 2008 is as follows: 89% trainees agreed that NSTP have developed their sense of self pride (Jati Diri) 83% trainees agreed that NSTP have has nurtured racial solidarity (Integrasi Kaum) 83% trainees agreed that NSTP has strengthened their sense of patriotism (Patriotisme) 81% trainees agreed that NSTP encouraged volunteerism spirit (kesukarelaan)

According to National Service Training Department (NSTD), the evaluation done on trainees in each batch shows that on average 85% of trainees agree that the training has achieved its training objectives. NSTD also stated that feedback from trainers clearly shows that the training program has a positive impact on most trainees. Parents, organizations, NGO and public have also given positive feedback regarding this program.

5.2 Evaluation on the effectiveness of the program. One of National Service Training Departments roles and responsibilities is to evaluate the effectiveness of the training program. As such in November 2009 NSTD conducted an extensive study on the effectiveness of the National Service Training Program. This study was conducted for duration of 1 month involving about 5,000 NSTDs staffs and trainers. The target study is about 60,000 former trainees for 430,000 former trainees who have enrolled in this program from 2004 to 2009.The study also included former trainees parent, employers and schools, universities and local communities. Questionnaire forms were distributed to all target study and 61,950 respondents responded. The survey forms were evaluated and analyse by an independent body comprising of survey experts from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Results from this study shows that about 82.80% trainees agreed that NSTP has strengthened their sense of patriotism. 81.80% trainees agreed that NSTP encouraged volunteerism spirit. 88.50% trainees agreed that NSTP has developed their sense of self pride and 86.50% agreed that NSTP has nurtured racial solidarity. Figure 1 shows detail result of the study. This study clearly shows that NSTP has been effective in achieving its program objectives and has given a positive impact to the trainee.

Figure 1: Detail result from the study on effectiveness of National Service Training Program. Source: Ministry of Defense Annual Report 2009.

5.3 Evaluation by Independent Bodies

Apart from NSTD, other independent bodies also regularly evaluate the effectiveness of the National Service training program. Many universities in Malaysia have done study on the effectiveness and give feedback to the NSTD to continuously improve the training modules, implementation method, facilities and trainer qualities.

In 2010, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), conducted study on NSTP trainees and found that more than 80% of trainees who participants in the program showed the spirit of patriotism. In 2013, a quantitative study was conducted in University Malaya (UM). The study was about effectiveness of the National Service training program from the trainees perspective. Although this study highlighted some of the glaring shortcomings of the program, the study proved that positive impacts are evident on the trainees. The study states that NSTP is effective in the sense that it builds good characters for the trainees and instills values such as self discipline, punctuality, independent, team spirit, appreciation of others an d so on.

Apart from that study done in University Utara Malaysia (UUM) and University Islam Technology Malaysia (UITM) also shows that NSTP program is effective in achieving its program objectives.

6.0 CONCLUSION

National Service Training Program will enter its 10 year of implementation this year and in the past 9 year NSTP have successfully conducted training for more than 660,000 Malaysian youth nationwide. National Service Training Department (NSTD) have continuously plan, coordinate, monitor and evaluate the implementation of this training program. Improvement on the quality of the training facilities and the trainers has been done continuously and huge differences can be seen from its first series in 2004. Apart from that, training modules has been reviewed annually and sub modules have been add throughout the past 10 series to unsure the training needs are met. Malaysias NSTP can be still considered to be in its beginning stages because the training program is only 10 years old and trainees from the first series would be only around 27 to 28 years old this year. As such it would be difficult to say whether the program has achieved its ultimate objective of shaping a new generation of world leaders. Even so evaluation done thus far shows that the program is on the right track to achieve its goals and objectives.

7.0 REFERENCE Jabatan Latihan Khidmat Negara (JLKN) annual report (2005 2012). Ministry of Defense annual report (2005 2012). Pembentukan Generasi Baru Menerusi Program Latihan Khidmat Negara. By Haji Abdul Halim bin Abdul Hamid, Ketua Pengarah Jabatan Latihan Khidmat Negara, and Kementerian Pertahanan Malaysia. Ringkasan Program Latihan Khidmat Negara. Available at: www.khidmatnegara.gov.my Vishalache Balakrishnan, 2013, Evaluation of the National Service Training Program from the Perspective of a Trainee: A Case Study. Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education, Vol. 28, 6980. Fong Peng Chew, Poh Li Lau, 2011, Forming National Unity among the National Service Program (MNSP) Participant through the Language and Literature Program (LLP). 2011 International Conference on Humanities, Society and Culture IPEDR Vol.20 (2011) (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore. Wan Mamat, Wan Fauzi and Yusoff , Zulkarnain and Tuan Hassan, Tuan Mohd Rosli (2006) Keberkesanan program latihan khidmat negara (PLKN) : (satu kajian kes terhadap bekas-bekas pelatih UiTM Kelantan) / Wan Fauzi Wan Mamat , PM Zulkarnain Yusoff , Tuan Mohd Rosli Tuan Hassan. Technical Report. Institute of Research, Development and Commercialization , Universiti Teknologi MARA Abdul Aziz, Abdul Rahman and Ishak, Mohd Sobhi and Brahim, Malike and Abdullah, Mohd Ainuddin Iskandar Lee (2005). Penilaian program latihan khidmat negara dari aspek gagasan kenegaraan. In: Seminar Kebangsaan Sosio-ekonomi dan IT (SEIT) , 2021 August 2005, Putra Brasmana Hotel, Perlis. Zahid: NS grads more patriotic, July 14, 2010. Thestar Online. Available at: http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=%2f2010%2f7%2f14%2fnation%2f6663009 Wong Pek Mei and Vanes Devindran, January 2, 2011, Reproductive health education module for NS trainees from May. Thestar Online. Available at: http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?sec=nation&file=%2f2011%2f1%2f2%2fnation%2 f20110102145129

NS trainees to learn about sovereignty, August 01, 2013, NewStraitsTimes. Available at: http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/ns-trainees-to-learn-about-sovereignty-1.330673

PLKNMemberi kesan Positif kepada Pelatih, August 08, 2008, Bernama.com. Available at: http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/bm/news_lite.php?id=351492 Jabatan Latihan Khidmat Negara (JLKN) official website. Available at:

http://www.Khidmatnegara.gov.my/ Ministry of Defense official website. Available at : http://www.mod.gov.my/ PLKN forum. Available at: http://www.bumigemilang.com/?s=PLKN

APPENDIX I

National Service Training Department (NSTD)s roles and responsibilities.

Formulate policies and regulations on the implementation (plan, coordinate and monitor implementation). Plan and coordinate the needs of the workforce, infrastructure, facilities, equipment and training equipment. Develop and maintain information systems and keep records of the participants, coaches, management and support staff. Plan, coordinate and implement training programs to coach and manage their placement in training camps. Review and evaluate the effectiveness of NSTP and use the feedback for improvement.

Sources: National Service Training Department (NSTD)s official website.

APPENDIX II

Exclusion from the program requires that the trainees to fall under one of the following nine categories: 1) Insanity 2) Physically disabled 3) Currently being held under preventive detention (such as the Internal Security Act) 4) Undergoing drug rehabilitation 5) Detained by the Children's Act of 2001 (Act 612) 6) Fatal disease or condition, as confirmed by a medical officer. 7) Contagious disease, as confirmed by a medical officer. 8) Full-time member or full-time trainee of the Malaysian Armed Forces, Royal Malaysian Police, Malaysian Fire and Rescue Department, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency or Prisons Department of Malaysia. 9) Pregnant women

Sources: National Service Training Department (NSTD)s official website.

APPENDIX III

Figure 3: Daily Training Schedule

Source: National Service Training Department (NSTD)s official website

APPENDIX IV

Figure 2: Training activities in physical modules. Sources: National Service Training Department (NSTD)s official website.

APPENDIX V

Figure 3: Classroom based training for nation and character building modules Sources: National Service Training Department (NSTD)s official website.

Figure 3: Activities done for Community Service module Sources: National Service Training Department (NSTD)s official website.

APPENDIX VI

Figure 4: NSTPs Symbol and Uniform. Sources: National Service Training Department (NSTD)s official website.