SGS 1633 REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY 1

LAB REPORT 1

LECTURER :

PROF MOHD IBRAHIM SEENI MOHD

PREPARED BY:

MOHD FARID BIN FAUZI

900707-03-5463
AG090090
1-SGS 2009/10
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10 TITLE
Geometric Correction

20 OBJECTIVES
2.1 To correct the satellite data so that it is true to scale and projection.
2.2 To enhance the data in the correct position based on the real place
or map magnetic direction.
2.3 Analysing all image resampling data using different method.

10 METHODOLOGY
3.1 First, Click PCI Geomatica V9.1 program and select GCP Works.
3.2We have to select 4 different setups for GCP Works.
i. In Processing Requirements column, select Full Processing.
ii. In Mathematical Model column, select Polynomial.
iii. In Source of GCP column, select User Entered Coordinates.
iv. Click on accept button at last and the PCI GCP Works V9.1.0
window will be shown.
3.2Then in PCI GCPWorks V9.1.0 window,
i. Click on Select Uncorrected Image.

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Figure 1: The uncorrected satellite image

ii. Choose the uncorrected image which we need to correct.
iii. In the Database Channels, choose the best combination of
channels which enable us to get a clear image.
iv. After select the channels, click Load & Close.

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3.2 Next, click on Define Goereferencing Units.

i. Change Meter to Long/Lat.
ii. Click on Earth Model button.
iii. Select D085 - Kertau 1948 [West Malaysia & Singapore] for
Datum.
iv. Then select E012 – WGS 84 for ellipsoid.
v. After select the datum and ellipsoid, click on accept button.
3.2 After that, click on Collect GCPs.
i. Select a coordinate on the image and key in the coordinate on
the GCP menu.
ii. Key in the Longitude and Latitude on that point and click on
Accept as GCP button to accept it as control point.
iii. Repeat this 2 process for others coordinates until the last
coordinate.
iv. Save and close the GCP after finished key in all coordinates.

GCP LONGITU LATITUD Page

3
s D
1 103˚36’29. 1˚39’40.8
86” 1’’
2 103˚40’13. 1˚38’14.6
33” 0’’
3 103˚39’09. 1˚36’19.2
58” 0’’
4 103˚48’05. 1˚36’25.6
17” 3’’

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5 103˚48’53. 1˚34’13.0
37” 5’’
6 103˚54’46. 1˚33’16.1
03” 6’’
7 103˚37’25. 1˚31’17.0
11” 9’’
8 103˚39’33. 1˚32’53.7
76” 1’’
9 103˚41’05. 1˚30’00.1
57” 9’’
10 103˚43’05. 1˚29’29.8
50” 6’’
11 103˚46’11. 1˚31’27.9
30” 8’’
12 103˚49’14. 1˚31’15.5
46” 9’’
13 103˚52’04. 1˚28’02.7
82” 3’’
14 103˚35’29. 1˚26’51.1
15” 3’’
15 103˚39’14. 1˚25’41.8
35” 2
16 103˚46’05. 1˚27’26.2
28” 7’’
17 103˚46’46. 1˚27’58.3
60” 6’’

3.2 Then, click on Perform Registration to Disk to start the re-sampling

of the image.
i. Click on New Output File and type a name for the file.
ii. In New File Type Selector window, select PCIDSK(.pix) as file

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format.
iii. Under Number of Channels column, change to 7 Channels 4
with 8-bit signed.
iv. Select Band Interleaved as Format Options.
v. Under Geo-Referencing Information, change Use pixel/lines
and bounds to Used pixel/lines and resolution.
vi. Change the pixel size to 0d00’01.000” for X and Y column.
vii.Click on Create.
viii.Select Default and drag the Memory (MB) slide to 32.0.
ix. Click on Perform Registration button.
x. Close all the related windows.

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3.2 Lastly, on Geomatica Toolbar V9.1.0, select Image Works

Configuration.
i. Click Use Image File, select the new image file.
ii. Under File Information, change the Y dimension to maximum
scale .
iii. Change also Image Planes to 7.
iv. Click Accept & Load to view the corrected image.

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10 RESULT

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The above figure shown all Ground Control Points(GCPs) and the following
figure below shows the coefficients which calculated using 1st Degree
Polynomial.

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This is the coefficient that being calculated using 2nd Degree Polynomial.

Forward
x‘= -373990.1 +3528.7x +783.9292y -2.107199xy +0.8769021x2
+3.283271y2

y’ = 40196.67 -168.303x +3490.923y +0.4506205xy -1.572458x2

+2.07147y2

Backward:
x = 103.5835 +0.0002637396x -4.143648e-005y +3.163749e-011xy
-1.616482e-011x2 -6.710729e-011y2

y = -1.667018 +3.696235e-005x +0.0002774233y -2.649279e-011xy

+2.662779e-011x2 -5.227675e-011y2

This is the coefficient that being calculated using 3rd Degree Polynomial.

Forward:
x‘= -229743.1 +1485.46x +147592.2y -2842.357xy +0x2
-404.3998y 2 2
+13.6907x y
+0.7899071xy2 +0.06887933x3 -70.67193y3
y’ = 36915.28 -320.471x -26997.54y +279.8739xy +0x2
-10428.3y 2 2
+0.1489505x y

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+101.1137xy2 +0.0019725x 3 +11.24569y3
Backward:
x’ = 103.5835 +0.0002636583x -4.119007e-005y -1.000802e-010xy 7
+7.989206e-011x2 -7.064835e-010y2
-1.413018e-013x2 y +4.411238e-013xy2 -6.844629e-015x3 +3.558562e-
013y 3

y’ = -1.667008 +3.697817e-005x +0.0002771613y +6.523898e-010xy

-1.108128e-010x2 +2.803846e-010y
-1.611679e-013x2 y -6.387019e-013xy2 +7.149368e-014x3 -5.703968e-
014y 3

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After all the points have been entered, the image then corrected by 2nd
degree polynomial and nearest interpolation. The figure below is the image
overview after Geometrical Correction.

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This is the overview of the corrected image with bilinear

interpolation and 2nd degree polynomial after Geometric

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Correction.
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The figure below is the image overview after Geometrical Correction by using
2nd degree polynomial and nearest interpolation.

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20 ANALYSING DATA

For this practical, the satellite image data from Landsat TM have been
used. This data being used as to done Geometric Correction. This raw
image is a distorted image. All images taken from satellite contain
distortion and error. This distortion was cause by the perspective of the
sensor optics; the motion of the scanning system; the motion of the
platform; the platform altitude, attitude and velocity change; the
terrain relief and the curvature and rotation of the earth. There many
type of distortion such as radial distortion, tangential distortion, step-
wise distortion, scale error, projection distortion, skew, along track
scale error and scan line scale error. Geometric correction is done in
order to achieve as close as possible between geometry representation
of image and the real place on the earth. The first aspect that we
should consider while doing this practical is to achieve a low Root
Mean Square (RMS) error.

Refer to my report, I had achieve a RMS error of 2.90 and 2.77 for the
coordinates X and Y respectively in First Degree Polynomial. While in
the Second Degree Polynomial, the RMS error of coordinates X and Y
are 0.71 and 0.92. Theoretically, the RMS error for Second Degree
Polynomial should be less than First Degree Polynomial due to Second
Degree Polynomial is used to achieve more accurate result. In
professional use of the image, the particular image should contain RMS
error less than 2.00 to give a precise analysis.

As to get better result, we must consider the points keyed-in the

software. These GCPs should key in with well define and well
distributed points in the image. The meaning of well define point is the
location which will not be effect by any changes over a long time. The

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example of well define point is the road junction. The GCPs have to
well distribute too on the image. Don’t put the all GCPs in nearest 11
place or focus in certain place only. We must spread all the points to
get the actual result.

The point that measured also must be exactly the same with the point
on the ground. Make sure that the point is determined correctly. Do
not ever put the point in different pixel if want to get better result. As
prevention, zoom the image as large as there will not be a mistake
done.

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Geometric correction was done by using polynomial function. This

polynomial function is important to gain the corrected image as well as
on the ground. We can use either 1 st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th degree or so on but
mostly people use 2nd and 3rd degree polynomials.

• First Degree Polynomial

X1 = a0 + a1x + a2y
Y1 = b0 + b1X + b2y

• Second Degree Polynomial

X1 = a0 + a1x + a2y + a3xy + a4x2 + a5y2

Y1 = b0 +b1x + b2y + b3xy + b4x2 + b5y2

• Third Degree Polynomial

X1 = a0 + a1x + a2y + a3xy + a4x2 + a5y2 + a6x2y + a7xy2 +

a8x3 + a9y3
Y1 = b0 + b1x + b2y + b3xy + b4x2 + b5y2 + b6x2y +
b7xy2 + b8x3 + b9y3

wher X1,and Y1 are coordinate points from the corrected image,

e:
x and y are coordinates from the original image.

First Degree Polynomial n≥3

Second Degree Polynomial n≥6

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Third Degree Polynomial n ≥ 10
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3, 6 and 10 is the minimum GCPs that you should have if using 1st, 2nd
and 3rd degree polynomial but do not use exactly those number of
GCPs because you may also get result (with no residual) but you
cannot ensure whether your points are right or wrong.

1st degree polynomial is the simplest geometric correction. As we using

higher degree of polynomials such as 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and so on, we can
get almost accurate result. But people always use whether 2nd 0r 3rd
degree because it is most accurate than first degree and does not
need more GCPs.

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The last part of geometric correction is resampling. This process is

function as moving the pixel of the original image to the corrected
image based on the algorithms above. This process will perform an
image after the transformation. There are 3 types of resampling
method named Nearest Neighbour, Bilinear Interpolation, and Cubic
Convolution.

Method Technique Advantages Disadvantages

Nearest Transfer of - Minimum lost of the - Resampling to
Neighbour output pixel extremes and smaller
to the input subtleties grid size.
pixel which of the image. - “Stair stepped”
nearest with - Fast computation. effect
it. occur around
diagonal
lines and curves.
Bilinear First-order - Spatially more - Edges are
Interpolation interpolation accurate smoothed
between four than nearest and some
adjacent neighbour. extremes of
input pixel. - Result are the data file are
smoother, lost.
without “stair
stepped”
effect that occur in
nearest neighbour.
Cubic Cubic function -Most accurate - Slow computation.
Convolution based on 16 resampling method. - Most expensive
input pixel. - Effecting the image by method.
sharpen the image
and

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smooth out noise.
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This is the effect if we put GCPs wrongly. This is resampling image overview
by bad distribution of GCPs.

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10 CONCLUSION
1.1 Every image taken from satellite sensor has geometric error.
1.2 Geometric correction done to make the image true to scale and
true in direction which exactly the same with the ground.
1.3 We must put the GCPs point carefully to reduced the residual.
1.4 We must have more than minimum GCPs for each degree
polynomial to prevent undefined residual or error.
1.5 Resampling image must not folded.

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