Engle Za

GEORGETA RA
2
CONTENTS
FOREWORD 5
UNIT 1 - HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY
Grammar: Articles
Socia S!i": Expressing Enthusiasm
#
UNIT $ - WATER SUPPLY NOWADAYS
Grammar: The Verbs Be, Have, and Do
Socia S!i": Expressing Lac o! Enthusiasm
1%
UNIT & - SOURCES OF WATER
Grammar: The Verbs "a# and $an
Socia S!i": %!!ering to Do &omething
$$
UNIT % - HOW WATER IS PURIFIED
Grammar: The Verbs '"ust', 'Have to', and '(eed )to*'
Socia S!i": "aing &uggestions
$'
UNIT 5 - HOW WATER IS DISTRI(UTED
Grammar: The Verbs %ught )to*, Dare )to* and +sed )to*
Socia S!i": ,iving -nstructions
&%
UNIT ) - HISTORY OF SEWAGE
Grammar: The Verbs .ill, .ould, &hall, and &hould
Socia S!i": &ho/ing &#mpath#
&*
UNIT # - SEWAGE NOWADAYS
Grammar: &e0uence o! Tenses
Socia S!i": Asing %pinions
%)
UNIT ' - +UNICIPAL SEWAGE TREAT+ENT PLANTS
Grammar: The 1assive Voice
Socia S!i": Expressing Disagreement
51
UNIT * - SEPTIC TAN,S AND CESSPOOLS
Grammar: 2eported &peech )-*
Socia S!i": Approving
5#
UNIT 1- - POLLUTION
Grammar: 2eported &peech )--*
Socia S!i": Expressing .ish
)1
UNIT 11 - AIR AND WATER POLLUTION
Grammar: (umerals, Dates, and .eights and "easures
Socia S!i": Expressing 2egret
)*
UNIT 1$ - SOLID WASTES
Grammar: &pelling 2ules
Socia S!i": ,iving %pinions
#)
(I(LIOGRAPHY '&
3
CU./NT 0NAINTE
Prezentul C1r" 2rac3ic 45 im6a 57859: se adreseaz studenilor din anul
al II-lea ai Facultii de Agricultur, pro!ilul agricol, ingineria mediului -
4
nvmnt la distan, i conine elemente teoretice i !ractice necesare nsuirii
i "olosirii lim#a$ului de s!ecialitate n lim#a englez%
&ursul cu!rinde '2 teme !reluate din N5; S3a74ar4 E7c<co254ia
('))*+ i ada!tate la nevoile studierii lim#ii engleze n nvmntul su!erior
agricol% ,ntruct, n lumea occidental, i78i75ria m54i11i are n vedere
!roiectarea, construcia i gestionarea sistemelor de "urnizare a a!ei i a sistemelor
de tratare i nde!rtare a a!elor reziduale, iar unii s!ecialiti n ingineria mediului
se s!ecializeaz n controlul deeurilor !ericuloase i al altor surse de !oluare, i
tematica acestui curs !ractice se a-eaz !e aceste !ro#leme ma$ore ale lumii
contem!orane% Ast"el, n ceea ce !rivete sistemele de !urni3are a apei, sunt
a#ordate istoricul acestora, sistemele moderne, sursele de a!, !uri"icarea i
distri#uirea a!ei . ct !rivete apele re3iduale, sunt tratate istoricul sistemelor de
canalizare, sistemele moderne, staiile de e!urare a a!elor reziduale, "osele se!tice
i /aznalele . seciunea rezervat !olurii cu!rinde teme ca !oluarea, !oluarea
aerului i a a!ei i deeurile solide%
0emele gramaticale a!arin att mor!ologiei (articolul, numeralul, ver#ele
au-iliare i ver#ele modale, diateza !asiv+, ct i sintaxei !ra3ei (concordana
tim!urilor, vor#irea indirect+ i regulilor de ortogra!ie%
&ursul !ractic de lim#a englez conine i un numr de '2 acte de limba4
dintre cele mai "recvent ntlnite a cror e-ersare le !ermite studenilor s-i
m#unteasc "luena n e-!rimarea oral n lim#a englez%
Fiecare lecie cu!rinde o serie de e-erciii le-icale i gramaticale variate
menite s "aciliteze !ormarea unor deprinderi de limb5 corecte (nelegere du!
auz, vor#ire, citire, scriere+ i 6nsu7irea unui bogat vocabular speciali3at necesar
att comunic5rii orale ct i consult5rii bibliogra!iei de specialitate n lim#a
englez%
1ector dr% 2eorgeta 3a
*
UNIT 1
HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY
4
To2ic: .ater &uppl# &#stems
Grammar: Articles
Socia S!i": Expressing Enthusiasm
5umans originall6 o#tained 7ater directl6 "rom s!rings, streams, la8es,
and !onds% At a ver6 earl6 date, t/e6 learned to dig 7ells to o#tain 7ater in !laces
"ar "rom sur"ace sources% &anals to conduct 7ater "rom t/e rivers and la8es 7ere
constructed as earl6 as 3*99 :%&% in Ass6ria, :a#6lonia, and ;g6!t% 0/e 3omans
esta#lis/ed e""icient 7ater su!!l6 s6stems t/roug/out t/eir em!ire% 0/e6 #uilt
man6 nota#le a<ueducts to trans!ort 7ater long distances, and t/e6 #roug/t in t/e
"irst artesian 7ell, at Artois, France%
0/e6 #elieve t/e "irst !um!ing station /as #een esta#lis/ed in 1ondon in
'*24% Pum!s 7ere used to raise 7ater to a reservoir 3= m a#ove t/e 3iver
0/ames% 0/e reservoir su!!lied near#6 streets #6 gravit6% A#out '=49, t/e "irst
!um!ing station in t/e >nited ?tates 7as #uilt at :et/le/em, Penns6lvania%
0erra-cotta !i!es 7ere used in @6cenA, 2reece, #e"ore '499 :%&%, and
lead !i!e 7as used in 3ome% As late as t/e ')
t/
centur6, /o7ever, some munici!al
7ater s6stems used /ollo7 logs "or 7ater mains% 0/e logs 7ere ta!ered, and t/e
narro7 end o" one log 7as $ammed into t/e 7ide end o" anot/er%
0/e !uri"ication o" 7ater su!!lies #egan in t/e earl6 'B99Cs 7it/ t/e
introduction o" "iltration using sand to clari"6 dirt6 7ater% 1ater, during t/e
mid-'B99Cs, it 7as discovered t/at "iltration 7as also e""ective in reducing
out#rea8s o" c/olera and certain ot/er diseases% 0/e c/emical treatment o" 7ater
su!!lies started around t/e #eginning o" t/e 29
t/
centur6 7it/ t/e use o" c/lorine
and coagulants% :6 t/e mid-29
t/
centur6, man6 regions /ad ado!ted standards "or
t/e <ualit6 o" drin8ing 7ater% In ')=4, t/e >% ?% &ongress !assed t/e ?a"e
Drin8ing Eater Act, 7/ic/ !rovided "or national drin8ing-7ater standards% 0/ese
standards 7ere !ut into e""ect in ')==% In ')B=, ne7 legislation strengt/ened t/e
act #6 increasing t/e num#er o" !ollutants covered and #6 !roviding "unds "or t/e
construction o" se7age dis!osal !lants% (A"ter New Standard Encyclopaedia+
Go""ar<
/ater suppl# )s#stem* F a s6stem #6 7/ic/ 7ater is !rovided (3om% sistem de
distribuire a apei+
=
spring F (3om%+ izvor, i!ot
stream F (3om%+ curs de a!, a! curgtoare. "luviu, ru, !ru, uvoi, torent
pond F (3om%+ eleteu, #azin. #alt
/ell F a /ole drilled or #ored into t/e eart/, as to o#tain 7ater, !etroleum,
natural gas, #rine, or sul!/ur (3om% !8nt8n5, pu9+
terra:cotta F a /ard, "ired cla6, #ro7nis/-red in colour 7/en unglazed, t/at is
used "or arc/itectural ornaments, structural units, !otter6, and as a
material "or scul!ture
lead F a /eav6, com!arativel6 so"t, mallea#le, #luis/-gre6 metal (&#mbol: P#+
/ater main F a main !i!e or conduit in a s6stem "or conve6ing 7ater (3om%
canal G conduct5 magistral)5* de ap5+
to taper F to #ecome smaller or t/inner to7ard one end (3om% a se termina
6ntr:un v8r! ascu9it+
to 4am F to !ress, s<ueeze, or 7edge tig/tl6 #et7een #odies or sur"aces, so t/at
motion or e-trication is made di""icult or im!ossi#le (3om% a 6mpinge, a
6nghesui+
outbrea F a sudden and active mani"estation (3om% i3bucnire a epidemiei+
chlorine F a /alogen element, a greenis/-6ello7, incom#usti#le, !oisonous gas
(&#mbol: &l+
se/age disposal plant F a !lant in 7/ic/ 6ou dis!ose G get rid o" se7age (7aste
matter t/at !asses t/roug/ se7ers+
'% Ans7er t/e "ollo7ing%
- E/en and 7/ere 7ere constructed t/e "irst canals to conduct 7ater
"rom t/e rivers and la8esH
- E/ere 7as t/e "irst artesian 7ell #roug/t inH
- E/ere /as #een esta#lis/ed t/e "irst !um!ing stationH
- E/en and 7/ere 7ere used terra-cotta !i!esH
- E/en did t/e !uri"ication o" 7ater su!!lies #eginH
2% @atc/ t/e "ollo7ing%
'% broo
a% a #od6 o" 7ater "lo7ing in a c/annel or 7atercourse, as a
river, rivulet, or #roo8
2% river #% a natural stream o" 7ater o" "airl6 large size "lo7ing in a
B
de"inite course or c/annel or series o" diverging and converging
c/annels
3% rivulet c% a small, natural stream o" "res/ 7ater
4% spring d% a small river
*% stream e% a small stream
4% streamlet
"% an issue o" 7ater "rom t/e eart/, ta8ing t/e "orm, on t/e
sur"ace, o" a stream or #od6 o" 7ater
3% @a8e sentences 7it/ t/e "ollo7ing%
.ater : /aters : to /ater : /aterer : /aterlie%
4% ?ame e-ercise%
To be above /ater : to be in deep /ater : to be in hot /ater : to send b#
/ater%
*% Point out t/e tec/nical terms in t/e te-t #elo7%
Archimede's scre/ is a device used to raise 7ater "rom one level to
anot/er% An Arc/imedeIs scre7 consists o" a /eli-, or s!iral, "itted inside a
c6linder t/at is o!en at #ot/ ends% In use, t/e lo7er end o" t/e device is !laced
under 7ater at a slant and a /andle, attac/ed to t/e /eli-, is turned% As t/e /eli-
removes, small amounts o" 7ater are slo7l6 raised in 7ells "ormed #6 t/e side o"
t/e c6linder and t/e sur"aces o" t/e /eli-% 0/e Arc/imedeIs scre7 7as develo!ed
in ancient ;g6!t and, it is #elieved, im!roved #6 Arc/imede (2B=H - 2'2 :%&%+. it
is still used occasionall6 in t/e @iddle ;ast% 0/e device can also #e used to li"t
loose materials, suc/ grains%
4% Put t/e te-t under * into 3omanian%
=% E/at 8ind o" stream is t/ere in 6our to7n G villageH And in 6our
grand!arentsI to7n G villageH
Grammar: Articles
1= THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
0/e same "or all genders, t/e i745>i7i35 ar3ic5 is used:
)
- #e"ore a singular noun 7/ic/ is counta#le 7/en it is mentioned "or t/e "irst
time and re!resents no !articular !erson or t/ing:
A dog is an animal;
- #e"ore a singular counta#le noun 7/ic/ is used as an e-am!le o" a class o"
t/ings:
A palm tree is usuall# ver# tall; (JAll !alm trees are tallK+
- 7it/ a noun com!lement:
He is a good engineer;
- in certain numerical e-!ressions:
a couple, a gross ('44+, a lot o!, a score (29+, hal! a do3en
- in e-!ressions o" !rice, s!eed, ratio, etc%:
a pound a metre, !our times a da#, sixt# ilometres an hour
- 7it/ !e/ and little:
a !e/ !riends (Jt7o or t/reeK, Jt7ent6 or t/irt6K+
a little time (Jda6s or 6earsK+
- in e-clamations #e"ore singular, counta#le nouns:
.hat a dirt# river<
- #e"ore "r="rs="iss L surname:
a "r &mith (Ja man called ?mit/K+
0/e i745>i7i35 ar3ic5 is not used:
- #e"ore !lural nouns:
Dogs are animals;
- #e"ore singular and uncounta#le nouns in ;nglis/:
advice, baggage, !urniture, in!ormation, luggage, ne/s
- #e"ore nouns o" materials:
cloth, co!!ee, glass, iron, paper, stone, tea, /ine, /ood, etc%
- #e"ore a#stract nouns:
beaut#, death, !ear, happiness, hope, etc%
- #e"ore names o" meals:
- never have brea!ast;
$= THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
0/e same "or singular and !lural and "or all genders, t/e 45>i7i35 ar3ic5 is used:
- #e"ore nouns o" 7/ic/ t/ere is onl6 one, or 7/ic/ are considered as one:
the earth, the (orth 1ole, the sea, the s#, the /eather
'9
- #e"ore a noun 7/ic/ /as #ecome de"inite as a result o" #eing mentioned a
second time:
His car struc a tree> - sa/ the mar on the tree;
- #e"ore a noun made de"inite #6 t/e addition o" a !/rase or clause:
The place /here - met him /as polluted;
- #e"ore a noun 7/ic/, #6 reason o" localit6, can re!resent onl6 one !articular
t/ing:
The# /ere all in the garden% (F t/e garden o" t/eir /ouse+%
- #e"ore su!erlatives and !irst=second etc%, and onl#, used as ad$ectives or
!ronouns:
The Himala#a is the highest mountain in the /orld;
- #e"ore singular nouns used to re!resent a class o" o#$ects:
The beaver is hard/oring% (F all #eavers are /ard7or8ing+
- #e"ore an ad$ective used to re!resent a class o" !ersons:
- lie 'The ?oung and the 2estless';
- #e"ore names o" c/ains o" mountains, grou!s o" islands, rivers, seas, and !lural
names o" countries:
the Alps, the Hesperides, the %lt, the Blac &ea, the +&A
- #e"ore musical instruments:
- cannot pla# the piano%
The brea!ast - had in the morning /as %@;
0/e 45>i7i35 ar3ic5 is not used:
- #e"ore countries, !ro!er names, to7ns:
He returned to 2omania and bought a house in Bucharest;
- #e"ore a#stract nouns:
$hildren !ear darness;
- a"ter a noun in t/e !ossessive case, or a !ossessive ad$ective:
the mother o! the bo# F the bo#'s mother
The 2omanians have soup !or lunch;
- #e"ore !arts o" t/e #od6 and articles o" clot/ing, as t/ese normall6 !re"er a
!ossessive ad$ective:
Tae o!! #our coat> #ou ma# leave #our hat on;
''
- #e"ore inde"inite !lural nouns:
Big rivers all over the /orld are more and more polluted;
- #e"ore church, college, home, hospital, maret, prison, school:
.e go to school to stud#;
'% &/ange t/e "ollo7ing according to t/e model%
A rose is a beauti!ul !lo/er; A
Roses are beauti!ul !lo/ers;
- have a text-book and a dictionar#; ("rom t/e li#rar6+ A
The text-book is !rom the librar#;
A !ro"essor s/ould al7a6s #e a model "or /is students% - Ann /as a cap
and a !air o" mittens% (in /er dra7er+ - 5e /as a cat and a dog% (#ac8 /ome+ -
5elen /as a dress and a !air o" s/oes% (in /er #ag+ - I /ave an ;nglis/-3omanian
dictionar6% (in m6 #oo8case+ - Mo/n #oug/t a $D and a DND% ("rom t/e s/o!+ -
@6 aunt got a letter and a !ostcard% ("rom t/e ?tates+ - ?/e /as a pen and a !encil%
(on /er des8+ - 0/e ele!/ant is a ver6 strong animal%
2% Put into ;nglis/%
Am cum!rat o $umtate de duzin de ou% - &e !ru murdarO -
Frumuseea trece, !rietenia rmne% - Ion tie s cnte la trom!et% - @i-a !lcut
mult mncarea "ranuzeasc% - @erg la "acultate n "iecare zi% - Pu iau niciodat
cina du! ora a!te seara% - Pn seara ei s-au strns cu toii n curte% - ?coate-i
cizmele nainte de a intra n camer% - ?te$arul este, de o#icei, "oarte #trn%
>se t/e "ollo7ing to e-!ress 6our ent/usiasm a#out t/e evolution o" 7ater
su!!l6 s6stems%
Bis exciting = sensational = thrilling = etc;<
Cantastic< B
Ho/ exciting = marvellous = /onder!ulB<
'2
?!eec/ Acts:
E?2r5""i78 E73@1"ia"m
- can't den# m# enthusiasm !orB
-'m reall# ver# enthusiastic aboutB
2eall#D %h, that's /onder!ul< B
UNIT $
WATER SUPPLY NOWADAYS
Grammar: The Verbs Be, Have, and
Do
Socia S!i": Expressing Lac o! Enthusiasm
In rural areas, eac/ /ome, #usiness, and "actor6 usuall6 /as its o7n source
o" 7ater% In most to7ns and cities, /o7ever, a central 7ater-su!!l6 s6stem is
'3
used% Pum!ing stations and !uri"ication !lants in suc/ s6stems are called /ater:
/ors% 0/e s6stems ma6 #e !u#licl6 or !rivatel6 o7ned% Privatel6 o7ned 7ater-
su!!l6 s6stems are regulated #6 state or local governments%
Eater su!!l6 /as al7a6s #een a !ro#lem in arid areas o" t/e 7orld% :6 t/e
middle o" t/e 29
t/
centur6 it /ad #ecome a !ro#lem even in areas 7it/ seemingl6
a#undant 7ater resources% &oastal cities generall6 cannot use sea7ater #ecause its
!uri"ication is ver6 e-!ensive%
>nrestricted use o" la8e 7ater #6 2reat 1a8es cities could lo7er t/e level
o" t/e la8es and /inder navigation% @an6 su#ur#an areas /ave #ecome so cro7ded
t/at t/eir munici!al 7ells cannot meet t/e demand "or 7ater% Anot/er ma$or
!ro#lem is t/e !ollution o" streams used to su!!l6 7ater%
?uc/ ma$or cities as Pe7 Qor8 and &/icago use more t/an 3%B #illion
litres o" 7ater a da6% A residential cit6 ma6 use 4*9 l o" 7ater !er !erson eac/
da6. an industrial cit6, )*9 l !er !erson !er da6%
Eater conservation !la6s an increasingl6 im!ortant role in /el!ing
maintain ade<uate su!!lies o" "res/ 7ater%
In cities, large <uantities o" 7ater can #e lost t/roug/ lea8s in distri#ution
s6stems%
In t/e /ome, large amounts o" 7ater can #e saved #6:
Fi-ing dri!!ing "aucets
Installing "lo7-reduction devices in s/o7er/eads
3educing t/e ca!acit6 o" t/e storage tan8s o" toilets
>sing 7as/ing mac/ines and dis/7as/ers onl6 7it/ "ull loads%
(A"ter New Standard Encyclopaedia+
Go""ar<
seemingl# F a!!arentl6
coastal F relating to, #ordering on, or located near a coast
to lo/er F to cause to descend
to hinder F to cause dela6, interru!tion, or di""icult6 in. c/ec8, retard, /am!er
(3om% a st8n4eni+
to meet the demands !or F to satis"6 t/e demands (3om% a !ace !a95 cererilor+
lea F an unintended /ole, crac8, or t/e li8e, t/roug/ 7/ic/ 7ater, air, lig/t,
etc%, enters or esca!es (3om% sp5rtur5, !isur5, cr5p5tur5+
'4
dripping !aucet F an6 device "or controlling t/e "lo7 o" li<uid "rom a !i!e. ta!,
coc8 (3om% robinet, ventil+
device F somet/ing made, usuall6 "or a !articular 7or8ing !ur!ose (3om%
dispo3itiv+
sho/erhead F (3om%+ ca! de du
storage tan F (3om%+ rezervor de de!ozitare
dish/asher F a mac/ine "or 7as/ing dis/es, 8itc/en utensils, etc% (3om% ma7in5
de sp5lat vase+
load F a <uantit6 o" material t/at is (to #e+ su!!orted (3om% 6nc5rc5tur5+
- 5o7 can one get 7ater in rural areasH And in ur#an areasH
- E/at are 7ater-7or8sH 5o7 can t/e6 #e o7nedH
- E/ere /as 7ater su!!l6 al7a6s #een a !ro#lemH
- E/6 can coastal cities not use sea7aterH
- E/at e""ects could unrestricted use o" la8e 7ater #6 2reat 1a8es cities
/aveH
- E/at seems to #e t/e !ro#lem o" cro7ded su#ur#an areasH
- E/at ot/er !ro#lem do 7ater su!!l6 s6stems con"ront 7it/H
- E/at is t/e role o" 7ater conservationH
- 5o7 can large <uantities o" 7ater #e lost in citiesH
- 5o7 can large amounts o" 7ater #e saved in t/e /omeH
- E/at is a s/o7er/eadH A storage tan8H
'% lae
a% a #od6 o" "res/ or salt 7ater o" considera#le size, com!letel6
surrounded #6 land
2% ocean
#% a #od6 o" 7ater smaller t/an a la8e, sometimes arti"iciall6
"ormed
3% pond c% an arti"icial la8e
4% reservoir d% t/e salt 7aters t/at cover t/e greater !art o" t/e eart/Is sur"ace
*% sea
e% t/e vast #od6 o" salt 7ater t/at covers almost t/ree "ourt/s o"
t/e eart/Is sur"ace
3% @a8e u! sentences 7it/ t/e "ollo7ing%
'*
%n suppl# : suppliable : supplier : supplies : suppl# : suppl# and
demand%
4% ?ame e-ercise%
To suppl# something : to suppl# the place o! somebod# : to suppl# /ith;
*% Point out t/e terms related to J7ater su!!l6 s6stemsK in t/e te-t #elo7%
A reservoir is an arti"icial la8e% @ost reservoirs are "ormed #6 dams and
usuall6 serve several !ur!oses% 3eservoirs !rovide drin8ing 7ater and 7ater "or
o!erating /6droelectric !o7er !lants and irrigating cro!s% 0/e6 are also used "or
"lood control and to im!rove navigation and rivers% ?ome reservoirs are used
mainl6 "or recreational !ur!oses%
=% Ans7er t/e "ollo7ing%
- E/at do 6ou 8no7 a#out t/e 7ater su!!l6 s6stem in 0imioaraH In
6our village G to7nH
- Do 6ou and 6our "amil6 /ave a s!ecial 7a6 to save 7aterH
Grammar: The Verbs Be, a!e, and "o
1= TO (E
a% >sed as an ordinary !erb, it denotes e-istence o", or gives in"ormation a#out
(a !erson or t/ing+:
"# !ather was an o!!icer in the arm#; (7/en a noun re!resenting a de"inite
!erson or t/ing is t/e su#$ect+
There is a dog in the #ard% (7/en a noun re!resenting an inde"inite !erson or
t/ing is t/e su#$ect+
#% As an a#xiliary !erb, it is used:
- in t/e "ormation o" tenses:
&he is /oring% (continuous active "orm+
'4
The# were !ollo/ed b# their dog% (!assive "orm+
He is bein$ carried b# her% (continuous "orm in t/e !assive+
- 7it/ t/e in"initive:
R to conve6 orders or instructions:
He is to stay here until !urther notice;
R to conve6 a !lan:
The# are to $et %arried next April;
R to e-!ress t/e immediate "uture:
The# are abo#t to lea!e% (F 0/e6 are $ust going to leave,
0/e6 are on t/e !oint o" leaving+
R to e-!ress a more remote "uture, usuall6 a "uture in t/e !ast:
The# didn't no/ the# were never to %eet again;
c% &ther #ses% To 65 is also used to e-!ress:
- !/6sical or mental condition:
- a% cold = !urious;
- age:
- a% !ort#:nine )#ears old*;
- size and 7eig/t:
- a% E;FG metres and HI ilos;
- distance:
&uceava is six hundred ilometres !ar !rom Timi7oara;
- !rice:
This boo is GII,III 2%L;
- 7eat/er:
-t is chill#;
- time and date:
-t's E;II p;m;, %ctober EE;
$= TO HA.E
a% >sed as an ordinary !erb, it means:
- J!ossessK:
- ha!e lots o! boos in m# boo:case;
- Jta8eK (a #at/ G drin8 G "ood G lesson G meal+:
.e usuall# ha!e l#nch at one;
- JgiveK (a !art6+, JentertainK (guests+:
'=
.e are ha!in$ a party next /ee;
- JencounterK (di""iculties G trou#le+:
- ha!e never had tro#ble /ith the $ustoms;
- Je-!erienceK, Jen$o6K:
- hope -'ll ha!e a good holida#;
#% As an a#xiliary !erb, it is used:
- in t/e "ormation o" tenses:
- ha!e /ored% (t/e !resent !er"ect+
- had /ored% (t/e !ast !er"ect+
- shall ha!e /ored% (t/e "uture !er"ect+
- should ha!e /ored% (t/e !er"ect conditional+
- 7it/ t/e in"initive to e-!ress:
R !resent o#ligation:
- ha!e to $o no/% (F I must go no7+
R !ast o#ligation:
- had to lea!e;
- 7it/ an o#$ect and a !ast !artici!le to e-!ress sentences o" t/e t6!e JI
em!lo6ed someone to do somet/ing "or meK:
- had m# hair cut;
- 7it/ an o#$ect and a !ast !artici!le to re!lace a !assive ver#:
He had his car stolen be!ore he had the chance to drive it;
&= TO DO
>sed as an au-iliar6 ver#, it is:
- used in s/ort ans7ers to avoid re!etition o" t/e main ver#:
A: Do #ou lie chocolateD
:: ?es, - do;
- !laced #e"ore t/e im!erative to ma8e a re<uest more !ersuasive:
"o /or a little harder;
- used as an a!!roving or encouraging a""irmative ans7er to someone as8ing "or
a!!roval o", or !ermission to do, some action:
A: &hall - read itD
:: )?es,* do;
'% &/ange t/e "ollo7ing according to t/e model%
'B
The Dean /ants #s to %eet them at J; A
'e are to %eet them at J;
I donIt 7ant 6ou to tal8 #ac8 to me% - Mo/n doesnIt 7ant 6ou to use /is
com!uter% - @6 mot/er 7ants me to lose a "e7 !ounds% - Sur sons 7ant us to
!aint t/e /all% - 0/e !ro"essor doesnIt 7ant 6ou to ta8e t/is #oo8% - 0/e rector is
not to #e distur#ed% - E/at do 6ou 7ant me to do 7it/ t/is #oo8H - Qou are
"or#idden to enter t/is room%
2% Put into ;nglis/ using J/ave toK%
A tre#uit s ate!t mai mult de o or venirea !oliiei% - A tre#uit s stau la
rnd ca s vd e-!oziia de !ictur im!resionist% - &andidaii tre#uie s
vor#easc engleza i italiana "luent% - ?tudenii tre#uie s-i termine !roiectul
!entru mine% - 0oi candidaii tre#uie s dea un test scris% - 0oi o"ierii tre#uie s
ias la ra!ort mine diminea% - 0re#uie s "ac toate e-erciiile astea !n mine%
3% Put into ;nglis/ using t/e di""erent "orms o" Jto doK%
Ai "recventat &olegiul 1ogaH - &itete-mi, te rog, scrisoarea% - ;l lucreaz
n aceast universitate H - ,ntr-adevr, el i "ace temele singur% - 1ocuieti n acest
oraH - @aria nu s-a dus ieri la "ilm% - P-am destul tim! ca s a$ung la teatru% - Pu
asculta !rostiile astea%
>se t/e "ollo7ing to e-!ress 6our lac8 o" ent/usiasm a#out t/e 7a6s one
can save 7ater%
,et lost< B
Loo here, B
%h, no, /hat's nextDB
That's the last stra/B
')
?!eec/ Acts:
E?2r5""i78 Lac! o> E73@1"ia"m
UNIT &
SOURCES OF WATER
Grammar: The Verbs "a# and $an
Socia S!i": %!!ering to Do &omething
@ore t/an )=T o" t/e 7ater on eart/ is "ound in t/e oceans% @ost o" t/e
rest is "rozen in t/e !olar ice ca!s (ca!s o" ice over t/e Port/ern and t/e ?out/ern
Poles, slo!ing in all directions "rom t/e centre+ and in glaciers (e-tended masses
o" ice "ormed "rom sno7 "alling and accumulating over t/e 6ears and moving ver6
slo7l6, eit/er descending "rom /ig/ mountains, as in valle6 glaciers, or moving
out7ard "rom centres o" accumulation, as in continental glaciers+% ?uc/ sources o"
"res/ 7ater as la8es, rivers, and ground7ater ma8e u! less t/an 'T o" t/e total
29
7ater resources on eart/% &ommunities (social grou!s o" an6 size 7/ose mem#ers
reside in s!eci"ic localities, s/are government, and /ave a common cultural and
/istorical /eritage+ get t/eir 7ater "rom rivers and la8es (sur"ace 7ater+, "rom
s!rings and 7ells (ground7ater+, or "rom #ot/ sur"ace and ground sources% @an6
communities are located near la8es or rivers, 7/ere t/e 7ater su!!l6 is a#undant
(&/icago, on 1a8e @ic/igan. @innea!olis, on t/e @ississi!!i 3iver+% 1ess
"ortunate communities must o#tain t/eir 7ater "rom distant sources% 1os Angeles,
"or e-am!le, #rings in 7ater "rom more t/an 329 8m a7a6%
Eater is conve6ed "rom its source t/roug/ !i!es (/ollo7 c6linders o"
metal, 7ood, or ot/er material, used "or t/e conve6ance o" 7ater, gas, steam, etc%+
or canals (arti"icial 7ater7a6s "or navigation, irrigation, etc%. 7atercourse+% Pi!es
or canals used to conve6 7ater a long distance are re"erred to as a0ueducts%
:ridges ma6 #e necessar6 to carr6 an a<ueduct over valle6s, and tunnels ma6 #e
necessar6 to carr6 7ater t/roug/ mountains% Eit/ some a<ueducts, 7ater is
#roug/t #6 gravit6 (t/e "orce o" attraction #6 7/ic/ terrestrial #odies tend to "all
to7ard t/e centre o" t/e eart/+ alone "rom t/e source to t/e communit6 it su!!lies%
Eit/ ot/er a<ueducts, !um!ing stations are re<uired% ?ur!lus 7ater #roug/t "rom
distant sources is stored in reservoirs until needed% (A"ter New Standard
Encyclopaedia+
Go""ar<
!ro3en F congealed #6 cold (3om% 6nghe9at+
polar ice cap F (3om%+ calot glacial !olar
to slope F to "all o#li<uel6 or at an inclination
glacier F (3om%+ g/ear
ground/ater F t/e 7ater #eneat/ t/e sur"ace o" t/e ground, consisting largel6
o" sur"ace 7ater t/at /as see!ed do7n. t/e source o" 7ater in s!rings and
7ells (3om% ap5 !reatic5+
heritage F somet/ing t/at comes or #elongs to a !erson #6 reason o" #irt/
(3om% mo7tenire+
!ortunate F /aving good "ortune. luc86
to conve# F to carr6, #ring, or ta8e "rom one !lace to anot/er
pipe F (3om%+ tu#, eav, conduct
conve#ance F t/e act o" conve6ing (3om% transport+
2'
/ater/a# F a river, canal, or ot/er naviga#le c/annel as a route or 7a6 o" travel
or trans!ort (3om% drum de ap5, canal navigabil+
/atercourse F a natural or man-made c/annel conve6ing 7ater (3om% curs de
ap5. !luviu, r8u+
a0ueduct F a conduit or arti"icial c/annel "or conducting 7ater "rom a distance,
usuall6 #6 means o" gravit6 (3om% apeduct, conduct5 de ap5+
bridge F a structure s!anning and !ermitting !assage over a river, c/asm, road,
or t/e li8e
- E/ere can #e "ound most o" t/e 7ater on eart/H
- E/ere can #e "ound most o" t/e restH
- Are t/ere glaciers in 3omaniaH In ;uro!eH
- 5o7 muc/ 7ater is t/ere in "res/ 7ater sourcesH
- E/ere do communities get t/eir 7aterH
- E/at is sur"ace 7aterH 2round7aterH
- 5o7 is 7ater conve6edH
- E/at are a<ueductsH
'% cit# a% a large or im!ortant to7n
2% communit#
#% a small communit6 or grou! o" /ouses in a rural area,
usuall6 smaller t/an a to7n and sometime incor!orated as a
munici!alit6
3% hamlet c% a small village
4% to/n
d% a social grou! o" an6 size 7/ose mem#ers reside in a
s!eci"ic localit6, s/are government, and /ave a common
cultural and /istorical /eritage
*% village
e% a t/ic8l6 !o!ulated area, usuall6 smaller t/an a cit6 and
larger t/an a village, /aving "i-ed #oundaries and certain local
!o7ers o" government
$onve# : conve#ance : conve#or : conve#or belt;
22
4% ?ame e-ercise%
1ipe dream : pipe!ish : pipe line : pipe o! peace : pipe organ%
*% Put into 3omanian%
.ater meters are used to register t/e <uantities o" 7ater received and
disc/arged #6 a 7ater7or8s, and t/e amounts o" 7ater delivered to customers% A
positive meter measures t/e actual <uantit6 o" 7ater t/at !asses a given !oint% It
/as a c/am#er divided in /al" #6 a /ard ru##er dis8% Flo7ing 7ater causes t/e
dis8 to 7o##le "rom one side to t/e ot/er, t/us allo7ing "irst one /al" o" t/e
c/am#er and t/en t/e ot/er to "ill 7it/ 7ater% A s/a"t "i-ed to t/e dis8 moves
gears t/at turn !ointers on dials to record t/e <uantit6 o" 7ater t/at !asses t/roug/
t/e meter% A proportional meter measures a "raction o" t/e amount o" 7ater t/at
!asses t/roug/ a !i!e% 0/e actual amount o" 7ater is "ound #6 multi!l6ing #6 t/e
!ro!er num#er t/e amount s/o7n on t/e registering mec/anism%
Grammar: The Verbs ()ay( and (*an(
1= A+AYABA+IGHTA is c/ie"l6 used to e-!ress:
- !ermission:
R granted, re"used or re<uested in t/e !resent:
?ou %ay come in no/% (F I allo7 6ou to come in+
R granted, re"used or re<uested in t/e !ast:
- allowed him to come in;
- said that he %i$ht come in;
- !ossi#ilit6:
R ma#Gmight L !resent in"initive e-!resses !ossi#ilit6 in t/e !resent or
"uture:
He %ay=%i$ht co%e toda#% (F !er/a!s /e 7ill come+
R ma#Gmight L !er"ect in"initive is used in s!eculations a#out !ast actions:
The# %ay ha!e $one% (F it is !ossi#le t/at t/e6 7ent+
He is not there> he %i$ht ha!e $ot lost% (uncertaint6 no longer e-ists+
23
R ma#Gmight can #e used in conditional sentences instead o" /illG/ould to
indicate a !ossi#le instead o" a certain result:
I" I see /im I ma< sto!% (!ossi#le+ U I" I see /im I ;i sto!% (certain+
A+a<ABAmi8@3A can also #e used:
- to e-!ress an intention:
- %ay=%i$ht as well go there tonight;
- to suggest or recommend an action:
?ou %ay=%i$ht as well go there;
- to suggest an alternative action, im!l6ing disa!!roval o" a !revious suggested
one:
?ou %i$ht +#st as well go there;
- to e-!ress a ver6 casual command:
?ou %i$ht tae the dog out;
- to ma8e a !ersuasive re<uest:
?ou %i$ht tell me /hat he said% (F !lease tell me+
- to e-!ress irritation:
?ou %i$ht pay us% (F 7e are anno6ed t/at 6ou donIt !a6 us+
?ou %i$ht ha!e paid us% (F 7e are anno6ed t/at 6ou didnIt+
- to e-!ress "ait/ and /o!e:
)ay #ou be rich< (F I /o!e 6ou 7ill #e ric/+
$= ACANABACOULDA is used to e-!ress:
- !ermission:
R as an in"ormal alternative to %ay:
?ou can(t $o there% (F I donIt allo7 it G 6our mot/er doesnIt allo7 it+
The# co#ldn(t #se the Hi:Ci to/er; (F t/e6 7ere not allo7ed to use it+
- !ossi#ilit6:
R in t/e !resent:
?ou can ski there; (F t/ere is enoug/ sno7+
R in t/e "uture:
1eople will be able to ski there;
- a#ilit6:
R in t/e !resent:
&he can speak English !luentl#;
R in t/e !ast:
24
&he co#ld swi% /hen she /as #ounger;
He was able to skate #ears ago;
He co#ld see her in the dar; (a#ilit6 L a !articular action+
He co#ld ha!e told her; (F #ut /e didnIt+
Kohn co#ld ha!e taken the paper% (F I donIt 8no7 7/et/er /e did it or not+
R in t/e "uture:
&he will be able to speak Crench in six months;
- condition:
*o#ld he $et another 4obD (F i" /e le"t t/is one+
- re<uest:
*o#ld #ou please ,etch me a glass o! /aterD
- negative deduction:
R a#out a !resent event:
?ou can(t be h#n$ry% (F 6ou /ave $ust /ad lunc/+
R a#out a !ast event:
He can(t ha!e done it b# himsel!; (F /e is too 6oung "or t/at+
'% E/at does t/e ver# Jma6K e-!ress in t/e te-t J?ources o" EaterKH
2% Put t/e !/rases under J2rammarK into 3omanian% 2ive as man6
versions as !ossi#le%
Acum !ot sc/ia !entru c am sc/iuri% - Ai "i !utut s-mi s!ui ce s-a
ntm!lat% - Ar "i !utut nva !oezia, dar n-a vrut% - Aud !ai re!ezi !e scri% -
&nd a m!linit o!ts!rezece ani, i s-a dat voie s voteze% - &o!iilor li s-a dat voie
s mearg la not% - ;a nc nu vor#ete "ranuzete dar va vor#i !este civa ani% -
;u tiu cinci lim#i strine% - I s-a !ermis s !lece cu avionul% - ,mi !ermitei s
dau un tele"onH - Pu cred c a "ost !lecat la ar: l-am ntlnit ieri !e strad% - P-
am !utut vizita 1uvrul anul trecut% - Pu e lumin la geam: nu !oate "i acas% - Pu
!oate "i mai trziu de o!t% - Pu !oate "i miezul no!ii%
4% ?ame e-ercise%
2*
Pu-l !uteam vedea n ntuneric% - Pu se !oate s "i costat att de mult% - Pu
se !oate s-l "i cunoscut vara trecut% - Pare att de tnr: nu !oate avea mai mult
de treizeci de ani% - Pe unde ar !utea "i el acumH - Pot s iau um#rela taH - Pot s
!lecH - Poi ate!ta cteva minuteH - Puteam alerga mai re!ede dect "ratele meu
acum trei ani% - Putei s m a$utai la #aga$eH - ?-ar !utea ca @ar6 s lucreze n
grdin% - ?-ar !utea s !lece azi la ar% - ?e !oate s-mi "i !ierdut c/eile% - Noi
!utea traduce te-te mai grele anul viitor%
*% ?!ea8 a#out 7/at 6ou could G 7ere allo7ed to do 7/en 6ou 7ere
seven G eig/teen G t7ent6-one%
>se t/e "ollo7ing to o""er to do somet/ing "or 6our grand!arents 7/o are
7or8ing in t/e garden%
$an - help #ou /ithBD
-! #ou lie, - couldB
-s there an#thing - couldBD
"a# - help #ou /ith #ourBD
?ou should allo/ me toB
24
?!eec/ Acts:
O>>5ri78 3o Do Som53@i78
UNIT %
HOW WATER IS PURIFIED
Grammar: The Verbs '"ust', 'Have to', and '(eed )to*'
Socia S!i": "aing &uggestions
?e7age, industrial 7astes, or dead !lants and animals ma6 !ollute sur"ace
7ater% 2round7ater ma6 #e !olluted #6 see!age "rom se7age or industrial 7astes%
:ot/ sur"ace 7ater and ground7ater ma6 also contain silt and ot/er solids and
/ave o#$ectiona#le odours% ?tate and local !u#lic /ealt/ aut/orities constantl6
c/ec8 7ater su!!lies to guard against !oisoning and suc/ diseases as t6!/oid
"ever and amoe#ic d6senter6% I" t/e 7ater is contaminated, t/e6 ma6 order all
citizens to #oil it #e"ore use% &ommunities 7it/ a source o" 7ater o" /ig/ <ualit6
ma6 do no more t/an distri#ute t/e 7ater% St/er communities need to !uri"6 t/eir
7ater #e"ore it is distri#uted% Alt/oug/ t/e met/ods used to !uri"6 7ater var6
"rom !lace to !lace, t/e <ualit6 o" t/e 7ater su!!lied #6 !u#lic 7ater s6stems in
2=
t/e >nited ?tates must meet esta#lis/ed national standards% 0/e most com!lete
7ater-treatment s6stems use t/e "ollo7ing met/ods: intae !iltering, chemical
treatment, sedimentation, !iltration, and aeration%
I73a!5 Fi35ri78= >ntreated, or ra7, 7ater usuall6 enters a 7ater-treatment
!lant t/roug/ a !i!eline or tunnel% A series o" screens !revents "is/, !lants, and
de#ris "rom entering t/e 7ater-treatment s6stem% 1a8e 7ater is t6!icall6 o#tained
"rom o""s/ore under7ater inta8e !orts% In a large la8e, t/e !orts ma6 #e
incor!orated in a structure called an intae crib;
Fi3ra3io7= 0/e 7ater t/en !asses on to "ilter #eds% 0/e6 are t6!icall6
made u! o" a la6er o" gravel 4* to 49 cm t/ic8 covered 7it/ sand or crus/ed
ant/racite in a la6er 49 to =* cm t/ic8% As t/e 7ater see!s t/roug/ t/em, t/e "ilter
#eds tra! an6 remaining !articles sus!ended in t/e 7ater% Drains carr6 t/e "iltered
7ater to a reservoir% 0/e "ilter #eds are !eriodicall6 #ac8-7as/ed U t/at is, t/e6
are "looded "rom #elo7 7it/ "iltered 7ater% As t/e 7ater rises t/roug/ a #ed, it
7as/es a7a6 accumulated "oreign matter% 0/e 7as/ 7ater is t/en removed
t/roug/ s!ecial drains% (A"ter New Standard Encyclopaedia+
Go""ar<
se/age F t/e 7aste matter t/at !asses t/roug/ se7ers (3om% ap5 de
canali3are =
scurgere+
/astes F gar#age, re"use (3om% de7euri, re3iduuri, gunoaie+
seepage F somet/ing t/at see!s or lea8s out (3om% in!iltrare, scurgere,
picurare+
silt F eart/6 matter, "ine sand, or t/e li8e, carried #6 7ater and de!osited as a
sediment (3om% n5mol, m8l, aluviune+
ob4ectionable F causing or tending to cause o#$ection, disa!!roval, or !rotest
(3om% nepl5cut, sup5r5tor+
intae F t/e !lace at 7/ic/ a "luid is ta8en into a c/annel, !i!e, etc% (3om% ba3in
de captare, construc9ie de cap+
screen F a sieve, riddle, or ot/er mes/li8e device used to se!arate smaller
!articles or o#$ects "rom larger ones, as "or grain, sand, etc% (3om% sit5+
to prevent F to 8ee! "rom occurring (3om% a 6mpiedica+
debris F t/e remains o" ever6t/ing #ro8en do7n or destro6ed. "ragments,
2B
ru##is/ (3om% re3iduuri+
o!!shore F o"" or a7a6 "rom t/e s/ore
crib F a con"ined s!ace
la#er F a t/ic8ness o" some material laid on or s!read over a sur"ace (3om%
strat, p5tur5, pelicul5+
gravel F small stones and !e##les, or a mi-ture o" t/ese 7it/ sand (3om%
pietri7, prundi7. nisip+
to trap F to sto! and /old (3om% a re9ine, a capta+
drain F a !i!e or conduit (3om% dren+
to bac:/ash F (3om%+ a s!la
to !lood F to over"lo7 in or cover 7it/ a "lood o" 7ater or ot/er li<uid (3om% a
inunda+
- 5o7 can sur"ace 7ater and ground7ater #e !ollutedH
- E/at must citizens do 7/en 7ater is contaminatedH
'% gravel a% a !iece o" roc8 o" small or moderate size
2% pebble
#% a small, rounded stone, es!eciall6 one 7orn #6 t/e action o"
7ater
3% roc c% a stone o" an6 size
4% sand d% small, loose grains or roc8 de#ris, es!eciall6 o" <uartz
*% stone e% small stones and !e##les, or a mi-ture o" t/ese 7it/ sand
Cilter : !ilterable : !ilterabilit# : !ilterableness>
Cilter bed : !ilter paper : !ilter tip;
4% E/at are t/e "ollo7ingH
A stone : a precious stone : a tombstone : a grindstone : a millstone : a
hailstone;
*% Pic8 u! tec/nical terms in t/e "ollo7ing%
2)
$hemical Treatment; 0/e ra7 7ater is !um!ed into a disc/arge #asin and
t/en given several t6!es o" c/emical treatment% ?uc/ disin"ectants as c/lorine,
c/lorine dio-ide, iodine, or ozone are added in controlled amounts to 8ill #acteria
and ot/er organisms% E/en c/lorine is used, activated car#on or ammonia is
usuall6 also added to remove t/e taste o" c/lorine "rom t/e 7ater% Fluorides are
sometimes added to t/e 7ater to /el! !revent toot/ deca6% At some 7ater7or8s,
7ater containing calcium or magnesium (/ard 7ater+ is treated to remove t/ese
minerals, a !rocess called 7ater so"tening% 0o !revent t/e corrosion o" !i!es, lime
or caustic soda is sometimes added to 7ater t/at is acidic% Anot/er t6!e o"
treatment consists o" adding a c/emical (usuall6 aluminium sul!/ate+ t/at serves
as a coagulant; 0/e coagulant im!roves t/e e""ectiveness o" t/e sedimentation
!rocess%
Grammar: The Verbs ()#st(, (a!e to(, and
(Need -to.(
0/ese ver#s can e-!ress:
a% Po"i3iC5 o6i8a3io7, 7it/ t/e /el! o" %#st and ha!e to:
- in t/e a""irmative, #ot/ ver#s e-!ress o#ligation, #ut %#st e-!resses an
o#ligation im!osed #6 t/e s!ea8er 7/ile ha!e to e-!resses an e-ternal
o#ligation (i%e% one im!osed #6 e-ternal aut/orit6 or circumstances+:
?ou %#st do #our home/or (F t/ese are m6 orders+%
?ou will ha!e to do #our home/or (academic rules 7ill o#lige 6ou to do it+
- in t/e interrogative, ha!e -$ot. to e-!resses:
R o#ligations in t/e "uture:
'ill yo# ha!e to do #our home/or next term tooD Qes, t/is is an
academic rule%
"o all students ha!e to do itD
R /a#its:
a!e yo# $ot to go to the librar# no/D
#% N58a3iC5 o6i8a3io7, 7it/ t/e /el! o" %#st not in t/e !resent or "uture
im!l6ing t/e s!ea8erIs aut/orit6 or ver6 strong advice:
39
?ou %#st not prompt F JI "or#id 6ou to !rom!tK or JI ver6 strongl6 advise
6ou not to !rom!tK
c% A6"57c5 o> o6i8a3io7, 7it/ t/e /el! o":
R needn(t, 7/en t/e s!ea8er gives aut/orit6 "or t/e non-!er"ormance o" some
action in t/e !resent or in t/e "uture:
?ou needn(t translate the /hole text;
R don(t need to, ha!en(t -$ot. to and needn(t, 7/en an e-ternal aut/orit6 is
involved, in t/e !resent:
?ou don(t need to attend this lecture i! #ou don't lie it;
R don(t ha!e to, 7/en an e-ternal aut/orit6 is involved and a /a#itual action is
re"erred to, in t/e !resent:
?ou don(t ha!e to attend all three courses;
R won(t ha!e G need to, 7/en an e-ternal aut/orit6 is involved, in t/e "uture:
?ou won(t need to tae #our dictionaries /ith #ou to attend the con!erence%
R didn(t ha!e G need to, hadn(t -$ot. to, "or actions in t/e !ast:
?ou didn(t ha!e to go to the librar#L -'ve got the boo #ou need;
'% Put into ;nglis/ using JmustK or J/ave toK%
Ana e a#sent azi: cred c e #olnav% - @aria va tre#ui s rescrie
com!unerea% - Pu avei voie s v $ucai n mi$locul strzii% - ?-a dus la culcare la
ora a!te seara: cred c e "oarte o#osit% - 0re#uie s-i cer s !leci imediat% -
0re#uie s-o a$ui, n-ai ce-i "ace%
2% Put into ;nglis/ using JmustK or Jneed (to+K%
;l tre#uia s "ie n :ucureti n seara asta% - @aria tre#uie s !lece% - P-a
"ost nevoie s ia un ta-i !entru c gara era a!roa!e% - P-a mai "ost nevoie s
s!arg geamul !entru c vecinii aveau o du#lur a c/eii% - P-a tre#uit s-i s!un
ce s-a ntm!lat !entru c tia de$a tot adevrul% - Pu tre#uie s rs!unzi c/iar la
toate ntre#rile lui% - Pro"esorul i-a s!us c nu tre#uie s mai re!ete greeala% -
0re#uie s neleg c vii cu noi la #i#liotec H - 0re#uie s vor#eti englezete la
sim!ozionH - 0u nu tre#uie s !leci%
3'
?!eec/ Acts:
+a!i78 S1885"3io7"
>se t/e "ollo7ing to ma8e suggestions a#out sedimentation%
Have #ou thought o!BD
Ho/ = /hat aboutBD
-!B, thenB
&uppose /eB
&edimentation consists o" allo7ing matter sus!ended in t/e 7ater to settle%
Ver# small particles, ho/ever, settle ver# slo/l#% Adding a coagulant to the /ater
speeds up the sedimentation process #6 causing small !articles to cling toget/er,
"orming clum!s called !loc% Eater is t/en gentl6 stirred in a mixing basin #e"ore it
!asses into a settling basin; The stirring promotes the !ormation o! the !loc% In t/e
settling #asin, t/e 7ater "lo7s slo7l6 and the !loc graduall# settles, !orming
sludge at the bottom o! the basin;
32
UNIT 5
HOW WATER IS DISTRI(UTED
Grammar: The Verbs %ught )to*, Dare )to* and +sed )to*
Socia S!i": ,iving -nstructions
0/e "inal ste! in su!!l6ing 7ater is t/at o" distri#uting it to consumers% A
7ater distri#ution s6stem consists o" a net7or8 o" !i!es, or mains, and some
means o" "orcing t/e 7ater t/roug/ t/e !i!es% 0/e mains consist o" cast-iron (an
allo6 o" iron, car#on, and ot/er elements, cast as a so"t and strong, or as a /ard
and #rittle iron+, steel (an6 o" t/e modi"ied "orms o" iron, arti"iciall6 !roduced,
/aving a car#on content less t/an t/at o" !ig iron and more t/an t/at o" 7roug/t
iron, and /aving var6ing <ualities o" /ardness, elasticit6, and strengt/+, or
concrete (a stone-li8e #uilding material, made #6 mi-ing cement and various
aggregates, as sand or gravel, 7it/ 7ater and allo7ing t/e mi-ture to /arden+
!i!es made in sections, 7/ic/ are laid end to end in a ditc/, $oined and sealed,
t/en covered% 1arge valves are !laced at intervals to ena#le 7or8ers to s/ut 7ater
out o" an6 !ortion o" t/e s6stem 7/ile re!airs or alterations are #eing made%
?ervice !i!es (!i!es inside #uildings+ are usuall6 made o" co!!er, iron, or !lastic
33
(a s6nt/etic organic material including man6 t6!es o" resins, resinoids, !ol6mers,
!roteins, etc%+%
0/e 7ater distri#ution s6stem must #e ca!a#le o" su!!l6ing 7ater under
ade<uate !ressure t/roug/out t/e communit6 it serves, even to t/e u!!er "loors o"
#uildings% In small communities, 7ater ma6 #e !um!ed u! into to7ers /ig/
enoug/ so t/at t/e 7ater, #6 its o7n 7eig/t, 7ill "lo7 t/roug/ t/e distri#ution
s6stem 7it/ su""icient !ressure% In large communities, numerous !um!ing stations
are necessar6 to com!lete t/e distri#ution s6stem%
0all #uildings in large cities ma6 /ave 7ater tan8s on t/eir roo"s, to 7/ic/
7ater is !um!ed "rom t/e #asements% Industrial !lants ma6 /ave t/eir o7n 7ater
to7ers% ?ome communities use 7ater to7ers to store 7ater "or "ire "ig/ting% In
some !laces, suc/ as ?an Francisco, 7/ere t/ere is a danger o" 7ater mains #eing
ru!tured #6 eart/<ua8es, emergenc6 7ater is stored in underground cisterns%
Go""ar<
cast:iron F (3om%+ "ier turnat
allo# F a su#stance com!osed o" t7o or more metals, or o" a metal or metals
7it/ a nonmetal, intimatel6 mi-ed 7it/ a more valua#le one
iron F a ductile, mallea#le, silver-7/ite metallic element, used in its crude or
im!ure car#on-containing "orms "or ma8ing tools, im!lements,
mac/iner6, etc% (&#mbol: Fe+
cast F "ormed #6 !ouring in a "luid state into a mould and letting it /arden
brittle F #rea8ing readil6 7it/ a com!arativel6 smoot/ "racture, as glass
steel F (3om%+ oel
pig iron F iron ta!!ed "rom a #last "urnace and cast into !igs in !re!aration "or
conversion into steel, cast iron, or 7roug/t iron (3om% !ont5 brut5, !ont5
de turn5torie+
/rought iron F a com!arativel6 !ure "orm o" iron, almost entirel6 "ree o"
car#on and /aving a "i#rous structure, t/at is readil6 "orged and 7elded
(3om% !ier !or4at+
hardness F t/e state or <ualit6 o" #eing /ard
concrete F (3om%+ #eton
ditch F a long, narro7 e-cavation made in t/e ground #6 digging, as "or
34
draining or irrigating land. trenc/ (3om% 7an9+
to seal F to assure or #ind as 7it/ a seal
alteration F c/ange, modi"ication
copper F a metallic element /aving a c/aracteristic lig/t reddis/-#ro7n colour,
used in large <uantities as an electrical conductor and in t/e manu"acture
o" allo6s, as #rass and #ronze (&#mbol: &u+ (3om% cupru+
earth0uae F a vi#ration or movement o" a !art o" t/e eart/Is sur"ace, due to t/e
"aulting o" roc8s, to volcanic "orces, etc%
- E/at does a 7ater distri#ution s6stem consist o"H
- E/at are t/e mains made o"H And service !i!esH
- E/at must a 7ater distri#ution s6stem #e ca!a#le o"H
'% pump a% a !erson or t/ing connecting 7it/ !um!ing
2% pumper
#% an a!!aratus or mac/ine "or moving or altering t/e !ressure
o" "luids in con"ined s!aces, as #6 suction or !ressure
3% pumpless c% loo8ing li8e a !um!
4% pumplie d% 7it/out a !um!
3% Put into 3omanian%
As t/e6 needed onl6 t/e egg-s/ell, t/e6 pumped out t/e content o" t/e egg%
- During t/e lecture, /e pumped a "eeling o" /o!e into /is listeners% - 5is tri! 7as
a disaster: /e pumped up t/e tires ever6 /our% - E/en t/e6 got t/ere, t/e old
manIs /eart 7as no longer pumping #lood%
A cast:iron:rule : a cast:iron stomach>
The $opper Age : a copperhead : a coppersmith>
The -ron Age : the -ron $ross : the iron curtain : the -ron ,ate : the
-ron ,uard : an iron hand : an iron horse>
&teel blue e#es : steel gre# : a steel mill;
3*
*% @a8e sentences 7it/ ten o" t/e !/rases under 4%
?tandardele !entru a!a de #ut !rivesc: !arametrii organole!tici (culoare,
!articule n sus!ensie, gust i miros+ sta#ilii !e #aza consideraiilor de ordin
estetic. !arametrii "izico-c/imici naturali (!5, conducti#ilitate, elemente solide
dizolvate, alcalinitate, duritate, o-igen dizolvat etc%+. su#stanele nedorite n
cantiti !rea mari (clor, "luor, "ier, mangan, nitrai, "enol i car#on organic+ ale
cror niveluri admise se #azeaz !e gradul de acce!ta#ilitate a consumatorilor.
su#stane to-ice (arsenic, cianid, !lum#, mercur, com!ui organo"os"orici,
!esticide, tri/alometan+ . !arametrii micro#iologici (#acterii+%
Grammar: The Verbs (&#$ht -to.(, ("are -to.( and
(/sed -to.(
'% OUGHT DTOE e-!resses:
- t/e su#$ectIs o#ligations or dut6 as reminded #6 t/e s!ea8er, 7it/out an6
s!ea8erIs aut/orit6 (as 7it/ %#st+ or an outside aut/orit6 (as 7it/ ha!e to+:
?ou o#$ht to obe# #our mothers% (F Qou s/ould o#e6 6our mot/ers+%
- advice (muc/ less "orce"ul t/an %#st+:
?ou o#$ht to see a doctor;
- an un"ul"illed dut6 or a sensi#le action t/at 7as neglected:
- o#$ht to have told him the truth; (F I s/ould /ave told /im t/e trut/+%
2% DARE DTOE in t/e interrogative can e-!ress indignation:
Ho/ dare yo# smoe in classD (F I am indignant #ecause /e smo8es in
class+%
I 4ar5"a< means:
- 0 s#ppose:
- daresay there'll be students in the class;
- 0 accept what yo# say -b#t it doesn(t %ake any di,,erence.:
3omanian tourist: But - drive on the right in 2omania<
;nglis/ !olice o""icer: - daresay #ou do, but #ou must drive on the le!t here;
3% USED DTOE can e-!ress:
34
- a discontinued /a#it:
"# hair #sed to be blac, then gre#> but it's bleached no/;
- a !ast routine, not necessaril6 discontinued:
"ost students #sed to spend their spare time reading% (F 0/e6 did it 6ears
ago. ver6 li8el6 t/e6 still do it+%
'% Put t/e sentences under J2rammarK into ;nglis/%
2% Put into ;nglis/ using JmustK, J/ave toK, Js/ouldK and Joug/t toK%
Ar tre#ui s "ii asculttor% - Ar "i tre#uit s-i asculi% - Fii asculttorO - ?-ar cuveni
s "ii asculttor% - 0re#uie s-i asculi !rinii% - 0re#uie s "ii asculttor dac vrei
s reueti%
>se t/e "ollo7ing to give instructions to 6our 7or8ers 7/o aerate and
so"ten 7ater at t/e 7ater !lant 6ou are o!erating%
$hecB<
$leanB<
Don't let = place = position = remove = spra# = taeB<
,o aerate = clean = place = position = remove = so!ten = spra# = taeB<
1laceB<
2emoveB<
&pra#B<
TaeB<
a% Aeration; ;it/er #e"ore or a"ter "iltration, t/e 7ater ma6 #e aerated
(e-!osed to t/e air+ to rid it o" un!leasant odours% It ma6 #e s!ra6ed or #u##led in
t/e air, tric8led t/roug/ #eds o" co8e, or cascaded do7n a series o" ste!s% In t/e
!rocess, o-6gen in t/e air com#ines 7it/ "oul-smelling su#stances to c/ange t/em
into odourless com!ounds%
#% .ater so!tening is t/e !rocess o" ridding 7ater o" minerals, !articularl6
calcium and magnesium t/at ma8e it J/ardK% 0/e most "amiliar sign o" /ard 7ater
is di""icult6 in !roducing soa!suds% 5ard 7ater also "orms a /eat-7asting scale in
3=
?!eec/ Acts:
GiCi78 I7"3r1c3io7"
steam #oilers and 7ater /eaters, causes o#$ectiona#le reactions in d6eing and
certain ot/er c/emical !rocesses, and "orms a curd t/at is di""icult to remove "rom
"a#rics% All 7ater t/at !asses t/roug/ t/e soil is /ard to some degree. 7ater t/at
"lo7s t/roug/ limestone is es!eciall6 /ard%
UNIT )
HISTORY OF SEWAGE
To2ic: &e/age
Grammar: The Verbs .ill, .ould, &hall, and
&hould
Socia S!i": &ho/ing &#mpath#
In ancient cities, covered c/annels or !i!es 7ere o"ten used "or removing
/uman 7astes (gar#age+ "rom d7ellings% 3ome, "or e-am!le, /ad a s6stem o"
se7ers "or dis!osing o" 7astes and rain7ater%
@ost ancient se7ers "ell into disre!air during t/e @iddle Ages% 3e"use and
/uman 7astes 7ere commonl6 t/ro7n into t/e streets, $eo!ardising citizensK lives%
:6 t/e late '=99Cs, man6 large cities /ad se7ers "or removing storm 7ater,
#ut cess!ools (cisterns, 7ells, or !its "or retaining t/e sediment o" a drain or "or
receiving t/e se7age "rom t/e sin8s, toilets, etc% o" a /ouse+ 7ere usuall6 used "or
se7age dis!osal% :ot/ cess!ools and !rivies (out#uildings 7it/ one or more seats
and a !it serving as a toilet+ 7ere 7idel6 used in cities and to7ns%
@odern se7age dis!osal s6stems 7ere introduced in t/e ')
t/
centur6%
;-isting storm se7ers 7ere usuall6 enlarged to carr6 #ot/ rain7ater and 7astes%
In t/e late ')
t/
centur6, eit/er com#ined se7ers or sanitar6 se7ers 7ere used "or
dis!osing o" se7age and industrial 7astes% 0/e 7astes, untreated, 7ere usuall6
disc/arged into near#6 #odies o" 7ater%
3B
@unici!al se7age treatment 7as introduced in t/e earl6 29
t/
centur6, #ut
man6 cities and industrial !lants 7ere slo7 to ado!t t/ese met/ods% As t/e
!o!ulation increased, some e-isting se7age !lants #ecame inade<uate% In cities
7it/ com#ined se7ers, /eav6 rains !eriodicall6 overloaded ot/er7ise ade<uate
dis!osal "acilities% :6 t/e ')=9Cs, 7ater !ollution caused #6 t/e disc/arge o"
untreated or inade<uatel6 treated se7age /ad #ecome a ma$or !ro#lem% In t/e
>nited ?tates, legislation 7as !assed in t/e ')=9Cs to /el! control and !revent
7ater !ollution% 0/e legislation sets standards "or t/e <ualit6 o" 7ater disc/arged
into streams and la8es and !rovides "unds to assist in t/e im!rovement and
construction o" se7age treatment "acilities% (A"ter New Standard Encyclopaedia+
Go""ar<
d/elling F a #uilding or !lace o" s/elter to live in. !lace o" residence (3om%
locuin95, cas5, s5la7+
se/er F an arti"icial conduit, usuall6 underground, "or carr6ing o"" 7aste 7ater
and re"use, as in a to7n or cit6 (3om% canal collector, 9eav5 de scurgere+
to !all into disrepair F to need re!air (3om% a c5dea 6n paragin5+
re!use F somet/ing t/at is discarded as 7ort/less or useless . ru##is/, tras/,
gar#age
to 4eopardise F to !ut in $eo!ard6. /azard, ris8, im!eril
cesspool F (3om%+ /azna
pit F a naturall6 "ormed or e-cavated /ole or cavit6 in t/e ground
sin F a #asin or rece!tacle connected 7it/ a 7ater su!!l6, used "or 7as/ing
(3om% 4gheab de buc5t5rie+
priv# F (3om%+ !rivat
to discharge F to unload (3om% a desc5rca+
to be slo/ toB F (3om%+ a aciona cu ntrziere n sensulV
to overload F to load to e-cess. over#urden
disposal F (3om%+ nde!rtare (a gunoaielor etc%+
!acilit# F somet/ing designed, #uilt, installed, etc%, to serve a s!eci"ic "unction
or !er"orm a !articular service (3om% comodit59i, 6nlesniri+
to set standards !orB F (3om%+ a sta#ili standardele !entruV
to provide F to "urnis/ (3om% a !urni3a+
3)
- 5o7 did !eo!le remove /uman 7astes "rom d7ellings in ancient
timesH And in t/e @iddle AgesH
- E/at did t/e6 usuall6 use in cities and to7ns "or se7age dis!osal #6
t/e late '=99IsH
- E/en 7ere modern se7age dis!osal s6stems introducedH
- E/ere 7ere untreated 7astes disc/arged in t/e late ')
t/
H
- E/en 7as munici!al se7age treatment introducedH
- E/6 did e-isting se7age !lants #ecome inade<uateH
'% se/age a% a !erson 7/o maintains se7ers
2% to se/age
#% an arti"icial conduit, usuall6 underground, "or carr6ing o""
7aste 7ater and re"use, as in a to7n or cit6
3% se/er c% t/e removal o" 7aste 7ater and re"use #6 means o" se7ers
4% se/erage d% t/e 7aste matter t/at !asses t/roug/ se7ers
*% se/erman e% to "ertilise (t/e soil+ 7it/ se7age
A se/age !arm : se/age grass : se/er gas : a se/er rat : a se/er
/orer%
4% @a8e sentences 7it/ t/e !/rases under 3%
*% Put into ;nglis/%
,n 'B*9, :aronul 5aussmann, !re"ect al ?einei, i inginerul ;ugWne
:elgrand nce! modernizarea reelei de canalizare i a sistemului de "urnizare a
a!ei la Paris% ,n ceea ce !rivete evacuarea a!elor "olosite, :elgrand avanseaz o
conce!ie com!let nou : aruncarea lor de!arte de ieirea din ora% Pentru a realiza
acest !roiect, el construiete o reea de canale de scurgere #azat de scurgerea
gravitar am!lasnd, din loc n loc, uzine de !om!are !entru colectarea a!elor
reziduale din cartierele $oase% Pe "iecare strad este s!at cte un canal de
49
scurgere% :elgrand iniiaz lucrri de mari dimensiuni !entru sistemul de aducie a
a!ei !ota#ile% ?istemele sunt att de #ine conce!ute nct !ermit lucrtorilor
serviciilor de canalizare s circule de-a lungul canalelor% Proiectul este com!letat
n 'B)4 de o lege care im!une aruncarea tuturor de$eciilor mena$ere la canal%
4% Ans7er t/e "ollo7ing%
- Is t/ere an6 se7age dis!osal s6stem in 6our to7nGvillageH
- Are t/ere an6 !ro#lems 7/en it rains or 7/en sno7 meltsH
Grammar: The Verbs 'ill, 'o#ld, Shall,
and Sho#ld
0/ese ver#s are used as "ollo7s:
'% WILL, "or:
- assum!tions:
He will be here in ten minutes;
- commands:
?ou will sta# here till #ou !inish #our paper;
- /a#its:
A dog will usuall# obe# his master (F t/is is one o" t/e c/aracteristics o" a
dog+%
- invitations:
'ill #ou have some more co!!eeD
- o#stinate insistence:
-! #ou will !eed #our dog onl# vegetables, it is hardl# surprising that he
cannot run or s/im;
- re<uests:
'ill #ou t#pe this report !or me, pleaseD
2% WOULD, "or:
- /a#its:
.hen - /as #ounger - wo#ld read !or hours;
- intentions:
He said )that* he wo#ld help me;
- invitations:
4'
.ould #ou lie another cup o! co!!eeD
'o#ld #ou care to see m# translationD
'o#ld #ou care ,or another cup o! co!!eeD
- not ver6 /o!e"ul 7is/es concerning t/e "uture:
- /ish it wo#ld stop sno/ing;
- o#stinate insistence:
He wo#ld come though the# /arned him that it /ould be impolite;
- !re"erences:
- wo#ld rather = sooner go bac home;
- regret t/at anot/er !erson is un7illing to do somet/ing t/at t/e s!ea8er
a!!roves o":
- /ish he wo#ld go more o!ten to the librar#;
- regret t/at anot/er !erson !ersists in doing somet/ing t/at t/e s!ea8er
disa!!roves o":
- /ish he wo#ldn(t eep sa#ing bad 4oes;
- 7is/es:
- wo#ld lie to bu# that boo (F I 7ant to #u6 it+%
- !olite re<uests:
'o#ld #ou mind opening the /indo/, pleaseD
3% SHALL is used:
- 7it/ t/e "irst !erson, in t/e interrogative:
R in re<uests "or orders:
'here shall 0 p#t the books1
R in re<uests "or advice:
.hich one shall - readD
R in o""ers:
Shall - translate the textD
R in suggestions:
Shall /e leave it !or tomorro/D
- 7it/ second and t/ird !ersons, to e-!ress:
R t/e su#$ectIs intention to !er"orm a certain action or to cause it to #e
!er"ormed:
?ou shall read the boo (F IIll see t/at 6ou read it+
R command:
42
Each competitor shall mae three tries;
4% SHOULD is used:
- to e-!ress advice:
?ou sho#ld practise English more;
- to e-!ress an assum!tion:
The# sho#ld be here b# no/;
- to e-!ress dut6:
?ou sho#ld return the boos to the librar#;
- to e-!ress "ear or an-iet6:
&he /as terri!ied lest she sho#ld step on the dog's tail;
- to e-!ress a !ur!ose:
&he bleached her hair so that no one sho#ld recognise her;
- to e-!ress sur!rise:
.hat sho#ld - !ind but an ugl# /oman<
- to indicate a correct action:
?ou sho#ld add some more sugar;
- to indicate a sensi#le action:
Businessmen sho#ld sponsor cultural activities more o!ten;
- to <uer6 t/e reasona#leness or $ustice o" an assum!tion:
- don't no/ /h# #ou sho#ld thin that she did it;
'% Put into ;nglis/ using Js/allK or J7illK%
&o!iii tot co!ii rmn% - &red c ne va scrie imediat ce va !utea% - Ion nu
va iei din cas "r !ermisiunea doctorului% - @ a$ui s "ac traducereaH - P-ai s
"aci astaO - Pu vom a$unge la tim! la gar ca s !rindem trenul% - ? cum!r nite
#ananeH - Nom !leca la munte luni dac vremea va "i "rumoas% - Nrei s "aci asta
!entru mine, te rog H - Nrei s-mi aduci cores!ondena, te rogH
2% Put into ;nglis/ using Js/ouldK or J7ouldK%
Ar "i tre#uit s termine cartea !n azi% - Ar tre#ui s nce!em orele de
englez imediat% - Ar tre#ui s te duci imediat la doctor% - Ascult, @aria, ar tre#ui
s o a$uu mai mult !e mama ta% - &t tim! ar tre#ui s !ierd cu traducerea
aceastaH - &e ar tre#ui s "ac un student !entru a avea note #uneH - &o!ilul ar
43
tre#ui !ede!sit !entru o asemenea greeal% - Dorii o ceac de ca"eaH - I-ar "ace
!lcere s vin cu noi la munte% - P-ar tre#ui s lai cinele n !loaie% - Nrei s
semnai n registru, v rogH
>se t/e "ollo7ing to s/o7 s6m!at/6 a#out t/e "ollo7ing%
Ho/ terribleB
- do s#mpathise /ithB
-sn't that a pit# thatB<
-t's a pit# = shame thatB
-'m )most* a/!ull# = dread!ull# sorr# to hear thatB
0/e dis!osal o" to-ic c/emical 7astes and radioactive 7astes is a serious
and e-!ensive !ro#lem% These /astes are ha3ardous to human health and remain
so !or a ver# long time% $areless disposal o! chemical /astes has resulted in
severe contaminations o! the /ater and land in several areas o! the /orld, and
controvers# surrounding the proper disposal o! radioactive /astes has resulted in
opposition to/ard the development o! atomic energ#%
44
?!eec/ Acts:
S@o;i78 S<m2a3@<
UNIT #
SEWAGE NOWADAYS
To2ic: &e/age
Grammar: &e0uence o! Tenses
Socia S!i": Asing %pinions
S5;a85 is de"ined as t/e mixture o! /ater and /aste products carried o!!
through a drainage s#stem o! underground pipes, or se/ers; 0/e 7aste !roducts
consist o" #ot/ organic and inorganic matter, including /uman 7astes, mineral
salts, and gar#age% In most large cities, se7age also contains li<uid 7astes "rom
various industrial !rocesses% 0/e organic matter in se7age decom!oses ra!idl6,
giving o"" "oul-smelling and /azardous gases% Disease-causing organisms are
!assed into se7age t/roug/ t/e "aeces and urine o" in"ected !ersons% 0/e 7astes
"rom industrial !rocesses are o"ten to-ic% 0/e sa"e dis!osal o" se7age is t/ere"ore
essential to t/e /ealt/ o" a communit6% 0/e collection and treatment o" se7age is
one o" t/e most im!ortant munici!al services% 0/e "acilities "or collecting,
treating, and dis!osing o" se7age are called a se/erage s#stem; In cities and
to7ns, se7erage s6stems are designed to serve t/e entire communit6% ?e7age
"rom individual #uildings "lo7s into collecting se7ers, 7/ic/ carr6 t/e 7aste to a
central !lant "or treatment and dis!osal% ?e7ers t/at onl6 carr6 domestic se7age
are called sanitar# se/ers; &torm se/ers are designed s!eci"icall6 "or carr6ing
runo"" "rom rain and melted sno7% In man6 s6stems, #ot/ domestic se7age and
runo"" 7ater are carried in combined se/ers; &om#ined se7ers are generall6
undesira#le, /o7ever, #ecause over"lo7 caused #6 /eav6 rains o"ten ma8es it
necessar6 to disc/arge untreated se7age "rom t/e se7age treatment !lant% ?e7ers
are usuall6 made o" cla6, concrete, or !lastic% ?e7age s6stems are usuall6 #uilt so
t/at gravit6 7ill carr6 t/e 7aste t/roug/ t/e !i!es% E/ere t/is is not !ossi#le, t/e
4*
se7age must #e !um!ed% In rural areas and in communities not served #6
munici!al se7erage s6stems, se7age is dis!osed o" t/roug/ t/e use o" se!tic tan8s
or, less commonl6, cess!ools% 0/e priv#, or outdoor toilet, is commonl6 used "or
dis!osing o" /uman 7astes 7/ere t/ere is no indoor !lum#ing% (A"ter New
Standard Encyclopaedia+
Go""ar<
to give o!! F to !ut "ort/, to emit
!oul:smelling F grossl6 o""ensive to t/e senses. disgusting loat/some. noisome
(3om% miros resping5tor+
ha3ardous F "ull o" ris8, !erilous, ris86
!)a*eces F 7aste matter disc/arged "rom t/e intestines t/roug/ t/e anus.
e-crement (3om% !ecale+
to !lo/ intoB F (3om%+ a se vrsa nV
sanitar# se/er F (3om%+ canal de colectare a a!ei reziduale casnice
storm se/er F (3om%+ canal de colectare a a!ei !luviale
runo!! F somet/ing t/at drains or "lo7s o"", as rain7ater (3om% scurs+
melted F li<ue"ied #6 /eat (3om% topit+
combined se/er F (3om%+ canal de colectare a a!ei reziduale casnice i a a!ei
"luviale
cla# F a natural eart/6 material t/at is !lastic 7/en 7et, consisting essentiall6
o" /6drated silicates o" aluminium. used "or ma8ing #ric8s, !otter6, etc%
(3om% lut, argil5+
septic tan F a tan8 in 7/ic/ solid organic se7age is decom!osed and !uri"ied
#6 anaero#ic #acteria (3om% !os5 septic5+
indoor plumbing F t/e !lum#ing in a /ouse or #uilding (3om% instala9ii de ap5
7i canali3are+
- 5o7 is se7age de"inedH
- E/at do t/e 7aste !roducts consist o"H And in large citiesH
- 5o7 are 7astes "rom industrial !rocessesH
- E/at is a se7arage s6stemH
44
- E/at are sanitar6 s6stemsH And storm se7ersH And com#ined se7ersH
- E/6 are com#ined se7ers not desira#leH
- E/at are se7ers made o"H
- 5o7 are se7ers #uiltH
- E/en are !um!s neededH
'% sanatorium a% a s!ecialist in !u#lic sanitation and /ealt/
2% sanitarian #% an institution "or t/e !romotion o" /ealt/. /ealt/ resort
3% sanitar#
c% o" or !ertaining to /ealt/ or t/e conditions a""ecting /ealt/,
es!eciall6 7it/ re"erence to cleanliness, !recautions against
disease, etc%
4% sanitation
d% t/e develo!ment and !ractical a!!lication o" sanitar6
measures "or t/e sa8e o" cleanliness, !rotecting /ealt/, etc%
*% sanitise e% to "ree "rom dirt, germs, etc%, as #6 cleaning or sterilising
.aste : to /aste : /astes : /astebaset : /aste!ul : /asteland :
/asteness : /astepaper : /aste product : /aster : /asting : /astrel :
/astr#;
4% @a8e sentences 7it/ si- o" t/e 7ords under 3%
*% E/at are t/e "ollo7ingH
&anitar# belt : sanitar# cordon : sanitar# engineering : sanitar# napin;
4% @a8e sentences 7it/ t/e !/rases under *%
=% Put into ;nglis/%
?uccesorii inginerului :elgrand au com!letat reeaua de canalizare
!arizian% Ast"el, ntre ')'4-')==, au "ost construite !este '999 8m de canale noi%
Parisul dis!une de o reea de canale unic n lume : ea este alctuit din !este
2'99 8m de galerii te/nice% ?istemul dis!une de reelele de a! !ota#il i a!
rezidual, de canale cu aer com!rimat, de ca#luri tele"onice, de tu#uri !neumatice
4=
i evacueaz n "iecare zi ',2 milioane de m
3
de a!. n "iecare an sunt reinute din
reea '*999 m
3
de deeuri solide%
Grammar: Se2#ence o, Tenses
A sentence can contain a main ver# and one or more su#ordinate clauses (i%e%, a
grou! o" 7ords containing a su#$ect and ver# and "orming !art o" a sentence+:
+ai7 Ca1"5 S16or4i7a35 Ca1"5
I 8ne7 -that. the book was not there;
E/en t/e main ver# o" a sentence is in t/e !ast tense, ver#s in su#ordinate
clauses must #e in a !ast tense also:
T57"5 o> C5r6 i7
mai7 ca1"5
E?am25"
T57"5 o> C5r6 i7
"16or4i7a35 ca1"5
Pr5"573
5e 3@i7!"
t/at s/e will co%e%
F131r5
Pa"3
5e 3@o18@3
t/at s/e wo#ld co%e%
Co74i3io7a
Pr5"573
?/e "55"
t/at /e has %ade a mista8e%
Pr5"573 P5r>5c3
Pa"3
?/e "a;
t/at /e had %ade a mista8e%
Pa"3 P5r>5c3
Pr5"573
Qou ;or! so /ard
t/at 6ou are al7a6s #us6%
Pr5"573
Pa"3
Qou ;or!54 so /ard
t/at 6ou were al7a6s #us6%
Pa"3
Pr5"573 P5r>5c3
I @aC5 4o75 all
t/at is necessar6%
Pr5"573
Pa"3 P5r>5c3
I @a4 4o75 all
t/at was necessar6%
Pa"3
Pr5"573
0/e6 "a<
t/e6 are $oin$ to go t/ere%
Pr5"573 Co73i71o1"
Pa"3
0/e6 "ai4
t/at t/e6 were $oin$ to go t/ere%
Pa"3 Co73i71o1"
'% Put t/e sentences under J2rammarK into 3omanian%
4B
$= P13 3@5 C5r6 653;557 6rac!53" i73o 3@5 ri8@3 >orm= GiC5 a" ma7<
C5r"io7" a" 2o""i65=
Daniel dreamt t/at /e (to !l#+ to t/e moon% - 5e did not 8no7 /o7 /e (can+
#est (to /el!+ /er% - I 7as greatl6 amused #6 7/at s/e (to tell+ me% - Mo/n said /e
(to be pleased+ to 7elcome our ne7 colleagues% - @ar6 couldnIt ma8e out 7/ere
t/e sound (to come+ "rom% - @6 mot/er in<uired at t/e s/o! 7/en /er dress (to be
read#+% - ?/e told me t/at t/e de#t (to be paid+% - 0/e c/ie" engineer suggests t/at
t/e ne7 met/od (to be implemented+ at once% - 0/e little #o6 7atc/ed /o7 /is
"at/er (to repair+ t/e #i8e% - Ee did not 8no7 t/at our student (to be a/arded+ t/e
!rize%
Ai !utea nva ceva mai #ine, sunt sigur de asta% - &e ai "ace tu dac ai
avea un co!il aa ca tineH - &e ai zice dac !rinii ti nu i-ar mai trimite #aniH -
&redeam c vii mai trziu% - Dac l-a !utea a$uta, a "ace-o cu !lcere, dar nu-i
dau #ani de !oman% - Intrnd n camer, mi-a s!us c nu va !utea lua e-amenul% -
,mi s!usese c i va cum!ra cri cu #anii !rimii% - ,n tim! ce citeam o carte
interesant, mama mea a trecut s m vad% - Pu i-a s!us c se va duce mine la
#i#liotecH - ?tudenta care trece acum !e culoar este "iica !rietenei mele%
>se t/e "ollo7ing to as8 6our colleaguesI o!inions a#out rene7ing se7age
in to7n instead o" re!airing roads%
Are #ou sure thatBD
Do #ou happen to no/nBD
Do #ou thin thatBD
Has it ever crossed #our mind thatBD
Has it ever occurred to #ou thatBD
Tell me, please,B
UNIT '
4)
?!eec/ Acts:
A"!i78 O2i7io7"
+UNICIPAL SEWAGE TREAT+ENT PLANTS
To2ic: &e/age Treatment and Disposal
Grammar: The 1assive Voice
Socia S!i": Expressing Disagreement
3a7 se7age entering a se7age treatment !lant is "irst !assed t/roug/
screens to remove coarse de#ris% 0/is material ma6 #e #uried, #urned, or ground
in disintegrators and returned to t/e "lo7% A"ter screening, t/e se7age "lo7s
slo7l6 t/roug/ a grit c/am#er, a s/allo7 tan8 in 7/ic/ sand and ot/er /eav6
!articles settle to t/e #ottom% 0/is material is !eriodicall6 removed and usuall6
dis!osed o" in a land"ill% 0/e se7age is t/en !um!ed into !rimar6 settling tan8s,
7/ere muc/ o" t/e remaining solid material settles out% &/emicals are sometimes
added to t/e se7age to /el! remove sus!ended !articles and reduce "oam caused
#6 detergents% 0/e settled material is called sludge; 0/e li<uid !ortion is dra7n
o"" and is usuall6 given "urt/er treatment% 0/is treatment, called secondar#
treatment (t/e activated sludge !rocess and t/e tric8ling "ilter !rocess+, removes
most o" t/e organic matter remaining in t/e se7age%
Tric!i78 Fi35r Proc5""= In t/is !rocess t/e li<uid is s!ra6ed over a
"iltering material, t6!icall6 a #ed o" crus/ed roc8% As t/e li<uid see!s t/roug/ t/e
crus/ed roc8, #acteria and ot/er organisms gro7ing on t/e roc8 sur"aces
decom!ose most o" t/e organic matter% 0/e !roducts o" decom!osition are sim!le
com!ounds, suc/ as nitrates and sul!/ates, and /umus-li8e matter% 0/e mi-ture
t/en "lo7s into secondar6 settling tan8s, 7/ere t/e solids settle out as sludge%
&/lorine is sometimes added to t/e clear li<uid to disin"ect it% 0/e li<uid, 7/ic/
contains various inorganic com!ounds, is t/en disc/arged into a #od6 o" 7ater%
Ner6 "ine !articles and suc/ su#stances as nitrogen and !/os!/orus com!ounds
usuall6 remain in t/e se7age 7ater even a"ter secondar6 treatment% 0/ere"ore,
7/en t/e 7ater disc/arged "rom a se7age treatment !lant must #e o" es!eciall6
/ig/ <ualit6, it is given tertiar6 treatment% @et/ods o" tertiar6 treatment include
e-tended aeration and "iltering using "ine-mes/ed screens, sand, or activated
c/arcoal% (A"ter New Standard Encyclopaedia+
Go""ar<
*9
coarse F lac8ing in "ineness or delicac6 o" te-ture, structure, etc% (3om% aspru,
grosolan+
to bur# F to !ut in t/e ground and cover 7it/ eart/ (3om% a 6ngropa+
to burn F to undergo ra!id com#ustion or consume "uel in suc/ a 7a6 as to give
o"" /eat, gases, and usuall6 lig/t. to #e on "ire
to grind F to reduce to "ine !articles, as #6 !ounding or crus/ing. to !ulverise
(3om% a m5cina+
grit chamber F (3om%+ #azin cu nisi! i !ietri
shallo/ F o" little de!t/, not dee!
to settle F to gat/er, collect, or #ecome "i-ed in a !articular !lace, direction, etc%
(3om% a se depune+
!oam F a collection o" minute #u##les "ormed on t/e sur"ace o" a li<uid #6
agitation, "ermentation, etc% (3om% spum5+
sludge F a de!osit o" mud, ooze, or sediment, as at t/e #ottom o" a #od6 o"
7ater, in a steam #oiler or 7ater tan8, etc% (3om% sediment+
to dra/ o!! F to e-tract (3om% a scoate, a extrage, a 6ndep5rta+
!urther F additional
activated sludge F se7age sediment t/at contains a /eav6 gro7t/ o"
microorganisms, resulting "rom vigorous aeration (3om% sediment
activat+
to crush F to !ound into small "ragments or !articles (3om% a 3drobi, a
s!5r8ma+
!inemeshed F (3om%+ "in (d% sit etc%+
charcoal F t/e car#onaceous material o#tained #6 /eating 7ood or ot/er
organic su#stances in t/e a#sence o" air (3om% mangal, c5rbune de lemn,
c5rbune vegetal+
- E/at /a!!ens to ra7 se7age entering a se7age treatment !lantH
- E/at is sludgeH
- E/at t6!es o" secondar6 treatment are t/ereH
'% mire a% a de!osit o" mud, ooze, or sediment, as at t/e #ottom o" a #od6
*'
o" 7ater, in a steam #oiler or 7ater tan8, etc%
2% mud #% slim6 soil, dee! mud, or t/e li8e
3% oo3e c% so"t mud or slime
4% sludge d% 7et, so"t eart/ or eart/6 matter, as on t/e ground a"ter t/e rain
"ud : to mud : mud dauber : mudder : muddil# : muddiness : mudd#;
Activated &ludge 1rocess; In t/is !rocess t/e li<uid "rom t/e !rimar6
settling tan8 !asses into large, elongated tan8s 7/ere it is mi-ed 7it/ sludge
containing large num#ers o" #acteria% 0/e #acteria decom!ose t/e organic matter,
using it as "ood% S-6gen is dissolved in t/e mi-ture #6 #u##ling eit/er
com!ressed air or !ure o-6gen gas t/roug/ it, a !rocess called aeration; Aeration
!rovides t/e #acteria 7it/ t/e o-6gen t/e6 need "or res!iration% 0/e mi-ture is
t/en trans"erred to settling tan8s called !inal clari!iers% 0/e activated sludge settles
out and t/e clear li<uid t/at remains is removed "rom t/e tan8% 0/e li<uid is t/en
sometimes disin"ected 7it/ c/lorine #e"ore it is disc/arged into a #od6 o" 7ater%
?ome o" t/e activated sludge in t/e "inal clari"iers is rec6cled to t/e aeration
tan8s%
3adierea se !roduce n mod natural, dar !oate "i i rezultatul aciunii
omului% S anumit cantitate de radiaii este eli#erat de reactoarele nucleare care
!roduc energie electric i care !relucreaz com#usti#ili% 0estarea armelor
nucleare s!orete, i ea, radiaiile !roduse de om% >n alt !ericol l constituie
scurgerile accidentale din deeurile radioactive a#andonate% Printre e"ectele
negative ale iradierii e-cesive se numr cancerul i #olile de oc/i%
Grammar: The 3assi!e Voice
0/e 2a""iC5 Coic5 is used in ;nglis/ 7/en it is more convenient or interesting
*2
to stress t/e t/ing done t/an t/e doer o" it, or 7/en t/e doer is un8no7n:
"# cell phone was stolen% vs Thieves stole m# cell phone%
In t/eor6 a sentence containing a direct and an indirect o#$ect could /ave t7o
!assive "orms:
She /as given a Sta,,;
&omeone gave her a Sta,,;
A Sta,, /as given to her;
a% 3repositions 7it/ passi!e !erbs:
- 7/en t/e agent, or doer o" t/e action is mentioned it is !receded #6 by:
This boo /as /ritten by me;
- 7/en a ver# L !re!ositionGadver# L o#$ect com#ination is !ut into t/e
!assive, t/e !re!osition 7ill remain immediatel6 a"ter t/e ver#:
- must /rite to him; A e %#st be written to;
&he thre/ away the old boos; A The old books were thrown away;
#% 0n,initi!e constr#ctions a"ter passi!e !erbs :
- a"ter acknowled$e, belie!e, clai%, consider, ,ind, know, say, report, think,
and #nderstand t7o !assive "orms are !ossi#le:
-t is considered that he is45to be4
- s#ppose in t/e !assive "ollo7ed #6 t/e !resentG!ast in"initive usuall6
conve6san idea o" dut6:
3#pils are s#pposed to work hard; M -t is their dut# to ;;;
0 a% s#pposed to ha!e ,inished it; M - should have !inished it;
- an in"initive !laced a"ter a !assive ver# is normall6 a "ull in"initive :
- made them /or; A They were %ade to work;
- t/e continuous !resentG!er"ect in"initive can #e used a"ter t/e !assive o"
belie!e, know, report, say, s#ppose, think, #nderstand:
He is belie!ed to speak English /ell; M 1eople believe )that* he speas
English /ell;
?ou are said to ha!e been readin$ it; M 1eople sa# #ou have read it;
'% >nderline t/e passive constructions in t/e te-t #elo7%
0/e sludge "ormed in t/e various treatment stages contains #ot/ organic
and inorganic solids% It "lo7s #6 gravit6 or is !um!ed into large closed tan8s% In
t/e a#sence o" air, certain t6!es o" #acteria in t/e sludge decom!ose muc/ o" t/e
organic matter% 0/is !rocess is called sludge digestion; During t/is !rocess,
*3
met/ane and ot/er gases are !roduced% 0/e gas mi-ture is usuall6 used as "uel to
!rovide /eat and !o7er "or t/e se7age !lant or sold commerciall6 as "uel% A"ter
digestion, t/e remaining sludge is o"ten dried #6 air on large #eds o" sand or #6
various mec/anical met/ods t/at use !ressure to remove t/e 7ater "rom t/e
sludge% It is t/en #uried, #urned, or sold as a soil conditioner or "iller "or
commercial "ertilisers% In some areas, t/e sludge is dried #6 /eat or incinerated to
destro6 t/e remaining organic su#stances #e"ore it is sold commerciall6%
2% &/ange t/e "ollo7ing according to t/e model%
"# mother $a!e %e a dictionar#; A 0 was $i!en a dictionar#;
Ann 7ill tell #ou 7/at time t/e !lane leaves% - Fat/er !romised m#
brothers ne7 #i8es% - 5e is s/o7ing them t/e /ouse% - IIll !a6 the plumber "or /is
7or8% - @6 /us#and lent them t/e ne7 !/one#oo8% - 0/e actress 7ill give him /er
autogra!/% - 0/e ca!tain ordered the cre/ to 7ait on t/e dec8% - 0/e !ro"essor 7ill
as8 them a "e7 <uestions% - 0/e6 /ave a!!ointed Ann:"arie !resident o" t/e
com!an6% - 0/e6 o""ered them "lo7ers "or t/eir #irt/da6%
3% Put into t/e passive% >se t/e agent onl6 i" it is necessar6%
A mac/ine could do t/is muc/ easil6% - An eart/<ua8e destro6ed t/e to7n%
- &andidates ma6 not use dictionaries% - An6#od6 can translate t/is letter 7it/out
a dictionar6% - 5e didnIt introduce /er to /is mot/er% - Po#od6 /as used t/is room
"or ages% - ?/e is 7atc/ing m6 /ouse% - 0/e e-aminer 7ill read t/e !assage "or
dictation onl6 once% - 0/e6 #roug/t t/e c/ildren u! in 3omania% - 0/e6 /avenIt
stam!ed t/e letter% - 0/e6 t/re7 a7a6 t/e ru##is/%
4% Put into t/e active%
A #iscuit 7as given to me "or dinner% - A !ost card 7as sent to m6 !arents
"rom t/e ?tates% - &olum#us is 8no7n to /ave discovered America% - 5e is said to
#e 7riting a #iogra!/6 no7% - @ar6 is said to #e marr6ing Mo/n ne-t summer% -
?/e is said to #e visiting us ne-t 7ee8% - ?/e is said to /ave #een t/e most
*4
#eauti"ul girl in t/e to7n% - 0/e dragon is said to /ave lived "or /undreds o" 6ears%
- 0/e6 are e-!ected to visit 0imioara t/is mont/%
*% Put into ;nglis/ using passive constructions%
Aceast situaie tre#uie #ine cntrit% - &olegii ti au s rd de tine dac
i !ui cciula asta carag/ioas% - &utiile de &oca-&ola nu tre#uie aruncate% -
;levii "useser #ine ndrumai de !ro"esorii lor% - @-a !clit cu minciunile lui
"rumoase% - @ariei nu-i !lace ca #ieii s se uite "i- la ea% - Pu se mai lucrase de
ani de zile n grdin cnd au venit ei% - Pn la !rnz nu se mncase deloc din
!r$itur% - Pisica cea neagr a vecinilor mei a "ost clcat de o main% - 0re#uie
s dai e-!licaii !entru "iecare greeal%
Qou /eard t/e "armer !roviding 6ou 7it/ "res/ vegeta#les "ertilises t/e
soil 7it/ sludge% ;-!ress 6our disagreement using t/e "ollo7ing%
-'m a!raid - can't acceptB
-'m a!raid - disagree /ithB
(ever< B
(o /a#< B
UNIT *
SEPTIC TAN,S AND CESSPOOLS
To2ic: &e/age Treatment and
Disposal
Grammar: 2eported &peech )-*
**
?!eec/ Acts:
E?2r5""i78 Di"a8r55m573
Socia S!i": Approving
S523ic 3a7!" are 7idel6 used on "arms and in communities t/at do not
/ave munici!al se7age dis!osal s6stems% 0/e se!tic tan8, 7/ic/ is located
underground, usuall6 serves a single #uilding% It is usuall6 made o" concrete or
steel% 0/e size o" tan8 needed de!ends u!on t/e num#er o" occu!ants in t/e
#uilding% ?e7age "rom t/e #uilding "lo7s to t/e tan8 t/roug/ t/e building se/er;
Inside t/e tan8, /eav6 solids settle out as sludge. grease and "ine !articles rise to
"orm a scum% :acteria in t/e se7age digest t/e organic su#stances #ot/ in t/e
sludge and in t/e scum, converting t/em to li<uids and gases% 0/e remaining
sludge accumulates in t/e tan8 and must #e removed at intervals% 0/e li<uid
!ortion, usuall6 containing some solids, and t/e gases are carried into t/e
surrounding soil t/roug/ a s6stem o" distri#ution !i!es% 0/e gases esca!e to t/e
sur"ace% 1i<uid and solid 7astes are a#sor#ed #6 t/e soil, 7/ere #acteria
decom!ose t/e organic matter% In /eav6 soils, t7o sets o" distri#ution !i!es
usuall6 are used alternatel6 to insure !ro!er a#sor!tion% An6 disease-causing
organisms in t/e se7age ordinaril6 do not survive long in eit/er t/e tan8 or soil%
0/e se7age 7astes and organisms, /o7ever, ma6 #e carried "or long distances
t/roug/ t/e soil 7/ere it is "ractured or creviced% It is t/ere"ore essential t/at t/e
tan8 and dis!osal !i!es #e located 7/ere t/ere is no danger o" contaminating
underground 7ater su!!lies% C5""2oo" are sometimes used "or se7age dis!osal
on "arms and ot/er isolated areas% 0/e cess!ool is an underground !it lined 7it/
eit/er #ric8 or stone, 7it/out mortar% 0/e se7age li<uids see! out into t/e soil
t/roug/ t/e o!en s!aces in t/e lining% ?olids accumulate as in a se!tic tan8 and
must #e removed at intervals% In time t/e soil around t/e cess!ool ma6 #ecome
clogged 7it/ solids, causing over"lo7% E/en t/e6 are !oorl6 covered, cess!ools
allo7 "oul-smelling gases to esca!e and o"ten #ecome #reeding !laces "or
mos<uitoes% (A"ter New Standard Encyclopaedia+
Go""ar<
/idel# F to a 7ide e-tent (3om% 6ntr:o mare m5sur5+
building se/er F (3om%+ conducta de colectare a a!ei reziduale dintr-o cldire
heav# solids F (3om%+ !articule solide grele
*4
grease F t/e melted or rendered "at o" animals, es!eciall6 7/en in a so"t state
(3om% grsime+
to rise F to move u!7ard, to ascend
scum F a "ilm o" "oul or e-traneous matter t/at "orms on t/e sur"ace o" a li<uid
(3om% spum5, pieli95, m83g5+
heav# soil F (3om%+ sol greu
creviced F 7it/ crac8s, 7it/ "issures
to line F to arrange or "orm a closel6 set ro7 or line along
bric F a rectangular #loc8 o" cla6 /ardened #6 dr6ing in t/e sun or #urning in a
8iln, and used "or #uilding
clogged F /indered or o#structed 7it/ t/ic8 or stic86 matter (3om% 6mb8csit,
ancrasat+
over!lo/ F to "lo7 or run over, as rivers, 7ater, etc% (3om% rev5rsare, inunda9ie+
- E/ere are se!tic tan8s usedH
- E/ere is it locatedH
- E/at is it made o"H
- E/at does t/e size o" a tan8 de!end u!onH
- E/at is a #uilding se7erH
- E/at /a!!ens inside t/e tan8H
- E/at /a!!ens to t/e remaining sludgeH 0o t/e li<uid !ortion and to t/e
gasesH
- E/at are li<uid and solid 7astes a#sor#ed #6H
- E/at is used in /eav6 soilsH
- E/at is essential 7it/ se!tic tan8sH
- E/at are cess!ools used "orH
'% gaseous
a% com!osed o" molecules t/at move "reel6 among t/emselves
#ut do not tend to se!arate li8e t/ose o" gases
2% li0uid
#% containing an a!!ro-imatel6 e<ual num#er o" !ositive ions
and electrons
3% plasmatic c% /aving t/ree dimensions (lengt/, #readt/, and t/ic8ness+, as a
*=
geometrical #od6 or "igure
4% solid d% !ertaining to or /aving t/e c/aracteristics o" gas
,as bag : gas blac : gas burner : gas chamber : gas engine : gas !itter
: gas 4et : gas log : gas main : gas range : gas station : gas tan : gas
thermometer>
Li0uid air : li0uid !ire : li0uid glass : li0uid measure : li0uid ox#gen :
li0uid petrolatum : li0uid storax>
1lasma engine : plasma membrane>
&olid angle : solid geometr# : &olid &outh;
4% @a8e sentences 7it/ ten o" t/e !/rases under 3%
Grammar: Reported Speech -0.
E/en 7e turn 4ir5c3 "255c@ (t/e original s!ea8erIs e-act 7ords+ into i74ir5c3
"255c@ (t/e e-act meaning o" a remar8 or s!eec/, 7it/out necessaril6 using t/e
s!ea8erIs e-act 7ords+, some c/anges are usuall6 necessar6%
a% S3a35m573"% E/en t/e introductor6 ver# is in t/e !ast tense, t/e "ollo7ing
c/anges are necessar6:
- t/e "uture, "uture continuous, sim!le !resent, !resent continuous, !resent
!er"ect and !resent !er"ect continuous tenses c/ange as "ollo7s:
Dir5c3 S255c@ I74ir5c3 S255c@
"uture conditional
"uture continuous conditional continuous
sim!le !resent sim!le !ast
!resent continuous !ast continuous
!resent !er"ect !ast !er"ect
!resent !er"ect continuous !ast !er"ect continuous
!ast tense !ast !er"ect
!ast continuous tense !ast !er"ect continuous
- t/e con$unction that can #e !laced immediatel6 a"ter t/e introductor6 ver#,
#ut it is not essential and is o"ten omitted
- !ronouns and !ossessive ad$ectives normall6 c/ange "rom "irst or second
!erson to t/ird !erson e-ce!t 7/en t/e s!ea8er is re!orting /is o7n 7ords
- this used in time e-!ressions usuall6 #ecomes that, ot/er7ise this and that
used as ad$ectives usuall6 c/ange to the, and this and these used as eit/er
ad$ectives or !ronouns to indicate c/oice or to distinguis/ some t/ings "rom
*B
ot/ers usuall6 #ecome the one near hi%, the one-s. that she had chosen or
some suc/ !/rase
- adver#s and adver#ial !/rases o" time c/ange as "ollo7s:
toda6 t/at da6
6esterda6 t/e da6 #e"ore
t/e da6 #e"ore 6esterda6 t7o da6s #e"ore
tomorro7 t/e ne-tG"ollo7ing da6
t/e da6 a"ter tomorro7 in t7o da6Is time
ne-t 7ee8G6ear etc% t/e "ollo7ing 7ee8G6ear etc%
last 7ee8G6ear etc% t/e !revious 7ee8G6ear etc%
a 6ear etc% ago a 6ear etc% #e"ore, t/e !revious 6ear
- here can #ecome there #ut onl6 7/en it is clear 7/at !lace is meant
#% F15"3io7"
- tenses, !ronouns and !ossessive ad$ectives, and adver#s o" time and !lace
c/ange as in statements
- t/e interrogative "orm o" t/e ver# c/anges to t/e a""irmative "orm
- i" t/e introductor6 ver# is say, it must #e c/anged to a ver# o" in<uir6, e%g%
ask, in2#ire, want to know, wonder etc%
- <uestion 7ords how, when, where, who, why etc% are re!eated in indirect
<uestions
- i" t/ere is no <uestion 7ord i, or whether is !laced a"ter t/e introductor6
ver#
- <uestions #eginning shall 0Gwe can #e:
R s!eculations, or re<uests "or in"ormation a#out a "uture event:
'hen shall 0 know the res#lt o, the testD A
&he ased when she wo#ld know the res#lt o, the test;
R re<uests "or instructions or advice:
'hat shall 0 do with the bookD A
&he ased the teacher what she sho#ld do with the book;
R o""ers:
Shall 0 brin$ yo# the reportD A She o,,ered to brin$ the report;
R suggestions:
Shall we %eet at the ,ac#ltyD A She s#$$ested %eetin$ at the ,ac#lty%
- <uestions #eginning willGwo#ldGco#ld 6ou can #e:
R ordinar6 <uestions:
&he said, '*an yo# co%e here to%orrowD' A
*)
&he asked i, he co#ld be there the next day;
R re<uests:
He said, ''ill yo# help %e, pleaseD' A
He asked %e to help hi%;
R invitations:
&he said, ''ill yo# ha!e so%e co,,eeD' A &he o,,ered %e a co,,ee;
'% Put into 3omanian t/e clauses under J2rammarK% 2ive as man6 versions
as !ossi#le% Point out similar cases in #ot/ languages%
2% Put into Indirect ?!eec/%
0/e engineer told me: JInside a dou#le-c/am#er se!tic tan8, /eav6 solids
settle out as sludge, grease and "ine !articles "orm a scum% :acteria in t/e se7age
decom!ose t/e organic su#stances, c/anging t/em to li<uids and gases% ?e7age
li<uids, gases, and (usuall6+ solids are carried into t/e surrounding soil% 2ases
esca!e to t/e sur"ace. li<uid and solid 7astes are a#sor#ed%K
3% Put into Direct ?!eec/%
5arris said /e didnIt t/in8 2eorge oug/t to do an6t/ing t/at 7ould /ave a
tendenc6 to ma8e /im slee!ier t/an /e al7a6s 7as, as it mig/t #e dangerous% 5e
said /e didnIt ver6 7ell understand /o7 2eorge 7as going to slee! an6 more t/an
/e did no7, seeing t/at t/ere 7ere onl6 t7ent6-"our /ours in eac/ da6, summer
and 7inter ali8e. #it t/oug/t t/at i" /e did slee! an6 more, /e mig/t $ust as 7ell #e
dead, and so save /is #oard and lodging%
>se t/e "ollo7ing to a!!rove t/e latest initiatives o" t/e 1ocal &ouncil in
0imioara concerning t/e im!rovement o" t/e to7nIs se7age s6stem%
At last< B
- approve o! their decision o!B
- /elcomeB
49
?!eec/ Acts:
A22roCi78
- /ould support an# campaign !orB
-'m gladB
-t's a nice change to haveB
-t's the best thingB
UNIT 1-
POLLUTION
To2ic: 1ollution
Grammar: 2eported &peech )--*
Socia S!i": Expressing .ish
Po13io7 is de"ined as t/e presence o! harm!ul or irritating substances,
called pollutants, in the environment% As t/e term is generall6 used, a !ollutant is
a su#stance introduced into t/e environment as a result o" manIs activities%
Pollution is es!eciall6 serious in tec/nologicall6 advanced and /eavil6 !o!ulated
areas%
Eater U in 7ells, la8es, rivers, and oceans U ma6 #e !olluted 7it/
untreated se7age, gar#age, "actor6 7astes, laundr6 detergents, !esticide residues,
and oil s!illage% 0/e air o" most cities is laden 7it/ automo#ile e-/aust "umes,
coal and "uel oil smo8e, and c/emicals "rom "actories% 0/e land is contaminated
7it/ litter, $un8, !esticides, and radioactive 7astes%
It 7as in t/e last !art o" t/e ')49Is t/at t/e !u#lic #ecame concerned 7it/
t/e need "or !reserving or im!roving t/e <ualit6 o" t/e environment% Peo!le
#ecame a7are t/at t/e resources o" t/e eart/ U land, air, and 7ater U t/at are
needed to sustain li"e are #eing t/reatened #6 !ollution% ?cientists 7arned t/at t/e
#ios!/ere U t/e !art o" t/e eart/ t/at sustains li"e U can a#sor# onl6 a limited
<uantit6 o" !ollutants #e"ore #ecoming un"it "or living organisms% ?ome e-!erts
sa6 t/at to maintain a <ualit6 environment it is necessar6 to limit t/e gro7t/ o" t/e
7orldIs !o!ulation% St/ers #lame !ollution not on t/e gro7t/ o" !o!ulation
!rinci!all6 #ut on t/e economic gro7t/ o" tec/nologicall6 advanced nations in
7/ic/ t/e consum!tion o" manu"actured !roducts is /ig/% Alt/oug/ t/e 7astes
created #6 !rimitive !eo!les can #e o#$ectiona#le, t/e6 do not accumulate #ecause
suc/ 7astes are reintegrated into nature #6 t/e action o" micro#es and #6 ot/er
natural !rocesses% 0/ere is, /o7ever, no natural !rocess t/at can reintegrate into
nature t/e 7astes o" modern tec/nolog6, suc/ as discarded automo#iles, television
4'
sets, !lastic #ags, and #eer cans. and t/e c/emical com!onents o" e-/aust "umes
and most !esticides% (A"ter New Standard Encyclopaedia+
Go""ar<
pollution F (3om%+ !oluare
pollutant F (3om%+ !oluant
environment F t/e aggregate o" surrounding t/ings, conditions, or in"luences
(3om% mediu )6ncon4ur5tor*+
garbage F discarded animal and vegeta#le matter "rom a 8itc/en, re"use (3om%
gunoi mena4er+
laundr# F articles o" clot/es, linens, etc% to #e 7as/ed (3om% ru!e+
oil spillage F (3om%+ !ierdere de !etrol
laden F #urdened
exhaust !ume F (3om%+ gaz de ea!ament
coal F a #lac8 or dar8-#ro7n com#usti#le mineral su#stance consisting o"
car#onised vegeta#le matter, used as "uel (3om% c5rbune+
!uel F com#usti#le matter used to maintain "ire, as coal, 7ood, oil, etc% (3om%
combustibil+
litter F stra7, /a6, or t/e li8e, used as #edding "or animals, !rotection "or
!lants, etc% (3om% a7ternut de paie pentru vite+ . gunoi, murdrie, litier,
mulci
4un F old or discarded material or o#$ects (3om% r5m57i9e, gunoaie, resturi
utili3abile, de7euri de !ier, cupru, sticl5+
to become concerned F (3om%+ a "i !reocu!at
to become a/are o! F (3om%+ a deveni contient de
to threaten F (3om%+ a amenina
to /arn F (3om%+ a !reveni
un!it F t/at is not "it (3om% nepotrivit+
gro/th F (3om%+ cretere
to blame F to consider res!onsi#le (3om% a acu3a+
discarded F cast aside, dismissed "rom use (3om% aruncat+
can F (3om%+ cutie metalic, doz
42
- E/at is !ollutionH And a !ollutantH
- E/at ma6 7ater #e !olluted #6H
- E/en did t/e !u#lic #ecome concerned 7it/ environmental !ro#lemsH
- 5o7 can !eo!le maintain <ualit6 environmentH
- E/at cannot #e reintegrated into natureH
'% pollutant a% made unclean or im!ure
2% to pollute #% some#od6 or somet/ing t/at !ollutes
3% polluter c% somet/ing t/at !ollutes
4% pollution d% t/e act o" !olluting and its result
*% polluted e% to ma8e "oul or unclean
3% E/at do t/e "ollo7ing meanH
Earth : earth mother : earth science>
Environment : environmental : environmentall#>
(ature : nature stud# : nature /orship : naturopath#;
4% @a8e sentences 7it/ ten o" t/e 7ords and !/rases under 3%
*% Put into 3omanian%
Eorld7ide e""orts to cur# environmental !ollution e-ist, #ut e""ective
international controls are largel6 lac8ing% It is di""icult to ac/ieve coo!eration "or
!ollution controls 7it/ develo!ing countries 7/ose c/ie" concern is to !rovide
suc/ #asic needs as "ood, s/elter, and em!lo6ment "or t/eir !eo!le% Furt/ermore,
industries in some countries "ear t/at t/e costs o" !ollution controls mig/t ma8e it
di""icult to com!ete in e-!orting 7it/ rival nations 7/ose !ollution controls ma6
#e less costl6% ;-!erts agree t/at e""ective !ollution controls at local, national and
international levels re<uire massive e""orts #6 individual consumers, industr6, and
government%
43
Biologia Penns6lvaniei este un ca!itol interesant al studiului asu!ra acestei
regiuni% - Biomasa !mntului scade din ce n ce mai mult% - Bios!era este acea
!arte a !mntului care cu!rinde scoara terestr, a!ele i atmos"era% - ;l adun
date biogra!ice !entru cartea des!re ;mil 3acovi% - @ulte animale sunt
caracterizate de biomagnetism; - Petii a#isali sunt n totalitate bioluminiscen9i% -
Puine su#stane c/imice sunt biodegradabile; - ?tudenii se "olosesc de !re!arate
biologice n la#oratoare%
Grammar: Reported Speech -00.
c% Comma74"
- t/e introductor6 ver# say, etc% c/anges to a ver# o" command or re<uest as
ask, co%%and, order, tell etc%
- t/e introductor6 ver# must #e "ollo7ed immediatel6 #6 t/e !erson
addressed and t/e in"initive:
&he said, '6et yo#r coat, 7ohn;' A &he told 7ohn to take his coat;
- negative commands are e-!ressed #6 not L in"initive:
&he said, '"on(t $et yo#r coat, 7ohn;' A
&he told 7ohn not to take his coat;
- t/e ver#s ad!ise, be$, in!ite, reco%%end, re%ind, #r$e, and warn are o"ten
use"ul in indirect commandsGre<uests:
He said, '3lease, please $i!e %e so%e %ore %oney;' A
He be$$ed his ,ather to $i!e hi% so%e %ore %oney;
- commandsGre<uests introduced #6 willGwo#ldGco#ld 6ou are e-!ressed in
indirect s!eec/ #6 ask L o#$ect L in"initive:
He said, ''ill yo# $i!e %e that book, pleaseD' A
He asked %e to $i!e hi% the book;
7/ile commandsGre<uests 7it/ will yo# eit/er at t/e #eginning or end o" a
sentence are e-!ressed in indirect s!eec/ #6 tell:
''ill yo# stop talkin$ in class' the teacher said; A
The teacher told hi% to stop talkin$ in class;
d% E?cama3io7"
44
- e-clamations 7it/ what a4 and how4 are e-!ressed in indirect s!eec/ #6
heGshe etc% said it was4:
Iow aw,#l8I X e said -that. it was aw,#l%
- e-clamations suc/ as Ihea!ens8I, Ioh8I, I#$h8I are usuall6 e-!ressed #6 Ie
$a!e an excla%ation o, dis$#st5s#rprise etc%I
- ot/er e-clamations are rendered as "ollo7s:
He said, '9iar8' He called %e a liar;
He said, '*on$rat#lations8' He con$rat#lated %e;
He said, *#rse this wind; He c#rsed the wind;
He said, 6ood %ornin$8 He $reeted=wished %e a $ood %ornin$;
He said, '"a%n8' He swore;
He said, Thank yo#; He thanked %e;
He said, 'appy *hrist%as8' He wished %e a happy *hrist%as;
'% Put into Indirect ?!eec/%
Ann said, JI s/all see /er in t/e mountains%K - Fat/er said, JI 7rote t/e
letter 6ou need so #adl6%K - 5e said, JI /ave sent m6 mot/er a letter t7o da6s ago%K
- 5e said to /er, JI /ave seen t/em toda6%K - 5elen said, JI donIt 7rite m6 !arents
ever6 7ee8%K - Mo/n !leaded, JI /ave #een !la6ing "oot#all all a"ternoon%K - @ar6
said, JI s/all #e /ere tomorro7%K - ?/e ans7ered, JI am learning ;nglis/%K - ?/e
said, JI 7rite /ome ever6 7ee8%K - 0/e girl ans7ered, JI canIt understand t/is rule%K
- 0/e6 claimed, JI" 7e /ad !ens, 7e could 7rite t/e ans7ers%K
2% ?ame e-ercise%
5e as8ed /is neig/#our, JE/ere is m6 dogHK - Fat/er as8ed, J5as s/e
s!ent all t/e mone6HK - 5e as8ed t/e girl, J5ave 6ou received m6 letterHK - 5e said
to me, JEere 6ou /ere 6esterda6HK - I as8ed /er, JE/6 /ave 6ou come so lateHK - I
as8ed m6 students, JDid 6ou all do t/e e-ercise correctl6HK - Mo/n as8ed /is "riend,
JEill 6ou /el! meHK - @ar6 as8ed, JDid 6ou see Peter at t/e rug#6 matc/HK - ?/e
as8ed, J&an our teac/er s!ea8 Ma!anese, tooHK - 0/e tourist in<uired, J&an 6ou tell
me t/e 7a6 to t/e closest !izza !laceHK
3% ?ame e-ercise%
4*
2rand!a used to tell /im, J:e /a!!6 no7 t/at 6ou are still 6oungOK - I
al7a6s tell m6 students, JDo 6our $o# 7ellOK - I told m6 elder son 6esterda6,
JDonIt smo8e so muc/OK - I told m6 sons, JIn li"e, 6ou must never !la6 dirt6OK - I
told t/e tourist, J2o straig/t onOK - @ot/er said to /er son, J:e in time "or dinner,
!lease%K - ?/e said to t/e #o6, J&lose t/e 7indo7%K - 0/e assistant said, J:ring
6our !ro$ects tomorro7OK - 0/e naug/t6 #o6 said, J@ot/er, donIt #e angr6 7it/
me%K - 0/e !ro"essor said to us, J?/o7 me 6our translations%K
4% ?ame e-ercise%
:o# told /im, J?uc8erOK - 5e said, J2ood morning, ever6#od6OK - I said,
JPo, t/an8 6ouOK - Mo/n said, J5i, stu!idOK - @ar6 ans7ered, J5i, t/ereOK - @ot/er
said, J2od #less 6ouOK - ?/e said, J?7ineOK - 0/e $udge said, JI agreeOK - 0/e
la76er said, J0/is is a lieOK
>se t/e "ollo7ing to e-!ress 6our 7is/es concerning "ig/ting mineral
!ollutions and ensuring ecological re<uirements o" cu!ro!/ilous !ioneers%
- /ish - couldB
- /ish that it
/ereB
-! onl#B
B, that's m# /ish;
a% 0/e "ollo7ing mineral 7or8ings /ave caused mineral !ollutions in t/e
>?A:
- Precolonial sites o" metallurg6 7it/ traditional "urnace
- Pros!ecting trenc/es
- S!en caste mines
- :an8s o" sterile, ground roc8s tailings disc/arge "rom t/e milling o"
t/e ore
- 2round !at/7a6s
- 3ail7a6 trac8s
44
?!eec/ Acts:
E?2r5""i78 Wi"@
- Alluvial mineralised de!osits ('%'T &u. 9%'3T &o+
- ?ites o" 7as/er6 o" e-tracted roc8s
- Eind#orne dust de!osits o" t/e !lantIs c/imne6 caused #6 smelter
activities
#% 0/ese are t/e ecological re<uirements o" cu!ro!/ilous !ioneers:
SOIL
+OISTURE
SOIL +INERALISATION
Li8@3 +54i1m H5aC<
Dr< Bidens oligo!lora
Bulbost#lis
cupricola
Haumaniastrum
robertii
+54i1m
Anisopappus
chinensis
$repidorphopalon
tenuis
Haumaniastrum
atangense
T5m2orar<
;53
1teris vittata 2endlia cupricola
Bulbost#lis
pseudoperennis
UNIT 11
AIR AND WATER POLLUTION
4=
To2ic: 1ollution
Grammar: (umerals, Dates, and .eights and "easures
Socia S!i": Expressing 2egret
Air 2o13io7 is caused #6 t/e release o" man-made 7aste !roducts into
t/e air% In t/e >nited ?tates a#out /al" o" t/is comes "rom trans!ortation
e<ui!ment, es!eciall6 t/e automo#ile% ?mog is a s!ecial t6!e o" air !ollution t/at
is a serious !ro#lem in man6 cities% Air !ollution is #elieved to contri#ute
signi"icantl6 to #ronc/itis, ast/ma, em!/6sema, lung cancer, cardio-vascular
diseases, and allergies% @an6 8inds o" !lant damage /ave also #een attri#uted to
air !ollution% In addition, t/ere is concern t/at air !ollution U !rimaril6 increased
amounts o" car#on dio-ide and smo8e U ma6 /ave long-range e""ects on climate%
Wa35r Po13io7% ?e7age and ot/er o#$ectiona#le organic matter in 7ater
are normall6 #ro8en do7n and rendered /armless #6 #ene"icial #acteria and ot/er
micro-organisms living t/ere% E/en !ollutants in enormous amounts are added to
a #od6 o" 7ater, /o7ever, t/e 7aterIs "ree o-6gen su!!l6 is de!leted, 8illing o""
t/e #ene"icial organisms% 0/e 7ater is no longer sel"-cleansing, ot/er "orms o" li"e
die out, and it eventuall6 #ecomes #iologicall6 dead% 07o t6!es o" !ollutants "all
to eart/ in a "orm o" !reci!itation called acid rain; 0/e #urning o" "ossil "uels
(coal and oil+ #6 industrial !lants releases sul!/ur dio-ide and nitrogen into t/e
air% 0/ese o-ides t/en undergo a c/emical reaction to #ecome sul!/uric acid and
nitric acid t/at are 7as/ed out o" t/e air #6 rain, sleet, or sno7 and destro6 !lant
and animal li"e in la8es and !onds% P/os!/ates !rovide an e-cess o" !lant
nutrients, stimulate e-cessive gro7t/ o" 7ater !lants, and distur# t/e ecological
#alance o" t/e 7aters% Thermal pollution is caused #6 /eated 7ater disc/arged
!rimaril6 #6 t/e electric !o7er industr6; 0/is occurs 7/en 7ater used "or
industrial cooling is returned to la8es and streams at /ig/ tem!eratures% Pot onl6
are most 7ater !lants and animals e-tremel6 sensitive to even a slig/t c/ange in
tem!erature #ut at /ig/ tem!eratures 7ater cannot /old enoug/ "ree o-6gen%
Go""ar<
release F li#eration "rom an6t/ing t/at restrains or "astens (3om% eliberare+
smog F a mi-ture o" "og and smo8e
lung F eit/er o" t/e t7o sacli8e res!irator6 organs in t/e t/ora- o" man and t/e
4B
/ig/er verte#rates (3om% pl5m8n+
disease F a condition o" t/e #od6 in 7/ic/ t/ere is incorrect "unction resulting
"rom t/e e""ect o" /eredit6, in"ection, diet, or environment (3om% boal5+
damage F in$ur6 or /arm t/at im!airs value or use"ulness (3om% v5t5mare+
smoe F t/e visi#le va!our and gases given o"" #6 a #urning or smoldering
su#stance, es!eciall6 t/e gre6, #ro7n, or #lac8is/ mi-ture o" gases and
sus!ended car#on !articles resulting "rom t/e com#ustion o" 7ood, !eat,
coal, or ot/er organic matter
long:range F allo7ing "or or e-tending into t/e more distant "uture
to render F to cause to #e or to #ecome. to ma8e
harmless F 7it/out t/e !o7er or desire to do /arm
to deplete F to decrease seriousl6 or e-/aust t/e a#undance or su!!l6 o" (3om%
a epui3a+
to ill o!! F (3om%+ a distruge
sel!:cleansing F t/at cleans itsel"
to die out F (3om%+ a muri, a se stinge
oil F !etroleum
to undergo F to #e su#$ected to (3om% a su!eri+
to /ash out F (3om%+ a nde!rta !rin s!lare
sleet F !reci!itation in t/e "orm o" "rozen raindro!s (3om% lapovi95+
to heat F to ma8e /ot or 7arm (3om% a 6nc5l3i+
cooling F t/e !rocess o" ma8ing cool (3om% r5cire+
- E/at is air !ollution caused #6H
- E/at is smogH And smo8eH
- E/at is 7ater !ollution caused #6H
- E/at is acid rainH
'% to discharge a% to disc/arge, as "rom o""ice or service
2% to dismiss #% to "ree "rom con"inement, o#ligation, !ain, etc%
3% to emancipate c% to "ree "rom restraint, in"luence or t/e li8e
4% to !ree d% to ma8e "ree
*% to liberate e% to relieve o" a c/arge or load
4)
4% to release "% to set "ree, as "rom #ondage
3% @a8e sentences 7it/ ten o" t/e 7ords and !/rases #elo7%
2ain : rainbo/ : raincoat : rain dance : raindrop : rain!all : rain gauge
: rainmaer : rainproo! : rainstorm : rain/ater>
&no/ : sno/ball : sno/bell : sno/drop : sno/ !all : sno/ !ence :
sno/!lae : sno/man : sno/:shed : sno/storm;
?ome !ollutants are non-#iodegrada#le U t/at is, natural #iological
!rocesses cannot #rea8 t/em do7n% ;-am!les are certain !esticides, agricultural
"ertilisers, radioactive material, oil disc/arges "rom s/i!s and #oats, and various
c/emicals% ;""orts to /alt 7ater !ollution centre mainl6 on t/e construction o"
im!roved se7age treatment !lants. t/e !ro/i#ition o" t/e disc/arge o" industrial
7astes, munici!al 7astes, and /eated 7ater. and t/e reduction o" t/e sul!/ur
dio-ide content "rom industrial !lants%
?mogul este o "orm de !oluare a aerului constnd din "um, cea i
di"erii !oluani invizi#ili% Sraele mari i zonele metro!olitane au mari cantiti
de "um i ali !oluani !rodui de motoarele ve/iculelor, de centralele
termoelectrice i electrice i de alte surse cum ar "i arderea n aer li#er% &nd
condiiile meteorologice !roduc cea !e deasu!ra acestor zone, "umul, !oluanii
invizi#ili i ceaa se com#in crend o !oluare grea care ngreuneaz res!iraia,
irit oc/ii i distrug di"erite materiale% Anumii "actori stimuleaz !roducerea
smogului%
Grammar: N#%erals, "ates, and 'ei$hts and
)eas#res
1= CARDINAL NU+(ERS
- 7/en 7riting in 7ords or reading a com!ound "igure, and is !laced #e"ore
=9
t/e last 7ord:
34* U three hundred and sixt#:!ive
- t/e 7ords do3en ('2+, gross ('44+, hundred, score (29+, thousand, and
million, 7/en used as a de"inite num#er, are never made !lural:
three h#ndred da#s, ten tho#sand people, t/o %illion 2%L
- a is more usual t/an one #e"ore hundred, thousand, etc%, 7/en t/ese
num#ers stand alone:
'99 U a hundred, '2 U a do3en )o!*, ',999 U a thousand
#ut 7/en ot/er num#ers are added one is more usual:
'9' U one=a hundred and one
$= ORDINAL NU+(ERS
- eighth, !i,th, ninth, and t/el,th di""er in s!elling "rom eight, !ive, nine, and
t/elve
- 7/en ordinal num#ers are e-!ressed in "igures t/e last t7o letters o" t/e
7ritten 7ord must #e added:
!irst F E
st
, second F G
nd
, third F N
rd
, !ourth F O
th
, eightieth F HI
th

- in com!ound ordinal num#ers t/e rule a#out and is t/e same as "or
com!ound cardinal num#ers:
'9'
t/
U a hundred and !irst
- t/e article the normall6 !recedes ordinal num#ers:
the seventh s#
- titles o" 8ings, <ueens, etc%, are 7ritten in 3oman "igures:
$harles V, Eli3abeth 00
#ut in s!o8en ;nglis/ 7e use t/e ordinal num#ers !receded #6 the:
$harles the Ci!th, Eli3abeth the &econd
&= DATES
- days and %onths are al7a6s 7ritten 7it/ ca!ital letters:
:rida#, 7anuar#
- dates are e-!ressed #6 ordinal num#ers, so, 7/en reading or s!ea8ing, 7e
sa6:
Kul# the ninth or the ninth o! Kul#
#ut t/e6 can, /o7ever, #e 7ritten in a variet6 o" 7a6s:
Kul# ;, Kul# ;
th
, ; Kul#, ;
th
Kul#, ;
th
o! Kul#
- 7/en reading or s!ea8ing o" years 7e use t/e term hundred #ut not
='
thousand:
')*2 U nineteen h#ndred and !i!t#:t/o or nineteen !i!t#:t/o
- 6ears #e"ore t/e &/ristian era are "ollo7ed #6 t/e letters B<*< (F #e"ore
&/rist+ and t/e6 are read:
'*99 :%&% U one thousand !ive hundred B;$; or !i!teen hundred B;$;
%= WEIGHTS
- t/e ;nglis/ 7eig/ts ta#le is as "ollo7s:

'4 ounces (oz%+ ' !ound (l#%+
'4 !ounds ' stone (st%+
B stone ' /undred7eig/t (c7t%+
29 c7t% ' ton
' !ound 9%4*4 8ilo%
2%2 !ounds ' 8ilo%
- ounce, pound, and ton can ta8e s in t/e !lural 7/en t/e6 are used as nouns
- 7/en used in com!ound ad$ectives t/ese terms never ta8e s:
a ten:ton lorr#
- t/e metric s6stem o" 7eig/ts #ased on t/e ilo)gram* is graduall6
re!lacing t/e ;nglis/ s6stem
- ilo)gram* usuall6 ta8e s in t/e !lural 7/en used as a noun
- in t/e metric s6stem EIII ilograms F E metric tonne 7/ic/ is t/e
e<uivalent o" GGIO;F lbs in t/e ;nglis/ s6stem
5= +EASURES
- t/e ;nglis/ ta#le o" lengt/ is as "ollo7s:
'2 inc/es (in%+ ' "oot ("t%+
3 "eet ' 6ard (6d%+
',=49 6ards ' mile
' inc/ 2%*4 centimetres
' 6ard 9%)'4 metre
' mile '%49) 8ilometres
- 7/en t/ere is more t/an one !oot 7e can use eit/er !oot or !eet (more usual
7/en measuring /eig/ts+
- 7/en used in com!ound ad$ectives t/ese terms never ta8e t/e !lural "orm
- t/ere is no7 a gradual move to7ards t/e metric s6stem in >Y and t/e >?A
'% 3ead t/e numerals in t/e "ollo7ing ta#le containing J;& :at/ing Eater
?tandardsK%
Param535r G1i45 imi3 +a74a3or< imi3
=2
Dm8B 5?c523 ;@5r5 7o354E *-Gi5 *5Gi5
&admium 9%992* 9%992*
@ercur6 9%9993 9%9993
Dissolved o-6gen B9-'29T saturation
Faecal coli @PPG'99 ml '99 2999
0otal coli @PPG'99 ml *99 '9999
?almonella @PPG'99 l 9
Faecal stre! @PPG'99 ml '99
;ntero viruses @PPG'99 l 9
0/e train conductor came round, sa6ing: J0ic8ets, !lease%K A slee!6
!assenger o!ened an e6e, loo8ed u! at t/e conductor, and closed it again%
JE/ereIs 6our tic8etHK as8ed t/e conductor, giving /im a vigorous s/a8e% J5avenIt
6ou got oneHK 0/e !assenger 6a7ned, o!ened t/e ot/er e6e, and s/oo8 /is /ead%
J0/en 6ouIll /ave to !a6,K 7ent on t/e conductor% JFive and si-, !lease% I sa6,
7a8e u!O &anIt 6ou /ear meH Five and si-%K 0/e 7ear6 e6es o!ened again, and a
sus!icion o" enlig/tenment da7ned on t/e !assengerIs "ace% J;leven,K /e
ans7ered%
>se t/e "ollo7ing to e-!ress regret to7ard t/e latest cases o" 7ater
!ollution in 6our area G countr6 G to7n G village%
- regretB
-'m sorr# toB
-! onl#B
.hat a pit#B
.h# on earthBD
=3
?!eec/ Acts:
E?2r5""i78 R58r53
UNIT 1$
SOLID WASTES
To2ic: 1ollution
Grammar: &pelling 2ules
Socia S!i": ,iving %pinions
Gar6a85 a74 R5>1"5 Di"2o"a is de"ined as t/e collection and d#%pin$
or destr#ction o, ,ood waste and other discarded %aterial% 0/e !ro!er dis!osal
o" suc/ 7astes is im!ortant #ecause t/e6 contain matter t/at can decom!ose
<uic8l6 and create unsanitar6 conditions% In ur#an areas, t/e 7astes are usuall6
!ic8ed u! at least once a 7ee8 "or dis!osal% In some cities t/is service is o!erated
#6 !rivate com!anies, in ot/ers, #6 a de!artment o" t/e cit6 government% 0/e most
common met/od o" dis!osal is to /aul gar#age and re"use to a designated
dum!ing site% In t/e >nited ?tates, o!en land dum!s /ave #een #anned, and t/e
dum!ing site must #e a land!ill% At a land"ill, 7astes are crus/ed (to reduce t/eir
volume+ and covered ever6 da6 7it/ a la6er o" eart/% 0/e la6er o" eart/ reduces
odours "rom t/e site and 8ee!s o"" suc/ disease-carr6ing !ests as "lies and rats% A
=4
land"ill site must #e care"ull6 c/osen so t/at drainage "rom t/e land"ill 7ill not
!ollute 7ater su!!lies% Anot/er common met/od o" dis!osal is to #urn gar#age
and re"use in communit6 or !rivate incinerators% ?ome coastal cities dis!ose o"
7astes #6 dum!ing t/em at sea% 0/e dis!osal o" gar#age and re"use /as #ecome a
serious !ro#lem in man6 areas% @an6 land"ills /ave reac/ed t/eir ca!acit6. ot/ers
/ave #een im!ro!erl6 maintained and /ave #een closed "or #eing /ealt/ /azards%
0/e use o" incinerators can cause !ollution o" t/e air, and dis!osal at sea can
cause !ollution o" ocean 7aters and #eac/es% At t/e same time, t/e amount o"
gar#age and re"use t/at must #e dis!osed o" continues to increase% ?ome
communities /ave develo!ed met/ods "or using gar#age and re"use as a "uel% 0/e
7astes are #urned in s!eciall6 designed "urnaces to !roduce steam% 0/e steam is
t/en used eit/er to generate electricit6 or to !rovide /eat "or industrial !rocesses%
St/er communities /ave !romoted rec6cling and com!osting as a means o"
reducing t/e volume o" 7astes% (A"ter New Standard Encyclopaedia+
Go""ar<
dumping F t/ro7ing a7a6
to pic up F (3om%+ a ridica
disposal F a getting rid o" somet/ing (3om% 6ndep5rtare )a gunoaielor*+
to haul F to carr6
dumping site F (3om%+ loc de de!ozitare a gunoaielor
open land dump F a !lace in t/e o!en 7/ere gar#age, re"use, etc% is de!osited
(3om% groapa de gunoi de la marginea localit59ii+
to ban F to !ro/i#it, "or#id, or #ar. to interdict
land!ill F (3om%+ groa! n !mnt care urmeaz a "i um!lut (cu gunoi,
!mnt, etc%+
to eep o!! F (3om%+ a ine de!arte
pest F a trou#lesome !erson, animal, or t/ing. nuisance
!l# F (3om%+ musc
drainage F (3om%+ scurgere
health ha3ard F (3om%+ !ericol !entru sntate
beach F an e-!anse o" sand or !e##les along a seas/ore
!urnace F (3om%+ cu!tor
=*
composting F mi-ing various deca6ing organic su#stances, as dead leaves,
manure, etc% "or "ertilising land
- 5o7 is gar#age and re"use dis!osal de"inedH
- E/6 is t/e !ro!er dis!osal o" suc/ 7astes im!ortantH
- 5o7 is dis!osal done in ur#an areasH
- E/at is t/e most common met/od o" dis!osalH
- E/at is a land"illH
- E/at /a!!ens to t/e 7astes at a land"illH
- E/6 must a land"ill site #e care"ull6 c/osenH
- E/at ot/er met/ods o" dis!osal are t/ereH
- E/6 /as t/e dis!osal o" gar#age and re"use #ecome a serious !ro#lem
in man6 areasH
'% debris a% an6t/ing 7ort/less or useless
2% garbage #% discarded animal and vegeta#le matter "rom a 8itc/en
3% 4un c% old or discarded material or o#$ects
4% litter d% somet/ing t/at is discarded as 7ort/less or useless
*% re!use
e% stra7, /a6, or t/e li8e, used as #edding "or animals, !rotection
"or !lants, etc%
4% rubbish "% t/e remains o" ever6t/ing #ro8en do7n or destro6ed
=% trash g% 7ort/less, un7anted material t/at is re$ected or t/ro7n out
3% @a8e sentences 7it/ t/e 7ords under 2%
4% @a8e sentences 7it/ t/e 7ords and !/rases #elo7%
,arbage can>
Kun : 4unie : 4unman : 4un#ard>
Litterbug>
&entimental rubbish>
Trash can;
=4
&u doar *T din !o!ulaia lumii, ?>A consum a!roa!e $umtate din
materiile !rime industriale ale lumii% &antitatea de deeuri solide !e care le
!roduce este enorm% @etodele actuale de distrugere a deeurilor solide !olueaz
solul, aerul i a!a% 2ro!ile de gunoi n aer li#er ocu! !rea mult s!aiu i
murdresc mediul rural% Incineratoarele !olueaz aerul. gunoaiele aruncate n
mare !roduc mirosuri !estileniale% Am#ala$ele moderne accentueaz
atractivitatea, comoditatea i dura#ilitatea, dar tind s e!uizeze resursele naturale
i creaz muni de reziduuri ne-#iodegrada#ile cum sunt cutiile metalice, sticlele
de sticl i containerele de !lastic% Pentru a de!i aceast !ro#lem, multe
comuniti au sta#ilit !rograme de reciclare (colectare i reutilizare+ a sticlei,
/rtiei, materialelor !lastice i a metalelor%
Grammar: Spellin$ R#les
1= DOU(LING THE CONSONANT
- 7ords o" one s6lla#le /aving one vo7el and ending in a single consonant
dou#le t/e consonant #e"ore a su""i- #eginning 7it/ a vo7el:
hit L ing F hitting, nit L ed F nitted, run L er F runner
- t7o- or t/ree-s6lla#le 7ords ending in a single consonant "ollo7ing a single
vo7el dou#le t/e "inal consonant 7/en t/e stress "alls on t/e last s6lla#le:
begin L er F beginner, deter L ed F deterred, recur L ing F recurring
- t/e "inal consonant o" bias, dial, !uel, handicap, idnap, /orship is also
dou#led
- 7ords ending in an l "ollo7ing a single vo7el usuall6 dou#le t/e l:
appal : appalled, distil : distiller, model : modelling, 0uarrel :
0uarrelling, repel : repelling, signal : signalling
$= O+ISSION OF A FINAL E
- 7ords ending in e "ollo7ing a consonant dro! t/e e #e"ore a su""i-
#eginning 7it/ a vo7el:
believe L er F believer, love L ing F loving, move L able F movable
- a "inal e is retained #e"ore a su""i- #eginning 7it/ a consonant:
engage : engagement, !ortunate : !ortunatel#, hope : hope!ul,
immediate : immediatel#, sincere : sincerel#
==
#ut is dro!!ed in:
argue : argument, com!ortable : com!ortabl#, due : dul#, incredible :
incredibl#, 4udge : 4udg)e*ment, true : trul#, /hole : /holl#
- 7ords ending in ee do not dro! an e #e"ore a su""i-:
agree : agreed, !oresee : !oreseeing
&= WORDS ENDING IN *E AND 6E
- 7ords ending in ce or $e retain t/e e #e"ore a su""i- #eginning 7it/ a, o, or
#:
coura$e : courageous, mana$e : manageable, outra$e : outrageous, peace
: peaceable, replace : replaceable, trace : traceable
- 7ords ending in ce c/ange t/e e to i #e"ore o#s:
grace : gracious, malice : malicious, space : spacious
%= THE SUFFIH :/9
- 7/en ,#ll is added to a 7ord t/e second l is dro!!ed:
beaut# L !ull F beauti!ul, use L !ull F use!ul
- i" t/e 7ord to 7/ic/ t/e su""i- is added ends in ll t/e second l is dro!!ed
/ere also:
sill L !ull F sil!ul
5= WORDS ENDING IN =
- 7ords ending in y "ollo7ing a consonant c/ange t/e y to i #e"ore an6 su""i-
e-ce!t in$:
carry L ed F carried, happy L l# F happil#, sunny L er F sunnier
- y "ollo7ing a vo7el does not c/ange:
obey L ed F obeyed, play L er F player
)= 0e A74 Ei
- t/e normal rule is t/at i comes #e"ore e e-ce!t a"ter c:
believe, sieve
#ut:
deceive, eight, either, !oreign, height, leisure, neither, receipt, their, /eigh
'% Find e-am!les o" dou#le consonants, omissions o" a "inal e, 7ords
ending in ce or ge and derived 7it/ a su""i-, and 7ords ending in # in t/e
te-t J?olid EastesK%
2% Add t/e given element, dou#ling or not dou#ling t/e "inal consonant%
=B
Bed:ing : begin:ing : bene!it:ing : compel:ed : control:ed : cup:ed : e0uip:
ed : hot:er : neat:l# : ob4ect:ed : omit:ed : part:ed : pre!er:ed : pre!er:
ence : put:ing : re!er:ing : regard:ed : regret:ed : root:ed : short:er : tan:
ing : /in:ing;
3% &om#ine eac/ 7ord #elo7 7it/ t/e element indicated, dro!!ing or
retaining t/e "inal e%
Acno/ledge:ment : advise:able : agitate:ion : agree:ment : arrange:
ment : canoe:ing : circulate:ion : courage:ous : desire:able : due:l# :
excuse:able : give:ing : guide:ance : lie:able : notice:able : receive:able
: smoe:# : tri!le:ing : voice:less;
4% Add to eac/ 7ord its ending, retaining # or c/anging it to i%
Alle#:s : allo#:s : bus#:est : cra3#:l# : dr#:s : dela#:ed : emplo#:ed :
empt#:ed : energ#:s : !ur#:ous : heav#:er : livel#:hood : outla#:s : ra#:s :
tr#:ed : universit#:s : veri!#:er;
*% Add t/e ending ing to t/e "ollo7ing 7ords%
Bur# : capture : die : dig : drive : dr# : eat : !an : !l# : !r# : gleam : hurr# :
4ell# : lie : loop : multipl# : o/e : pa# : pour : pre!er : s# : tid# : tie :
veri!#;
4% Insert ei or ie in t/e "ollo7ing 7ords%
Anc:nt : aud:nce : bel:ve : br:! : ch:! : conc:ve : e!!ic:nt : exper:nce : !:ld :
!or:gn : !r:nd : h:ght : h#g:ne : med:val : p:ce : pat:nt : propr:t# : r:n!orce
: rec:ve : s:3e : ser:s : sl:gh;
=)
?!eec/ Acts:
GiCi78 O2i7io7"
>se t/e "ollo7ing to give 6our o!inion a#out noise%
As !ar as -'m concernedB
$ontrar# to /hat is )generall#* believed, - /ould sa# thatB
-'m totall# opposed toB
-t stries me thatB
1eople o!ten claim thatB, but /hat the# don't reali3e is
thatB
&peaing personall#,B
(oise, es!eciall6 noise !roduced #6 mac/ines, has al/a#s been regarded
as a nuisance% It /as also #een 8no7n "or some time t/at persons in certain
occupations can su!!er noise:induced hearing loss% In addition, t/ere is evidence
t/at t/e population at large can experience some hearing loss because o! the
amount o! man:made noise in the environment% 0/ere is also evidence t/at
excessive noise ma# have ph#siologicall# bad e!!ects on humans%
B9
(I(LIOGRAPHY
:enson, @orton. :enson, ;vel6n Z Ilson, 3o#ert, '))9, T@5 ((I Com6i7a3or<
Dic3io7ar< o> E78i"@, Mo/n :en$amins Pu#lis/ing 5ouse, Amsterdam G
P/iladel!/ia
&/ioran, D%. Panov", I% Z Poenaru, I%, ')=2, E78i"@ Grammar E?5rci"5",
;ditura tiini"ic, :ucureti
Di-son, 3o#ert M%, ')4), Gra454 E?5rci"5" i7 E78i"@, 3egents Pu#lis/ing
&om!an6, Pe7 Qor8
2leanu, 2eorgiana Z &omiel, ;caterina, ')B2, Grama3ica im6ii 578595
2573r1 19 Icoar, ;ditura Didactic i Pedagogic, :ucureti
5ul#an, 5oria. 1ctuu, 0amara Z 2oglniceanu, 2alina, ')B2, Com25357J: Ii
25r>orma7J:= E?5rciJii Ii 35"35 45 im6a 57859:, ;d% [tiini"ic i
;nciclo!edic, :ucureti
Ilovici, ;dit/, ')=2, 074r523ar 45 or3o8ra>i5 Ii 217c31aJi5 a im6ii 578595,
;ditura Didactic i Pedagogic, :ucureti
3a, 2eorgeta, ')B4, \0e/nici de simulare n !redarea-nvarea lim#ilor
moderne], n (153i7 45 i7>ormar5 Ii 4oc1m573ar5 a ca4r5or
4i4ac3ic5= S5ria Lim6i mo45r75K nr% 2 (22+, Ins!ectoratul [colar Mudeean
Z &asa Personalului Didactic, ?uceava, *3-*)
3a, 2%, ')B4, \&onversaia introductiv ca mi$loc de !redare-nvare
di"ereniat a le-icului], n Tra4iJi5 Ii mo45r7i3a35 L7 2r54ar5a im6ior
Ii i35ra31rior "3r:i75= L1cr:ri5 Sim2o9io711i m53o4ico-I3ii7Ji>ic 4i7
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