CHAPTER 3 INVESTIGATIVE PSYCHOLOGY MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. From a psychological perspective, three fundamental questions characterize all criminal investigations. Which of the following is NOT one of these fundamental questions a! What are the important characteristics of any eyewitnesses "! What are the important "ehavioral features of the crime that may help identify and successfully prosecute the perpetrator c! What inferences can "e made a"out the characteristics of the offender that may help identify him or her d! #re there any other crimes that are li$ely to have "een committed "y the same offender %. &$etching the significant psychological and demographic features of a person or persons is' a! composite s$etching "! profiling c! a psychological autopsy d! crime prevention (. The )omputer #ssisted *assenger *rescreening &ystem +)#**&! was created after' a! &eptem"er 11, %,,1 "! many plane hi-ac$ings "egan to occur c! the midair e.plosion of TW# flight /,, d! 0.1. )ooper2s hi-ac$ing of and escape from a Northwest #irlines flight 3. #irlines, the 0rug 4nforcement #dministration and the 0epartment of 5omeland &ecurity all ma$e use of' a! )#**& "! surveillance of people who "uy one6way tic$ets c! computerized composite s$etching d! profiling 7. 8sing )#**& +the )omputer #ssisted *assenger *rescreening &ystem!' a! did flag two of the &eptem"er 11 hi-ac$ers "! did not flag any of the &eptem"er 11 hi-ac$ers c! avoids temporary detention of numerous innocent individuals d! is so precise that other countries have now adopted it 9. To improve their a"ility to identify potential terrorists, profile researchers would e.amine which of the following aspects of previous airline terrorists a! income "! destination

c! cultural and social "ac$grounds d! employment :. # nota"le aspect of 0.1. )ooper2s hi-ac$ing of a Northwest #irlines 1oeing :%: is that' a! he was never found after parachuting out of the plane "! the "om" he carried e.ploded without in-ury to other passengers c! profiling led to his speedy apprehension d! the hi-ac$ed flight made it safely into ;e.ican airspace "efore he parachuted out of the plane /. 0ue to the contagion effect, some hi-ac$ers after 0.1. )ooper as$ed for parachutes, "ut none actually' a! survived the -ump "! attempted to -ump c! successfully escaped after -umping d! were successful in o"taining money during the hi-ac$ing <. Not long after the hi-ac$ing "y 0.1. )ooper, the F## required searching or denying "oarding to passengers who fit a certain profile. This profile eventually was recognized as inadequate and incomplete "ecause' a! it was repeatedly challenged as unconstitutional "! cultural, social, and security forces are always in a state of flu. c! it was not helpful, even from the "eginning of its use d! it was constantly "eing revised 1,. *sychiatrist 0avid 5u""ard2s s$y-ac$ing profile' a! was dogmatic and offensive "! identified hi-ac$ers as wea$, longtime losers c! was never esta"lished as valid "y systematic empirical research d! was "ased on valid research 11. *rofiling is' a! well accepted and widely used "! used comforta"ly and frequently "y most police psychologists c! not a frequent investigative activity of police psychologists d! not questioned "y any police psychologists 1%. The primary goal of criminal profiling is' a! to identify the actual perpetrator of a crime "! to identify demographic factors of victims c! to predict su"sequent crime d! to narrow the field of possi"le suspects within a population 1(. To a very large e.tent, the profiling process'

a! is dictated "y the quality of the data collected on previous offenders who have committed similar crimes "! is e.tremely effective in narrowing the field of possi"le suspects to a single individual c! if done competently can identify a suspect, "ut not provide statistical pro"a"ilities d! is "est at predicting future crime, "ut fails in narrowing a field of possi"le suspects to a reasona"le num"er 13. The te.t refers to criminal profiling as' a! a "ehavioral s$etch of an individual who may or may not "e a suspected offender "! identifying and descri"ing essential information a"out a suspected offender c! developing a rough "ehavioral or psychological s$etch of an offender "ased on clues identified at the crime scene d! wea$er than psychological profiling 17. The te.t refers to psychological profiling as' a! a "ehavioral s$etch of an individual who may or may not "e a suspected offender "! identifying and descri"ing essential information a"out a suspected offender c! developing a rough "ehavioral or psychological s$etch of an offender "ased on clues identified at the crime scene d! wea$er than criminal profiling 19. The te.t refers to criminal investigative analysis and crime scene investigation as' a! a "ehavioral s$etch of an individual who may or may not "e a suspected offender "! identifying and descri"ing essential information a"out a suspected offender c! developing a rough "ehavioral or psychological s$etch of an offender "ased on clues identified at the crime scene d! "eing wea$er than criminal and psychological profiling 1:. Psychological profiling has "een in use' a! only since World War == "! only since serial homicide was first investigated c! informally, for over 1,, years d! since it was first used "y the F1= in 1<:1 1/. Criminal profiling has gained popularity in law enforcement circles' a! only since World War == "! only since serial homicide was first investigated c! for hundreds of years d! since it was first used "y the F1= in 1<:1 1<. T> shows such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation depict criminal profiling' a! accurately in terms of actual success rates "! as more successful than it is in reality c! as less sophisticated than it is in reality d! as lower in terms of actual success rates

%,. =f the num"er of actual success stories in profiling is compared to the total num"er of misses or failures, the ratio of hits to misses' a! is e.tremely high "! is a"out 7,?7, c! might "e close to chance d! clearly validates the usefulness of profiling %1. &tudents who aspire to "ecome employed as full6time professional criminal profilers should' a! e.pect to readily find employment after appropriate training "! e.pect to find it e.tremely difficult, if not impossi"le, to o"tain full6time employment in this area c! specialize early on in their training, and networ$ with the many agencies who employ full6time criminal profilers d! loo$ for universities that provide education in the area %%. #n area that drastically needs attention from forensic psychologists is' a! the applied aspect of criminal profiling "! criminal profiling c! profiling research d! educating the pu"lic regarding criminal profiling %(. )riminal profiling @@@@@@@@ restricted to serial murder and serial se.ual assaults. a! is "! should "e c! in the future will "e d! is not and should not "e %3. )omputer "ased profiling' a! may show considera"le promise in advancing accuracy "! could never "e relia"le c! has "een shown to "e relia"le and valid d! reduces the error rate in profiling %7. Ais$ factors that change over time and situation are called @@@@@@ ris$ factors. a! static "! dynamic c! acute d! sta"le %9. #ll of the following could "e dynamic ris$ factors except' a! attitudes "! values c! ethnic "ac$ground d! "eliefs

%:. &ta"le dynamic factors' a! do not change "! change rapidly c! include anger and attitudes a"out women d! change slowly %/. #cute dynamic factors' a! change rapidly "! do not change c! change slowly d! include anger and attitudes toward women %<. &tatic factors include all of the following except' a! gender "! attitudes c! "iological parents d! "irth order (,. Which of the following factors have "een shown to "e "etter predictors of the tendency of se. offenders to reoffend a! static "! sta"le dynamic c! acute dynamic d! past a"use (1. The ;O +modus operandi! that an offender uses to commit a crime successfully can "e considered a+n! @@@@@@@@@ factor. a! static dynamic "! acute dynamic c! sta"le dynamic d! macro dynamic (%. #n offender2s signature' a! is thought to "e related to the unique cognitive processes of the offender "! is relatively inconsistent in its characteristics c! has less sta"ility than the ;O d! is a static dynamic factor ((. # sym"olic communication "y the offender that goes "eyond what is necessary to commit the crime is $nown as a' a! modus operandi "! signature c! static dynamic factor d! criminal communicator

(3. # crime scene that suggests planning and premeditation is called a+n! @@@@@@@@@@ crime scene. a! organized "! disorganized c! mi.ed d! regulated (7. # crime scene showing that the offender committed the crime without premeditation or planning is called a+n! @@@@@@@@@@ crime scene. a! organized "! disorganized c! mi.ed d! unregulated (9. # crime scene showing that the crime "egan as carefully planned "ut deteriorated into a chaotic situation is called a+n! @@@@@@@@@@@ crime scene. a! organized "! disorganized c! mi.ed d! multi6regulated (:. #n offender who $ills a victim and then places the "ody in "ed with the head on the pillow, or in a similar natural6loo$ing state is engaged in' a! ritual "! trophy ta$ing c! staging d! undoing (/. #n offender who $ills a victim and ta$es something away from the scene is engaged in' a! ritual "! trophy ta$ing c! staging d! undoing (<. =ntentional alteration of a crime scene prior to the arrival of the police is' a! ritual "! trophy ta$ing c! staging d! undoing 3,. @@@@@@@@@ often occurs following an autoerotic asphy.iation. a! Aitual "! Trophy ta$ing c! &taging d! 8ndoing

31. *ostmortem psychological analysis is called a+n!' a! victimology "! dead mind reading c! psychological autopsy d! characteristic mapping 3%. 0eciding whether a death was natural, accidental, a suicide, a homicide, or undetermined is @@@@@@@@@@. a! the modus operandi "! a psychological autopsy c! determining the manner of death d! profiling 3(. The vast ma-ority of psychological autopsies have "een done in' a! the 8nited &tates "! 4urope c! #ustralia d! )anada 33. *sychological autopsies have' a! "een found to "e categorically conclusive "! not "een demonstrated to "e highly relia"le and valid c! not yet "een used "y the 8.&. ;ilitary d! "een demonstrated to "e highly relia"le and valid 37. *oythress et al. +1<<(! recommended forensic psychologists conducting psychological autopsies not do all of the following, except' a! not use these procedures in nondeath situations "! not ma$e conclusions a"out the precise mental state or actions of the deceased c! not state an opinion d! not mislead 39. Beographical @@@@@@@@ refers to the analysis of locations associated with the spatial movements of a single serial offender. a! analysis "! profiling c! mapping d! topography 3:. Beographical @@@@@@@ is concerned with analyzing the spatial patterns of crimes committed "y numerous offenders over a period of time. a! analysis "! profiling c! mapping d! topography

3/. The primary goal of the )riminal Beographic Targeting +)BT! computer program is to' a! ta$e into account $nown movement patterns of an offender "! determine possi"le comfort zones of an offender c! hypothesize Chunting patternsD for victims "y an offender d! pinpoint the location of an offender2s residence and?or "ase of operations 3<. &erial offenders who commit their crime near their place of residence or neigh"orhood can "e classified as' a! hunters "! poachers c! trollers d! trappers 7,. &erial offenders who usually travel some distance from their residence in serach of victims can "e classified as' a! hunters "! poachers c! trollers d! trappers 71. &erial offenders who randomly encounter their victims during the course of some activity, rather than "y searching for them can "e classified as' a! hunters "! poachers c! trollers d! trappers 7%. &erial offenders who create situations to draw victims in can "e classified as' a! hunters "! poachers c! trollers d! trappers 7(. ;any professional profilers tend to rely on' a! unsu"stantiated assumptions a"out personality theory "! person "y situation interactions in generating "ehavior c! hard science instead of Cgut feelingsD d! the power of the situation to influence "ehavior 73. 8ltimately profiling is "ased on' a! relia"le and valid scientific evidence "! the assumption that "ehavior is consistent across time and place c! the interaction "etween offender and victim d! the assumption that "ehavior is inconsistent across time and place

77. @@@@@@@@@ "ehaviors are consistent across "oth time and place. a! No "! ;ost c! &ome d! #ll 79. The search for general principles, relationships, and patterns "y e.amining and com"ining data from many individuals is @@@@@@@@@ research. a! situational "! temporal c! nomothetic d! idiographic 7:. The intensive study of one individual is @@@@@@@@ research. a! situational "! temporal c! nomothetic d! idiographic 7/. Aesearch has continually revealed that @@@@@@@@@@ research is far more accurate. a! situational "! temporal c! nomothetic d! idiographic 7<. The fact that police investigators sometimes select those aspects of a profile that they perceive of as fitting a suspect, while ignoring other aspects that do not seem to fit is an e.ample of @@@@@@@@@@@@. a! the need for profiling "! a confirmation "ias c! person "y situation interaction d! a suspect "ias effect 9,. The polygraph' a! detects lies or deception "! has "een in use for a"out %7 years now c! accurately measures and records physiological responses d! is admissi"le in court 91. For the most part, the ma-or use of polygraph e.amination is "y' a! law enforcement agencies "! defense lawyers c! pre6employment screening "y private companies d! pre6employment screening "y government agencies

9%. Those employed as polygraphers' a! may not have had training in psychology and research "! typically hold doctoral level degrees c! are licensed d! are always graduates of accredited polygraphy schools 9(. The most commonly used procedure for lie detection in criminal investigations is the' a! control question technique +)ET! "! relevant?irrelevant question technique +A=! c! computerized polygraph system +)*&! d! countermeasure detection technique +)0T! 93. 0etecting countermeasures may "e' a! done relatively easily whether they are mental or physical "! relatively easy if they are mental c! done only if they are physical d! relatively easy if they are physical 97. Of the following crimes, which would many professional polygraphers "elieve might "e easiest to detect a! theft "! "urglary c! vandalism d! assault 99. 5ypnosis is usually esta"lished "y' a! an induction procedure "! having the person stand c! having the person avoid focusing on any one thing d! using rela.ation medication 9:. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in inducing hypnosis a! the su"-ect2s motivation and desire to cooperate "! su"-ect2s losing awareness of who and where he or she is c! su"-ect2s level of trust in the hypnotist d! su"-ect2s preconceived ideas a"out hypnosis 9/. The one feature of hypnosis that is most trou"ling to forensic investigators and researchers is the' a! induction procedure "! ethics of using hypnosis c! induced confidence in memories d! fact that it is an altered state 9<. Which of the following theoretical perspectives contends that hypnosis is not a special state of consciousness

a! "! c! d!

hypnotic trance hypermnesia repression cognitive6"ehavioral

:,. # police officer who is convinced of the powers of hypnosis may' a! inadvertently suggest events, details or "ehaviors that were not actually details of the crime "! fail to ta$e into account that hypnosis is a special state of consciousness. c! "e the single most important person to interrogate a suspect d! not "e a good candidate to effectively learn induction procedures :1. ;artin Orne "ecame a well $nown authority on hypnosis as a result of his s$illful e.amination of @@@@@@@@@@@@. a! Feffrey 0ahmer "! Genneth 1ianchi +The 5illside &trangler! c! 0avid 1er$owitz +&on of &am! d! Aichard &pec$ :%. When forensic hypnosis is used as a method to recall events that may "e hours or years old, the fundamental assumption is that human memory' a! functions li$e a videotape "! cannot "e altered "y suggestion c! cannot "e manipulated d! does not ma$e up information :(. Aesearch reveals that the accuracy of facial recognition greatly depends on' a! motivation to recall the face "! the type of face "eing recalled c! the face not "eing e.tremely attractive or unattractive d! the face "eing average :3. When a person who has "een seen in one situation is confused with the face of an offender in another situation, it is called' a! source confusion "! the limits of facial recall effect c! unconscious transference d! unconscious mallea"ility :7. #ccording to the own-race bias' a! people may unconsciously "e "iased toward their own race, and thus "e less motivated to identify the face of an offender of their own racial?ethnic group "! people ma$e the most errors in identifying people from their own ethnic?racial group, "ecause their familiarity with their own group ma$es them less li$ely to pay attention to specific facial features

c! eyewitnesses can provide the most accurate facial identifications when they are questioned "y an investigator of their own racial?ethnic group d! people are much "etter at discriminating "etween faces of their own racial?ethnic group than faces of other races or groups of people :9. The differential experience hypothesis e.plains the own race bias as a result of' a! the greater familiarity individuals have with mem"ers of their own race "! frequent casual e.posure to those of other races c! outdated racial "iases d! the fact that television has resulted in greater familiarity with mem"ers of other races ::. The functional size of a lineup is' a! greater the more individuals are in the lineup "! limited to the num"er of participants who resem"le the suspect c! greater if a small num"er of individuals are in the lineup d! the actual num"er of participants in the lineup :/. The nominal size of a lineup is' a! the minimum num"er of participants legally allowed "! limited to the num"er of participants who resem"le the suspect c! greater if a small num"er of individuals are in the lineup d! the actual num"er of participants in the lineup :<. When a witness has initially identified a face, even an incorrect one, he or she will "e more li$ely to choose that face again. This is called' a! a commitment "ias "! an identification "ias c! a confidence "ias d! an overconfidence "ias /,. # lineup in which police present a single suspect to the eyewitness is' a! illegal "! a show6up c! high in nominal size d! legal as long as the eyewitness is confident /1. The #merican *sychology6Haw &ociety Lineups hite Paper' a! is a training manual "! is a document that outlines the legal rights of eyewitnesses c! was pu"lished in an effort to promote ways to improve lineup procedures d! a set of legal standards that must "e followed to avoid dismissal of an eyewitness identification "y the courts /%. 1efore viewing a lineup it is recommended that a witness "e told that' a! the suspect is in the lineup

"! their identification of the suspect is critical c! that the person conducting the lineup $nows which one is the actual suspect d! that the suspect may not "e in the lineup