Bernoulli and the Free Jet

Objectives
In this laboratory you will measure fluid velocities in a free jet using a stagnation tube. You will confirm that the Bernoulli equation can be used to measure fluid velocities using a simple stagnation tube.

Theory
The conservation of mechanical energy will be verified using the Bernoulli equation.

p V2 + +z=C 2g
A stagnation tube will be connected to a pressure sensor. The stagnation tube will be filled with water prior to connecting to the pressure sensor and the pressure sensor output will be eroed with the stagnation tube held vertically !in the same orientation used for ta"ing measurements.# Thus the pressure sensor will measure the pressure at the stagnation point !$igure #. $rom the Bernoulli equation we can obtain the following relationship.

p% V2 p V2 + z% + % = 2 + z 2 + 2 2g 2g
&oint % is on a vertical line in the jet immediately upstream from the stagnation point' point 2. The stagnation pressure' p2 ' will be measured using a pressure transducer. (ince are ero and z% z2 we can obtain

p% V2 and 2 2g

V% =

2 p2

Thus by measuring the stagnation pressure we can calculate the velocity of the jet !$igure #.

Experimental Methods and Analysis

(et up a small jet powered by a centrifugal pump connected to the %) cm diameter column. Install a valve between the effluent of the centrifugal pump and the elbow. Install a * "&a pressure sensor in the bottom of the %) cm diameter column. $ill the %) cm diameter column with %+ cm of water. $ill the stagnation tube completely with water before connecting the * "&a pressure sensor. ,onitor the pressure sensors with the &rocess -ontroller software and apply scaling so the output is measured in &ascals for the stagnation tube and in m.
/ 2 3! p # 2 % )

m s

%/))

20)) p

/2))

+1))

*)))

Pressure in Pa

$igure .

3elocity as a function of stagnation pressure for water.

of water for the %) cm diameter column. 4ero the output of the stagnation tube pressure sensor with the stagnation tube held vertically in air. (et the flow rate using the valve so the stagnation pressure at 5 ) is appro6imately 2)) &a. ,a"e the following measurements and calculations. %# 7hat is the stagnation pressure at 5 )8

(( Tubing with *.2+ mm IC

* "&a &ressure (ensor

$ree Bet (tagnation &oint (tagnation Tube filled with water

2# 7hat is the velocity at 5 ) obtained using equation 8

-entrifugal &ump

2# ,easure the jet flow rate using the *9"&a pressure sensor connected to the volumetric detector. .og the data to file and with the pump running turn the jet so it discharges into a different container. You will use the initial slope of the resulting data to determine the flow rate out of the volumetric detector.

$igure . (tagnation tube and pressure sensor used to measure velocity in a jet

/# 7hat is the flow rate that you obtain from the initial slope and how does it compare with the flow rate calculated using the stagnation tube8 +# $ill the volumetric detector to %+ cm again and measure the stagnation tube pressure at various elevations in the jet. :se ;6cel to plot the velocity in the jet as a function of elevation. <n the same graph plot the prediction based on Bernoulli=s equation.

z% +

V%2 V2 = z2 + 2 2g 2g

where points one and two are any two points in a free jet. ,a"e sure that the theoretical model is plotted as a smooth curve. $ormat the graphs !from 2 and +# correctly !http>??ceeserver.cee.cornell.edu?mw2/?cee22%?lab@report.htmAgraphs #. Insert a te6tbo6 or 7ord object into ;6cel and summari e what you learned and your suggestions for improving this laboratory e6ercise. ;mail the ;6cel file to the TA and to the Instructor.

Lab Setup
%# &lug both * "&a pressure sensors into the middle row of ports. 2# ,a"e sure the middle row of ports is configured with a ma6imum voltage of 2) m3. 2# :se the &rocess -ontroller to turn on the pump and the solenoid valve attached to the pump. /# :se A%/ &harmed tubing to connect the pressure sensor to the stagnation tube. +# -onfigure the &rocess -ontroller at each station so it is monitoring the correct pressure sensors at each station. Apply the correct conversions to both pressure sensors !&a for the stagnation tube and m. of water for the %) cm diameter column#.