Z. angew. Math. Phys.

56 (2005) 529547
0044-2275/05/030529-19
DOI 10.1007/s00033-005-3119-2
c 2005 Birkhauser Verlag, Basel
Zeitschrift f ur angewandte
Mathematik und Physik ZAMP
A continuum theory of dense suspensions
A. Cemal Eringen
Abstract. A continuum theory is introduced for viscous uids carrying dense suspensions (such
as blood) or emulsions of arbitrary shape and inertia. Suspended particles possess microinertia
that make the mixture an anisotropic uid whose viscosity changes with motion and orientation of
suspensions. The microinertia balance law coupled with the equations of motion of an anisotropic
uid govern the ultimate outcome. By means of the second law of thermodynamics, constitutive
equations are obtained in terms of the frame-independent tensors. In a special case, a theory
of bar-like suspensions is obtained. The eld equations, boundary and initial conditions are
given for both the arbitrarily-shaped suspensions and the bar-like suspensions. The theory is
demonstrated with the solution of the channel ow problem. The mean viscosity of the uid
with suspensions is determined. The motions of suspensions down ow are demonstrated.
Keywords. Suspensions, emulsion uids, blood, anisotropic uids.
1. Introduction
When isotropic uids are mixed with particulate suspensions, the uid viscos-
ity is increased. In the case of dilute suspensions, the increase in viscosity was
determined by Einstein in his Ph.D. dissertation as early as 1906:
=
0
(1 + ),
where and
0
are, respectively, the viscosities of the uid with and without
suspensions, and is the volume fraction. Since that time, a large number of
research papers have appeared in literature, improving Einsteins formula some-
what. Nevertheless, the state of dense suspensions remains unresolved. The sub-
ject has been approached from both molecular and continuum viewpoints, Doi
and Ohta [1], Almusallam et al [2, 3], Lee and Denn [4], for immiscible blends
of polymers in dispersed emulsions. Some of these quasi-molecular approaches
are explored in a recent book by Fuller [5], for dilute and dense suspensions,
by considering dumbbell molecules of rigid or exible bars, and polymer seg-
ments in viscous uids. These approaches lead to some equations for suspen-
sions that are not closed. Another modeling employed by Phan-Tien et al [6]
uses the expression of the center-to-center vector between two spheres in a vis-
cous uid that is due to Kim and Karrila [7]. These authors employ the concept
530 A. C. Eringen ZAMP
stresslet introduced by Batchelor [16], as an extra stress arising from the pres-
ence of suspensions, to be added to the viscous stress. In these approaches, equa-
tions of motion of suspensions remain open, and ad hoc closures are suggested.
One may also question the concept of stresslet superposition in a nonlinear the-
ory.
The continuum approach presented by Eringen [8, 9, 10] employs the concept
that suspensions and surrounding uid together constitute a continuum with mi-
crostructures. This continuum is endowed with a microinertia tensor at each point,
just like rigid bodies. The most general model of such uids is the micromorphic
uid, introduced by Eringen [12], see also [11]. Micromorphic uids are proper
candidates to model exible viscous suspensions like polymer melts, or blood ow
in capillaries. If the suspensions are rigid, the proper model is the micropolar uid,
[11]. The balance laws of these uids involve two additional equations of motion;
one for the microinertia tensor and one for the stress-moment tensor. Here, we
are interested in suspensions in Newtonian uids.
The presence of suspensions dictates that we must retain the microinertia bal-
ance law of micromorphic mechanics. In addition, we must obtain constitutive
equations for the stress-moment tensor and the heat vector that are functions of
the deformation rate tensor and the microinertia tensor, with no superposition
involved. Here, suspensions can be of any arbitrary shape whose shape and inertia
changes with the motion. This is particularly relevant to the emulsion of viscous
droplets in uids and blood ow in arteries.
In Section 2, we derive a balance law for the microinertia tensor, and show that,
for bar-like molecular melts, this balance law reduces to that given by Jeery [13],
for rigid suspensions in a shear ow.
Section 3 contains the statements of the balance laws and the second law of
thermodynamics. In Section 4, we develop constitutive equations for both the
compressible and the incompressible thermouids carrying suspensions, subject
to the restrictions of frame-independence and the second law of thermodynamics.
Under these restrictions, we construct properly invariant constitutive equations, in
which a pressure tensor appears, in addition to a scalar thermodynamic pressure
that depends on the suspension inertia. These new eects appear not to have been
noticed before.
The constitutive equations for rod-like suspensions are obtained in Section 5,
both for compressible and incompressible uids. All constitutive equations display
the anisotropic nature of the mixture due to the microinertia of the suspensions.
The eld equations, boundary and initial conditions for arbitrarily-shaped suspen-
sions, are given in Section 6, and those of bar-like suspensions, in Section 7.
By way of providing an example solution, in Section 8, we give the solution of
the channel ow problem, for deformable, elliptic-shaped suspensions in viscous
uid. The mean viscosity is determined. The motions of suspensions down ow are
demonstrated. This solution may be used to determine some of the new material
constants.
Vol. 56 (2005) A continuum theory of dense suspensions 531
2. Microinertia balance law
We consider a viscous uid with dense suspensions of arbitrary shape. Phenomeno-
logically, this mixture is equivalent to an anisotropic uid with mass density and
microinertia tensor i
kl
, dened by
i
kl
=

l
) (2.1)
where

is the mass density of microelements of a particle of the uid mixture,

and is the position vector of a point in the particle extending from its centroid.
The angular bracket denotes the space mean.
The microinertia tensor i
kl
was introduced by Eringen [12] to account for the
microdeformations and microrotations of a material particle of a micromorphic
uid (see also Ref. [10, 11]). It is a subject to a balance law obtained by Eringen
and veried by Oevel and Schr oer [14], through statistical mechanical means from
the atomic theory.
Di
Dt
i
T
i g = 0, (2.2)
where is the gyration tensor. A superscript T denotes the transpose.
It is well-known that, in micromorphic uid mechanics, for a special case, when
the stress-moment tensor vanishes, and

kl
w
kl
=
1
2
(v
k,l
v
l,k
), (2.3)
we obtain the equations of classical uid (c.f. Ref. 11). Here and throughout,
an index after a comma denotes the partial derivative with respect to Cartesian
coordinate x
k
, e.g., v
k,l
= v
k
/x
l
. With (2.3), (2.2) reduces to
Di
Dt
iw
T
wi g(, , i, d, w) = 0, (2.4)
where Di/Dt denotes the material time rate, is the absolute temperature and, d
and w are, respectively, the deformation-rate tensor and vorticity tensor, dened
by
d
kl
= (v
k,l
+ v
l,k
)/2, w
kl
= (v
k,l
v
l,k
)/2 (2.5)
Eq. (2.4) represents a microinertia balance law, which can be arrived at without
reference to the theory of micromorphic uids. In fact, the microinertia ux,
dened by
=
Di
Dt
iw
T
wi (2.6)
is a frame-independent tensor, so that
= g(, , i, d, w) (2.7)
represents a tensor balance law, where the tensor g is also frame-independent.
The generators of a symmetric tensor, for a polynomial representation, in terms
532 A. C. Eringen ZAMP
of i, d and w, may be read from Eringern [15], App. [B]. Here, we give the general
expression of g that is of the rst degree in d and w
g = g
0
1 + g
1
i + g
2
i
2
+ g
3
d + g
4
(id +di)
+ g
5
(i
2
d di
2
) + g
6
(iwwi) + g
7
(i
2
wwi
2
).
(2.8)
The second degree term in i (coecient of g
5
) represents the stretch of a poly-
mer melt. It is a dominant term which must be included for the discussion of
polymer melts and blood ow.
Equation (2.8) can be simplied by considering special cases: for i = 0, g
vanishes. Hence, g
0
= g
3
= 0. When the uid is at rest, Di/Dt cannot change.
This implies that g
1
= g
2
= 0. The presence of terms, with coecients g
6
and g
7
in
(2.8), destroys the frame-independence of , upon combining, unless g
6
= g
7
= 0.
With these, (2.8) reduces to
g = (id +di) + (i
2
d +di
2
), (2.9)
where, we set g
4
= and g
5
= . These moduli are functions of and . With
this, the microinertia balance (2.7) reads
Di
Dt
iw
T
wi (id +di) (i
2
d +di
2
) = 0. (2.10)
Equations similar to (2.10) have been obtained by various authors (c.f., [1, 5]),
under the terminology equation of structure factor. However, most of these
equations are not closed, since they involve a fourth order unknown tensor. Note
that Eq. (2.10), jointly with the equations of motion, given in section 6, are
closed. Moreover, the tensor i has a meaningful physical signicance, namely the
microinertia of the internal structure. The consideration of the surface tension and
splitting of suspensions are not considered here. Away from the state of failure of
suspensions, (2.10) may be simplied further by setting = 0, namely
Di
Dt
iw
T
wi (id +di) = 0 (2.11)
For rod-like suspensions, i can be expressed in terms of a unit vector n:
i
kl
=
i
0
2
(
kl
n
k
n
l
), n n = 1. (2.12)
Substituting (2.12) into (2.10), we obtain
1
2
Di
0
Dt
(
kl
n
k
n
l
)
i
0
2
( n
k
n
l
n
k
n
l
)
i
0
2
w
ki
(
il
n
i
n
l
)

i
0
2
(
ki
n
k
n
i
)w
li

ai
0
2
(2d
kl
n
k
n
i
d
il
n
i
n
l
d
ki
) = 0 (2.13)
where we set
a = i
0
+
i
2
0
2
(2.14)
Vol. 56 (2005) A continuum theory of dense suspensions 533
The scalar product of (2.13) by n, leads to
n
k
+ w
lk
n
l
+ (d
kl
n
l
d
il
n
i
n
k
n
l
) = 0, (2.15)
where, a superposed dot denotes the material time derivative, e.g., n
k
= Dn
k
/Dt,
except on i and j. Eq. (2.15) was given in another context in Ref. [8]. Expression
(2.15) is identical to the one obtained by Jeery [13], for rigid bars in shear ow, in
an entirely dierent way. For rigid bars, a = (r
2
1)/(r
2
+1), where, r = L/d is the
aspect ratio of a suspended bar (ratio of its length to its diameter). Consequently,
a 0. For a = 0, microinertia is conserved. a = 1 corresponds to rigid dumbbell
suspensions.
3. Balance laws
The balance law are:
Conservation of Mass
+ v = 0 in 1 , (3.1a)
[[(v u)]] n = 0 on . (3.1b)
Balance of Microinertia
Di
kl
Dt
i
kr
w
lr
i
lr
w
kr
g
kl
(i, d) = 0 in 1 , (3.2a)
[[i
kl
(v u)]] n = 0, on . (3.2b)
Balance of Momentum
t
kl,k
+ (f
l
v
l
) = 0 in 1 , (3.3a)
[[t
kl
v
l
(v
k
u
k
)]] n
k
= 0, on . (3.3b)
Balance of Energy
+ t
kl
d
kl
+ q
k,k
+ h = 0, in 1 , (3.4a)
[[t
kl
v
l
+ q
k
( +
1
2
v v)(v
k
u
k
)]] n
k
= 0, on , (3.4b)
where, , v
k
, i
kl
, t
kl
, f
k
, , q
k
and h are, respectively, the mass density, the velocity
vector, the microinertia tensor, the stress tensor, the body force density, the inter-
nal energy density, the heat vector and the energy (heat) source density. The rst
set of each group of equations, marked by an a (e.g., (3.1a)), is valid within the
volume 1, excluding the points of a discontinuity surface , which may be sweeping
the body with its own velocity u. 1 denotes 1 1. The deformation-rate
tensor d
kl
and the vorticity w
kl
are given by (2.5). n
k
denotes the positive unit
normal to . In the microinertia balance equation (3.2a), g
kl
are given by the
constitutive equations (2.9). The second set of equations, marked by a b (e.g.
(3.1b)) are the jump conditions at the discontinuity surface . Double brackets
534 A. C. Eringen ZAMP
denote the dierence of their enclosures from positive and negative sides of .
These jump conditions provide boundary conditions and they are fundamental to
the discussion of shock waves.
Excluding the microinertia balance law (3.2b), these balance laws are well-
known in classical continuum mechanics. Since the material points considered in
the classical theory are geometrical points, they do not posses moments of inertia.
In the continuum theory of suspensions, a suspension is also considered to be a
geometrical points with an inertia tensor.
To the basic laws, we adjoin the second law of thermodynamics:
(q
k
/)
,k
h/ 0 in 1 , (3.5a)
[[(v
k
u
k
) q
k
/]] n
k
0 on , (3.5b)
where, and are, respectively, the entropy density and the absolute temperature.
We introduce Helmholtzs free energy by
= , (3.6)
and eliminate and h from (3.5a), by means of (3.4a) and (2.6), leading to
(

+

) + t
kl
d
kl
+
1

q
k

,k
0. (3.7)
This inequality is fundamental to the development of the constitutive equations.
4. Constitutive equations
The set of constitutive dependent and independent variables are, respectively,
denoted by Z and Y :
Z = , , t
kl
, q
k
, (4.1)
Y = , , i
kl
, d
kl
,
,k
/. (4.2)
We decompose the dependent variable set into static and dynamic parts, de-
noted, respectively, by left indices R and D:
R
Z = ,
,R
t
kl
, (4.3)
D
Z =
D
t
kl
, q
k
, (4.4)
where
t
kl
=
R
t
kl
+
D
t
kl
. (4.5)
does not possess a dynamic part, and the dynamic part of is not relevant here.
Of course, q
k
has no static part. is a function of , and the invariants of i
kl
only. Since

|i| is a small quantity as compared to the macroscopic length scale,
we express it as
=
0
(, ) +
1
(, )tri. (4.6)
Vol. 56 (2005) A continuum theory of dense suspensions 535
We calculate the material time derivative of

+
1
Di
kk
Dt
. (4.7)
From (2.11), we have
Di
kk
Dt
= 2i
kl
d
lk
(4.8)
Substituting this and from (3.1a) into (4.7), we obtain

v +

+ 2
1
i
kl
d
lk
. (4.9)
Carrying this and t
kl
from (4.5) into the inequality (3.7), we get

+ [
kl
+
kl
+
R
t
kl
]d
kl
+
D
t
kl
d
kl
+
1

q
k

,k
0, (4.10)
where, is the thermodynamic pressure of the uid with suspension, and
kl
is a
pressure tensor arising from the presence of suspensions, dened by,
=
0
+
1
,
kl
= 2
1
i
kl
, (4.11)
Here,
0
is the thermodynamic pressure of the uid without suspensions, and

1
is an additional pressure due to the presence of suspensions, dened by

0
=
2

,
1
=
2

i
0
. (4.12)
At this point, the reader may wonder why we have not included higher order
invariants of i into the expression (4.6) of . The higher invariants of i, through
the use of (2.10) and (2.11), produce terms in the resulting expression of

, that
are not allowed by the theory of invariants.
The inequality (4.10) must not be violated for all independent variations of

,
d
kl
and
,k
. Hence, we must have
=

tri, (4.13)
R
t
kl
=
kl

kl
(4.14)
Inequality (4.10) is now reduced to
D
t
kl
d
kl
+
1

q
k

,k
0. (4.15)
Consequently, with the presence of suspensions, both the thermodynamic pressure
and the stress tensor are changed.
The solution of the inequality (4.15) is obtained in the usual way (c.f. Ref. [11,
Section 3.4]).
D
t
kl
=

d
kl
, q
k
=

(
,k
/)
, (4.16)
536 A. C. Eringen ZAMP
where, the dissipation function is a function of the invariants of the set Y , given
by (4.2). The joint invariants of i and d are
tri, tri
2
, trd, trd
2
, tr(id), tr(id
2
), tri
2
d, tri
2
d
2
.
We express in the form
=
1
+
2
, (4.17)
where,
2
1
= (
0
+
1
tri +
3
tri
2
)(trd)
2
+ 2(
2
trid + 2
4
tri
2
d)trd +
5
(trid)
2
2(
0
+
1
tri +
3
tri
2
)tr(d
2
) + 2
4
tritr(id
2
) + 4
2
tr(id
2
) + 4
5
tr(i
2
d
2
)
(4.18)
2
2
= (K
0
+ K
1
tri + K
4
(tri)
2
+ K
5
tri
2
)(/)
2
+ (K
2
+ K
3
tri) i /
2
+ K
6
(i ) (i )/
2
, (4.19)
where,
0
to
5
and
0
to
5
are viscosity moduli, and K
0
to K
6
are heat conduc-
tion moduli. In general, they depend on the density and temperature. Substituting
into (4.16), we obtain
D
t = [(
0
+
1
tri +
3
tri
2
)trd +
2
trid + 2
4
tri
2
d]l
+ (
2
trd +
5
trid)i + 2
4
i
2
trd + 2(
0
+
1
tri +
3
tri
2
)d
+ (2
2
+
4
tri)(id +di) + 2
5
(i
2
d +di
2
), (4.20)
q = [K
0
+ K
1
tri + K
4
(tri)
2
+ K
5
tri
2
]

+ (K
2
+ K
3
tri)
i

+ K
6
i
2

. (4.21)
These constitutive equations account for all contributions (to the stress) of
the nonlinear interactions of arbitrary-shaped suspensions with the surrounding
viscous uid. The constitutive equation (4.21) for the heat vector is new, not given
before, except for rod-like suspensions, Eringen [9, 10, 11].
Suspended particles generally possess smaller length scales as compared to the
macroscopic scale L, i.e. |i|
1/2
L. Consequently, consistent with (2.11), the
terms involving second powers of i can be dropped in (4.18) to (4.21), and we have
2
1
= (
0
+
1
tri)(trd)
2
+ 2
2
tr(id)trd + 2(
0
+
1
tri)trd
2
+ 4
2
tr(id
2
),
(4.22)
2
2
= (K
0
+ K
1
tri) /
2
+ K
2
i /
2
, (4.23)
D
t = [(
0
+
1
tri)trd +
2
trid)l +
2
itrd + 2(
0
+
1
tri)d + 2
2
(id +di),
(4.24)
q = (K
0
+ K
1
tri)

+ K
2
i

. (4.25)
Vol. 56 (2005) A continuum theory of dense suspensions 537
The second law of thermodynamics requires that the dissipation function
must be positive semi-denite for all independent variations of i, d and /, i.e.,

1
0,
2
0. (4.26)
These requirements impose restrictions on the material moduli. We observe
that i
kl
is a positive semi-denite tensor, having non-negative eigenvalues i
1
, i
2
and i
3
. Consequently,
2
will be non-negative, if and only if
K
0
+ K
1
(i
1
+ i
2
+ i
3
) + K
2
i
i
0, i = 1, 2, 3 (4.27)
This is fullled, if
K
0
, K
1
, K
2
0. (4.28)
In order to determine the restrictions imposed by
1
0, we express
1
in terms
of eigenvalues (d
1
, d
2
, d
3
) of d
kl
, and (i
1
, i
2
, i
3
) of i
kl
, i.e.,
2
1
= K
ij
d
i
d
j
, (4.29)
where,
K
ii
=
0
+ 2
0
+ (
1
+ 2
1
)(i
1
+ i
2
+ i
3
) + 2
2
i
i
,
i not summed, i = 1, 2, 3
2K
ij
=
0
+ 2
0
+ (
1
+ 2
1
)(i
1
+ i
2
+ i
3
) +
2
(i
i
+ i
j
),
i ,= j, i, j = 1, 2, 3 (4.30)
It follows that, the eigenvalues of K
ij
must be non-negative, i.e., the roots K
i
of the equation
det(K
ij
K
ij
) = 0, (4.31)
must be non-negative. Alternatively,
K
11
0, K
11
K
22
K
2
12
0, det(K
ij
0. (4.32)
The case, i
1
= i
2
= i
3
= 0 gives the classical result,
3
0
+ 2
0
,
0
0. (4.33)
5. Rod-like suspensions
The static parts of the constitutive equations are given by (4.13) and (4.14), the
dynamic parts by (4.24) and (4.25).
For rod-like suspensions, from (2.12), it follows that tri = i
0
, and we have
=

+

1

i
0

R
t
kl
=
kl

R

kl
,
=
2

+

1
i
0

a
1
i
0
,
538 A. C. Eringen ZAMP
R

kl
= a
1
i
0
n
k
n
l
. (5.1)
The dynamic constitutive equations for stress and heat follow from (4.20) and
(4.21), by substituting the expression of i
kl
from (2.12),
D
t
kl
= (trd +
e
n
i
n
j
d
ij
)
kl
+ 2d
kl
+
e
trdn
k
n
l
+
e
(n
k
n
j
d
lj
+ n
j
n
l
d
jk
) + d
ij
n
i
n
j
n
k
n
l
,
q
k
=
1

(K
kl
+ K
e
n
k
n
l
)
,l
, (5.2)
where,
=
0
+ (
1
+
2
)i
0
+ (
3
+ 3
4
+
5
/2)i
2
0
/2,
=
0
+ (2
1
+
2
)i
0
/2 + (
3
+
4
/2 +
5
)i
2
0
/2,

e
=
i
0
4
(2
2
+ 2
4
i
0
+
5
i
0
),

e
= [
2
i
0
+ (
4
+
5
)i
2
0
/2, =
5
i
0
/4,
K = K
0
+ (K
1
i
0
+ K
2
i
0
2
) +
i
2
0
2
(K
3
+ 2K
4
+ K
5
+ K
6
),
K
e
=
i
0
2
[K
2
+ K
3
i
0
+ K
6
i
0
2
]. (5.3)
We observe that the presence of suspensions changes viscosities
0
and
0
of the classical theory. In addition, the stress and the heat are aected by the
orientations of the suspended bars. Thus, the uid has become anisotropic, the
anisotropy changing with the motion.
For incompressible uids, we set trd = 0, in (4.20), or, equivalently,
1
to
5
vanish, and we obtain, for the stress tensor
t
kl
= p
kl
+ 2d
kl
+ ( + d
ij
n
i
n
j
)n
k
n
l
+
e
(d
ki
n
i
n
l
+ d
li
n
i
n
k
), (5.4)
where, is introduced from
R
t
kl
, given by (5.1), i.e.,
= a
1
i
0
, (5.5)
with a scalar a
1
i
0
incorporated with the pressure p.
Equation (5.4) is identical to that given by Ericksen [17] in the case of bar
suspensions. We remind the reader that the nonlinear constitutive equations (4.20)
and (4.21) are much more general. They are valid for arbitrary-shaped suspensions
in compressible uids. These constitutive equations are valid for polymeric melt
suspensions as well.
6. Field equations
The eld equations are obtained by substituting the constitutive equations for g
kl
,
t
kl
and q
k
into the balance laws (3.1a) to (3.4a).
+ v = 0, (6.1)
Vol. 56 (2005) A continuum theory of dense suspensions 539
Di
kl
Dt

1
2
i
kj
(v
l,j
v
j,l
)
1
2
i
lj
(v
k,j
v
j,k
)

2
[i
kj
(v
j,l
+ v
l,j
+ i
lj
(v
j,k
+ v
k,j
)] = 0, (6.2)

0,l

1,l

kl,k
+ [(
0
+
1
i
0
)v
j,j
+
2
i
ij
v
j,i
]
,l
+
2
(i
kl
v
j,j
)
,k
(6.3)
+[(
0
+
1
i
0
)(v
k,l
+ v
l,k
)]
,k
+
2
[i
ki
(v
i,l
+ v
l,i
) + (v
k,i
+ v
i,k
)i
il
]
,k
+ (f
l
v
l
) = 0,

2
+

2

2
i
0

+

2

i
0

v
+

D
t
kl
+ 2

i
kl

d
kl
+ q
k,k
+ h = 0. (6.4)
In (6.3) and (6.4),
0
,
1
,
kl
and q
k
are to be replaced by their expressions
(4.11), (4.12) and (4.25). For small temperature variations from the room tem-
perature T
0
, we may replace by
= T
0
+ T, T
0
0, [T[ < T
0
. (6.5)
Usually, the rst two terms, in (6.4), are linearized, so that
c
0

T c
1
v + (
D
t
kl
+ c
2
i
kl
)d
kl
+ q
k,k
+ h = 0, (6.6)
where, the diusivity c
0
, at = T
0
, and c
1
and c
2
are given by
c
0
=
0
T
0

2
+

2

2
i
0

0
,
c
1
=
2
0
T
0

+

2

i
0

0
, (6.7)
c
2
= 2
0
T
0

0
.
The eld equations (6.1) to (6.4) constitute eleven partial dierential equations
for the eleven unknown , v
k
, i
kl
and . Hence the system is closed.
The eld equations are subject to some boundary and initial conditions. Many
dierent boundary conditions can be derived from the set of equations (3.1b) to
(3.4b), by letting coincide with the surface 1 of the body. Here, we give a set
of mixed boundary conditions that are relevant to a large class of problems.
Let

1 denote a regular region of Euclidean space, occupied by the body whose
boundary is 1. The interior of

1 is denoted by 1, and the exterior normal to 1
by n. Let S
i
(i = 1, 2, 3, 4) denote subsets of 1, such that

S
1
S
2
=

S
3
S
4
= 1,
S
1
S
2
= S
3
S
4
= 0.
A set of boundary conditions on these surfaces, at time T
+
= [0, ) may be
expressed as
540 A. C. Eringen ZAMP
v
k
= v
k
on

S
1
T
+
, t
kl
n
k
=

t
l
on S
2
T
+
,
=

on S
3
T
+
, q
k
n
k
= q on S
4
T
+
,
(6.8)
where, quantities carrying a carat are prescribed.
The initial conditions usually consist of Cauchy data:
(x, 0) =
0
(x), v(x, 0) = v
0
(x),
(x, 0) =
0
(x), i(x, 0) = i
0
(x), (6.9)
where, quantities with a superscript zero are prescribed throughout 1. Clearly,
other possibilities exist.
Incompressible uids
For incompressible uids, =
0
= const., and v vanishes in all equations
(6.1) to (6.4). In this case, is replaced by an unknown pressure p(x, t). The eld
equations are reduced to
v = 0, (6.10)
Di
kl
Dt

1
2
i
kj
(v
l,j
v
j,l
)
1
2
i
lj
(v
k,j
v
j,k
)

2
[i
kj
(v
j,l
+ v
l,j
) + i
lj
(v
j,k
+ v
k,j
)] = 0 (6.11)
p
,l
2a
0

1
i
kl,k
+
2
(i
ij
v
j,i
)
,l
+ [(
0
+
1
i
0
)(v
k,l
+ v
l,k
)]
,k
+
2
[i
ki
(v
i,l
+ v
l,i
) + i
li
(v
k,i
+ v
i,k
)]
,k
+ (f
l
v
l
) = 0, (6.12)
c
0

T + (
D
t
kl
+ c
2
i
kl
)d
kl
+ q
k,k
+ h = 0 (6.13)
The boundary conditions (6.8) remain the same, with =

replaced by T =

T.
The initial conditions (6.9) exclude (x, 0) =
0
, since now =
0
= const.
7. Field equations of rod-like suspensions
For rod-like suspensions, the microinertia balance equation is given by (2.13) and
the constitutive equations by (5.1) and (5.2). The eld equations are:
+ v = 0, (7.1)
n
k

1
2
(v
j,k
v
k,j
)n
j
+

2
[(v
k,l
+ v
l,k
)n
l
(v
i,j
+ v
j,i
)n
i
n
j
n
k
] = 0, (7.2)

,l

kl,k
+ ( + )v
k,lk
+ v
l,kk
+
e
(n
i
n
j
v
i,j
)
,l
+
e
(v
j,j
n
k
n
l
)
,k
+

e
2
[n
k
n
j
(v
l,j
+ v
j,l
) + n
l
n
j
(v
j,k
+ v
k,j
)]
,k
+(v
i,j
n
i
n
j
n
k
n
l
)
,k
+ (f
l
v
l
) = 0 (7.3)
Vol. 56 (2005) A continuum theory of dense suspensions 541

v + (
D
t
kl
+ 2a

i
kl
)d
kl
+ q
k,k
+ h = 0, (7.4)
For small temperature variations, (7.4) can be expressed as
c
0

T c
1
v + (
D
t
kl
+ c
2
)d
kl
+
1
T
0
[(K
kl
+ K
e
n
k
n
l
)T
,l
]
,k
+ h = 0. (7.5)
Since n n = 1, here we have seven partial dierential equations to determine the
seven functions , n
k
, v
k
and T. Hence the system is closed.
Incompressible uids with rod-like suspensions
In this case, (7.1) to (7.5) reduce to
v = 0. (7.6)
n
k
+
1
2
(v
k,j
v
j,k
)n
j
+
a
2
[(v
k,l
+ v
l,k
)n
l
(v
i,j
+ v
j,i
)n
i
n
j
n
k
] = 0, (7.7)
p
,l

kl,k
+ v
l,kk
+
e
(n
i
n
j
v
i,j
)
,l
+

e
2
[n
k
n
j
(v
l,j
+ v
j,l
)
+ n
l
n
j
(v
j,k
+ v
k,j
)]
,k
+ (v
i,j
n
i
n
j
n
k
n
l
)
,k
+ (f
l
v) = 0, (7.8)
c
0

T + c
2
i
kl
d
lk
+ 2trd
2
+ 2
e
n
k
n
j
d
lj
d
kl
+ ( + d
ij
n
i
n
j
)n
k
n
l
d
kl
+
1
T
0
[(K
kl
+ K
e
n
k
n
l
)T
,l
]
,k
+ h = 0, (7.9)
where p(x, t) is an unknown pressure.
8. Channel ow
An examination of the eld equations (6.11) and (6.12) reveals that i
kl
and v
depend on x
1
and x
2
. However, with the linearization of (6.12), it is possible to
obtain a Poiseuille velocity prole.
Here, we determine the velocity and microinertia proles in a channel ow of
suspended small elliptic plates. We consider a two-dimensional ow of incom-
pressible uid suspensions, owing within a channel located at h < x
2
< h,
0 x
1
. The usual assumption for the velocity is
v
k
= v(x
2
)
kl,
(8.1)
Of course, the microinertia can depend on x
1
and x
2
, i.e.,
i
kl
= i
kl
(x
1
, x
2
) (8.2)
However, because of the presence of i
kl
in the equations of motion, the ve-
locity will depend on both x
1
and x
2
. Nevertheless, by means of linearization of
542 A. C. Eringen ZAMP
the equations of motion for the velocity, we may obtain an approximate solution
compatible with (8.1) and (8.2). With (8.1), the equation of continuity is satised
identically. The eld equations read
i
11
x
1
v i
12
[1 + )]v
,2
= 0,
i
22
x
1
v i
12
[1 )]v
,2
= 0,
i
12
x
1
+
1
2
[(i
11
i
22
)
1
2
(i
11
+ i
22
)]v
,2
= 0, (8.3)
and
p
,1
2
0

1
(i
11,1
+ i
12,2
) +[(
0
+ (
1
+
2
)i
0
]v
,2

,2
+ [(
2
+ 2
2
)i
12
v
,2
]
,1
= 0, (8.4)
p
,2
2
0

1
(i
12,1
+ i
22,2
) + (
2
+ 2
2
)(i
12
v
,2
)
,2
+ [(
0
+ (
1
+
2
)i
0
)v
,2
]
,1
= 0. (8.5)
For the boundary conditions, we take,
v(h

) = 0, (8.6)
i
11
(0, x
2
) = 2c, i
22
(0, x
2
) = c, i
12
(0, x
2
) = 0. (8.7)
The conditions (8.6) are the usual ones, with the understanding that suspensions
will be, at least, one internal characteristic length away from the boundaries. The
boundary conditions (8.7) express that elliptic suspensions, having microinertias
(i
11
= 2c, i
22
= c, i
12
= 0, c 0), are distributed uniformly along the height of
the channel, at the inlet of the channel.
For moderately dense suspensions, the uid pressure will not change appre-
ciably, so that we can set
1
= 0. With this, and substituting for i
0
/x
1
=
2i
12
v
,2
/v, from (8.3) into (8.5), we obtain
p
,1
+ (
2
+ 2
2
)(i
12
v
,2
)
,1
+[
0
+ (
1
+
2
)i
0
]v
,2

,2
= 0, (8.8)
p
,2
+ (
2
+ 2
2
)(i
12
v
,2
)
,2
+ 2(
1
+
2
)i
12
(v
,2
)
2
/v = 0. (8.9)
Ignoring the nonlinear term in (8.9), we have
p
,2
+ (
2
+ 2
2
)(i
12
v
,2
)
,2
= 0. (8.10)
Eq. (8.10) integrates to
p + (
2
+ 2
2
)i
12
v
,2
= p
0
(x
1
), (8.11)
where, p
0
(x
1
) is an integration function. Substituting p from (8.11) into (8.8), and
integrating, we obtain
p
,1
y = [
0
+ (
1
+
2
)i
0
]v
,2
= 0. (8.12)
Consideration of the mean viscosity requires that we replace the eld equations
(8.8) and (8.9), by their means, over an interval in the x-direction. For this, the
Vol. 56 (2005) A continuum theory of dense suspensions 543
most appropriate interval is one period of i
ij
in the x-direction. The mean value
of this equation, over one period, in the x-direction reads
p
0
)
,1
y + i
0
)v
,2
= 0, (8.13)
where,
=
0
+ (
1
+
2
)i
0
) (8.14)
is the mean viscosity of the uid with suspensions. Angular brackets indicate the
mean, over one period, in the x-direction. Eq. (8.13) is integrated to obtain
v =
p
0
)
,1
h
2
2
(1 y
2
), y =
x
2
h
. (8.15)
We now carry this into (8.3)
i
11
x
+
2y
1 y
2
(1 + )i
12
= 0,
i
22
x

2y
1 y
2
(1 )i
12
= 0,
i
12
x

y
1 y
2
[i
11
i
22
(i
11
+ i
22
)] = 0, (8.16)
where,
x = x
1
/h. (8.17)
The solution of (8.16), subject to the boundary conditions (8.7), is given by
i
11
c
=
1
2( 1)
(3 + + (1 + 3) cos

1
2
1 y
2
xy

,
i
22
c
=
1
2( + 1)
(3 + + (1 + 3) cos

1
2
1 y
2
xy

,
i
12
c
=
1 3
2

1
2
sin

1
2
1 y
2
xy

. (8.18)
It remains to show that the nonlinear term in (8.9) is negligible in the mean. In
fact, the mean value of i
12
calculated over one period q(y) = (1 y
2
)/

1
2
y
is given by
i
12
) =
1
q

q
0
i
12
dx (8.19)
Substituting i
12
from (8.18), we nd that i
12
) = 0. Hence, the mean of the
nonlinear term vanishes.
i
0
= i
11
+ i
22
has the period q(y) = (1 y
2
)/y

1
2
that depends on y,
along the x-direction. We calculate the mean of i
0
over one period, in the interval
0 y 1, by
i
0
) =

1
0
dy
q(y)

q(y)
0
i
0
dx =
3 +
1 +
c (8.20)
544 A. C. Eringen ZAMP
Figure 1. Mean polar inertia i
0
/c versus
Consequently, the mean viscosity is obtained to be
=
0
+
3 +
1 +
, (8.21)
where, = (
1
+
2
)c has the same dimension of classical viscosity
0
, representing
the viscosity of the polar inertia. Figure 1 displays i
0
)/c, for = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and
0.8.
The periods of i
11
(x, y) at levels y = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 are calculated and
plotted against x for a typical = 0.5 in Figure 2. These gures display the paths
followed by the centers of the discs. It is interesting to note that, starting from a
horizontal position, the long axis of a disc (having an inertia i
11
= 2c) moves along
its path, remaining tangential to the path described by the center of the disc. The
disc inertia i
11
grows, approaching i
11
= 2.288c at the peaks of the paths curves.
On the descending side of the paths curves, i
11
decreases reducing to the initial
value i
11
= 2c at the end of the period x = 2/q. The periods for one complete
rotation of the discs decrease with increasing y. This is as expected, since shear
stress increases with y. The periods, at the levels y = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 0.8 and 1.0
are given in Table 1.
Experimental observation of the period would lead to the determination of .
Figure 3 illustrates a three-dimensional picture of i
11
(x, y), for = 0.5.
Vol. 56 (2005) A continuum theory of dense suspensions 545
Figure 2. i
11
(x, y) at various levels of y, versus x, for = 0.5
546 A. C. Eringen ZAMP
Figure 3. Three-dimensional picture of polar inertia i
11
(x, y) as a function of x and y, for
= 0.5
y = 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
= 0 15.08 6.6 3.35 1.41 0
= 0.2 15.39 6.73 3.42 1.44 0
= 0.4 16.45 7.2 3.65 1.54 0
= 0.6 18.85 8.24 4.19 1.77 0
= 0.8 25.13 10.99 5.58 2.36 0
= * 0
* = indeterminant
Table 1. Periods of i
11
Conclusion
We have introduced a continuum theory for a viscous uid carrying suspensions of
arbitrary shapes and inertia. The uid is anisotropic, with its anisotropy evolving
with the motion. We have constructed a set of constitutive equations that are
frame-independent, complying with the second law of thermodynamics. We have
given the eld equations for several cases, including bar-like suspensions. We have
demonstrated the theory, by obtaining the solution of the channel ow, carrying
elliptic-shaped suspensions.
Vol. 56 (2005) A continuum theory of dense suspensions 547
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A. Cemal Eringen
Emeritus Professor of Princeton University
15 Reed Tail Drive
Littleton CO 80126
USA