Cross Cultural Relationship Spring 2013

March 16th, 2014 Module 3 : Gender Issues Paramitha Mansoer

Universitas Terbuka
Korea Selatan

UNIT 1 : GENDER IN EDUCATION

< 1960

Girls were less likely to be sent to school Boys and girls did not have the same curriculum Girls had given lessons related to house work Radical restructuring in English education Reassessments of the equal access for boys and girls Increasing number of children going to mixed school High levels of sex stereotyping in option choices of subjects However, the ratio of male and female entry in O-level and CSE has changed and fewer female candidates failed Girls have been granted more equal access to education However, it seems that women still remain concentrated in traditionally female sector There were many articles showed that gender discrimination in education still exist Key factor in subject performances are pupil motivation, esteem, teacher motivation and expectation

1960

1975

1980

1990

UNIT 2 : GENDER IN WORKPLACE

 The percentage of working women increases from 40% in 1973 to 50% in 1998. However, the main womens work is different that of mens. Most women worked within the so-called segregated market, which is in worse condition and for less pay.

Standard vs Non-standard Employment

Standard Employment Full-time work Available for all adult menthat is, male breadwinners Higher rate of pay More opportunities for promotions Have National Insurance, sick pay and pensions Non-Standard Employment
Includes part-time, selfemployment, short contract and subcontract Women predominate parttime, short contract and subcontract. However, more male is self-employed. Lower rate of pay Few opportunities for promotions Do not have National Insurance, sick pay and pensions

Part-time Employment
In 1994, 78% of part-time worker are women, and most of them are married women. The age of children affected the number of hours worked. The younger the working womens youngest children is, the shorter the working hours are. Today, part-time worker is considered advantageous because they have been very cheap to employ.

Home Working
Home working is define as people who carry out paid work in their own home and are working in manufacturing or lower-level service sector jobs (ex: inputting data) Majority of homeworkers value the flexibility and autonomy that home works allow 64% of the homeworkers said that the biggest advantage of homework was the opportunity it gave while looking after children Women prefer to become homeworkers because of family reason, but has nevertheless carried with a number of disadvantages such as they have to pay for their working cost, etc.

UNIT 3 : GENDER IN SOCIETY

What is Society?
Comtes model Society has its various parts, each serving some function for the whole, like body organs. Colley (Collins & Makowsky) Society is an illusion when conceived of apart from individual members. Each member of society has its own special function. Durkheim Society is a collective conscience founded on the emotional rhythms of human interactions. Society is based on common moral order rather than on rational order self-interest

What is Society?
Weber There are 3 orders that tied people, economics, politics and culture. Each of them affects humans behavior, lays down condition within which they must make their lives, determines both their views of the world and which people they will associate with. Renzetti and Curran Women and men are treated differently in most societies. This difference occurs not only on an interpersonal level, but also on a structural level in society The family, the school, the workplace, the community can be seen as society

Gender in Work World

For a number of reasons, most societies have allocated particular tasks to men and others to women, so men and women have not usually performed the same work The majority of women at work today are segregated both horizontally and vertically In their majority women work in jobs which enable them to care for children as well as take paid work. In addition, taking a break for child bearing creates a career break and interrupts work pattern Jobs normally carried out by men are also undervalued when women are the majority of workers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kOjNcZvwjxI&feat ure=player_detailpage

Gender in The Family

In a family, wives spent an average of 50-60 hours per week on housework while husbands contribute about 11 hours Most married woman in America are employed, and majority of them, along with their husband said that in two-earner households house work should be divided more equally between spouses. One of the most important factors influencing an equal division of household labor was beliefs that housework is not womens work but rather something family members should do for one another

Gender in Media
Media content mirrors the behaviors and relationships and values and norms most dominant in society. However, far from just passively reflecting culture, the media actively shape and create culture. Magazines, television and advertisements promote what they may call cults of femininity and masculinity. They created the stereotypes of men and women. In other hand, television shows can also be a powerful force in breaking down sexist stereotypes by sensitively and realistically portraying women and men in non traditional roles We must act to insure that the reality constructed is a nonsexist one.