Pollutant Ozone (O3)

A colorless gas that is the major constituent of photochemical smog at the earths surface. In the upper atmosphere (stratosphere), however, ozone is beneficial, protecting us from the suns harmful rays.

Sources
Formed in the lower atmosphere when reactive organic gases, also known as VOCs (volatile organic compounds), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react in the presence of sunlight, especially during hot weather !ources of VOCs and NOx include fuel com"ustion (gasoline, natural gas, wood, oil, etc )# solvents, petroleum processing and storage, pesticides, landfills and numerous small sources such as gas stations, farm e$uipment and lawn e$uipment %oad dust, wind"lown dust, agriculture and construction, fireplaces )lso formed from other pollutants (acid rain, NOx, !Ox, organics) *ncomplete com"ustion of any fuel Fuel com"ustion in motor vehicles, e$uipment, and industrial sources# residential and agricultural "urning )lso formed from reaction of other pollutants such as acid rain precursors (nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides) and organics

Effects
%espiratory tract irritation, chest pain, "reathing difficulties, lung tissue damage, damage to ru""er and some plastics, reduced agricultural yields, and in&ury to forests and vegetation

Prevention and Control

%educe motor vehicle VOC and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions through emission standards, reformulated fuels, inspection programs, and reduced vehicle use 'imit emissions from commercial operations and consumer products 'imit VOC and NOx emissions from industrial sources such as power plants and refineries (alk or "ike to work Conserve energy

Particulate Matter (PM10) *

*ncreased respiratory disease, lung damage, cancer, premature death !urface soiling and reduced visi"ility

Control dust sources, industrial particulate emissions, wood "urning stoves and fireplaces %educe secondary pollutants, which react to form +,-. (alk or "ike to work Conserve energy %educe com"ustion emissions from motor vehicles, e$uipment, industries, and agriculture and residential "urning +recursor controls, like those for o/one, reduce fine particle formation in the atmosphere (alk or "ike to work +evised ,$*,$*$-.pe

Fine Particulate Matter (PM2. ) *

*ncreased respiratory disease, lung damage, cancer, premature death !urface soiling and reduced visi"ility (o"scures mountains and other scenery, reduces airport safety, lowers real estate value, discourages tourism)

Information compiled from !A "#$%&%'(%$$( and http)**www.arb.ca.gov*

Pollutant !ead (P")

Sources
,etal smelters, car "attery plants, com"ustion of gar"age containing lead products, resource recovery, leaded gasoline, deterioration of lead paint ingestion of contaminated dust, soil, paint or direct inhalation )ny source that "urns fuel such as automo"iles, trucks, heavy construction e$uipment and farming e$uipment, residential heating and industrial "oilers

Effects
'earning disa"ilities, "rain and kidney damage 0his is particularly a risk for young children, whose normal hand to mouth activities can result in greater ingestion of lead contaminated soils and dusts 'ung irritation and damage *n children, may cause increased respiratory illness such as chest colds and coughing with phlegm For asthmatics can cause increased "reathing difficulty %eacts in the atmosphere to form o/one and acid rain %educed a"ility of "lood to deliver oxygen to vital tissues, affecting primarily the cardiovascular and nervous systems Chest pain in heart patients, headaches, reduced mental alertness, death

Prevention and Control

Control metal smelters, no lead in gasoline %eplace leaded paint with non1lead su"stitutes

#itro$en %io&ide (#O2)

/ight brown gas at lower concentrations0 in higher concentrations becomes an important component of brown, urban haze.

Control motor vehicle and industrial com"ustion emissions 0urn off engine (alk or "ike to work Conserve energy

Car"on Mono&ide (CO)

1dorless and colorless gas emitted in the e2haust of motor vehicles and other 3inds of engines, due to incomplete fossil fuel combustion.

)ny source that "urns fuel such as automo"iles, trucks, heavy construction e$uipment and farming e$uipment, and residential heating 2igh concentrations can "e found in confined spaces like parking garages, poorly ventilated tunnels, or along roadsides during periods of heavy traffic

Control motor vehicle and industrial emissions 3se oxygenated gasoline during winter months 0urn off engine (alk or "ike to work Conserve energy

Information compiled from !A "#$%&%'(%$$( and http)**www.arb.ca.gov*

+evised ,$*,$*$-.pe

Pollutant Sulfur %io&ide (SO2)

4olorless gas, odorless at low concentrations but pungent at very high concentrations.

Sources
Coal or oil "urning power plants and industries, refineries, diesel engines, utility and apartment1 house furnaces and "oilers, smelters, paper mills, and chemical plants

Effects
*ncreased lung disease and "reathing pro"lems for asthmatics %eacts in the atmosphere to form acid rain Can also harm vegetation and metals 0he pollutants it produces can impair visi"ility and acidify lakes and streams 5reathing difficulties, aggravates asthma %educed visi"ility

Prevention and Control

%educe the use of high sulfur fuels (e g , use low sulfur reformulated diesel or natural gas) Conserve energy

Sulfates

+roduced "y reaction in the air of !O4 (see !O4 sources)# a component of acid rain

%educe the use of high sulfur fuels (e g , use low sulfur reformulated diesel or natural gas) Conserve energy Control emissions from geothermal power plants, petroleum production and refining, sewers, sewage treatment plants Control motor vehicle and industrial emissions

'(dro$en Sulfide ('2S)

6eothermal power plants, petroleum production and refining, sewer gas

Nuisance odor (rotten egg smell), headache and "reathing difficulties (in higher concentrations) 7nown or suspected to cause cancer, respiratory effects, "irth defects, and reproductive and other serious health effects !ome can cause death or serious in&ury if accidentally released in large amounts

)ir *o&ics
(2a/ardous )ir +ollutants or 2)+s)

Chemical plants, industrial processes, motor vehicle emissions and fuels, and "uilding materials

Information compiled from !A "#$%&%'(%$$( and http)**www.arb.ca.gov*

+evised ,$*,$*$-.pe

Pollutant +reen,ouse +ases

5ases that build up in the atmosphere and may induce global climate change. 6hey include carbon dio2ide, methane and nitrous o2ide.

Sources
0he main man1made source of car"on dioxide emissions is fossil fuel com"ustion for energy use and transportation ,ethane comes from landfills, cud1chewing livestock, coal mines, and rice paddies Nitrous oxide results from industrial processes, such as nylon fa"rication

Effects
0he effects of climate change on human health and the environment could include increased glo"al temperature, increased severity and fre$uency of storms and other 8weather extremes,9 melting of the polar ice cap, sea level rise, and the spread of parasites and diseases *ncreased exposure to 3V radiation could potentially cause an increase in skin cancer and cataract cases, suppression of the human immune response system, and environmental damage

Prevention and Control

0horough examination of energy usage at factories and offices and the promotion of energy1saving devices and "ehaviors

*ndustrial and household Stratos-,eric Ozone %e-leters refrigeration, cooling and cleaning
4hemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (474s, 7reon), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform that are used in refrigerants and other industrial processes.

+hasing out the production and use of stratospheric o/one depleters

processes, car and home air conditioners, some fire extinguishers, and plastic foam products

* .es-ira"le Particulate Matter

8olid matter or li9uid droplets from smo3e, dust, fly ash, and condensing vapors that can be suspended in the air for long periods of time

Information compiled from !A "#$%&%'(%$$( and http)**www.arb.ca.gov*

+evised ,$*,$*$-.pe