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Mid 1960s During the Cold War need for bomb proof communications system. Government Agency and few Universities Emergency military communications system operated by Department of Defenses Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) ARPANET system Eventually all Universities with defense related projects connected to ARPANET Military pipeline and communication tool for scientists. ARPA transferred to National Science Foundation. Years later businesses began using the internet and the administrative responsiblilities were again transferred. No one party operates the internet, but there are several entities that oversee the system and the protocols involved
Underlying Architecture of the Internet Who Runs the Internet overseen by a variety of groups to
establish standards
Internet Society (A private non-profit organisation)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) TCP/IP W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) MIT Private Companies oversee the registering of Internet Domains.
We are going to look at the following Architectures How computers send data across the internet How TCP/IP works How Internet Addresses and Domain Names Work How Routers Work How Computers send data across the Internet TCP/IP Hubs Bridges Gateways Repeaters Routers
As packets sent across Internet, routers examine IP envelope destination addresses and determine the most efficient route for sending each packet. (Packets can arrive out of order) Packets arrive at their destination and TCP calculates the checksum for each packet (error checking) When all noncorrupt packets arrive at their destination TCP assembles them into their original form Winsock software (TCP/IP stack or Socket) serves as an intermediary between the Internet and PC Two ways to connect to the Internet and use the TCP/IP protocol Direct connection (via LAN, cable modem, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) line needs a network card & hardware driver) Dialing connection (Modem) Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
The basic idea of communication via the internet is to have two remote sites or computers connected together via a network or transmission line
Dynamic IP Addresses
DHCPDISCOVER DHCPOFFER DHCPREQUEST DHCPPACK
DHCP Server
As networks in other countries were connected to the Internet, they were assigned their own domain names ie Ireland ca Canada au Australia uk United Kingdom de Germany In total there are more than 250 top-level domain names The IP address is a 32 bit number but is now being expanded to a 128 bit number to allow for more IP addresses to be accommodated. Since networks vary in size, there are four different address formats or classes to consider when applying for a network number: Class A addresses are for large networks with many devices. Class B addresses are for medium-sized networks. Class C addresses are for small networks (fewer than 256 devices).
Following introduced to reduce the load on .com domain. Not all are in use yet but they officially registered.
.areo .biz .museum .pro for aviation industry for business for museums for professionals .info .coop .name for general use for cooperatives for individuals
The IP address is usually made up of two parts, 1st part identifies the network, the 2nd the node (host or actual computer). An IP address is expressed as four decimal numbers (octets), each representing eight bits, separated by periods. The first few bits of each IP address indicate which of the address class formats it is using. The address structures look like this: 130.5.5.25 Each of the decimal digits represents a string of four binary digits. Thus, the above IP address really is this string of 0s and 1s: 10000010.00000101.00000101.00011001 Class A 0 Network (7 bits values 1-126) Local address (24 bits, 3 remaining octets used to identify host) Class B 10 Network (14 bits first octet 128-191 + second octet used to identify network) Local address (16 bits, 2 octets used to identify host) Class C 110 Network (21 bits, first octet 192-223, 1st , 2nd and 3rd octet identify network) Local address (8 bits, 1 octet identifies host)
Much of the power of browsers is that they are multiprotocol. That is, they can retrieve and render information from a variety of servers and sources.
Routers have two or more physical ports Input port (routing process run, routing table) Output port (results from the routing process defines with output port the routes the packets should follow) Input queue (holding area for input port, queue capacity exceeded lost data) Routing Table Static simpler and specifies specific paths for packets Dynamic packets can have multiple routes to their final destination (table changes as network conditions change). Two broad type of routing protocols exist Interior (Gateway Routing Information Protocol (IGRP)) Exterior (Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP))