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Definition and Characteristic of Nursing Nursing is an art and a science with a unique body of knowledge that draws from

the social, the behavioural and the physical sciences. Nursing is a unique profession because it addresses responses of individuals and families to health promotion, health maintenance and health problems. a. Personal/ Professional Qualifications of a Nurse Education Nursing is a dynamic profession, located within an ever- changing health care system and continuing education programs are essential in enabling nurses to remain current in nursing skills, knowledge, theory, and changes in health care policy and the law. Continuing education is provided in many different forms by health care institutions, educational institutions, professional and industrial bodies and an ever- increasing number of private providers. Theory Theoretical models serves as frameworks for nursing curricula, clinical practice and research. Service Nursing has always been a service profession, although in the past the service was usually viewed as a charitable one largely directed towards the care of the physically ill. Moreover, they need to work with the client and family, individualizing care, considering cultural and religious differences and providing support for the entire extended family. Autonomy It is an essential element of professional nursing. Autonomy means that a person is reasonably independent and self- governing in decision making and practice. Code of Ethics Self- impelling power to regulate its members Registration Caring b. Nursing as a Profession Professional Nursing is a blend of intellectual attainment, attributes, and mental skills based upon the principle of scientific medicine, acquired by means of a prescribed course in a school of nursing affiliated with a hospital recognized by the state and practiced in conjunction with curative and preventive medicine by an individual licensed to do so by the state. c. Definition of a Profession A Profession is an occupation that requires advanced knowledge and skills that is an outgrowth of societal needs for special services. d. 6 Criteria of a Profession Professional activity is based on intellectual action along with personal responsibility The practice of a profession is based on knowledge, not routine activities There is practical application rather than just theorizing. There are techniques that can be taught.
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A profession is organized internally. A profession is motivated by altruism, with members working in some sense for the good of society.

History of Nursing a. History of Nursing in Rome The first hospitals were established in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire). Fabiola, disciple of St. Jerome, was responsible for introducing hospitals in the West. These were primarily religious and charitable institutions sheltered in monasteries and convents. The caregivers who volunteered their time to nurse the sick had no formal training in therapeutic modalities and cared for the sick as a religious duty. The military, religious orders of men continued to provide care throughout the middle ages. Some of Figure 1: Saint Fabiola the most famous were the Knights Hospitallers, the Teutonic Knights, the Teriaries, the Knights of St. Lazarus, the Order of the Holy Spirit, and the Hospital Brothers of St. Anthony. The hospitals in large Byzantine cities were staffed primarily by paid male assistants and male nurses. During the medieval era, these hospitals were established primarily as almshouses, with the care of the sick being secondary. The dominant caregivers in the Byzantine setting were men; however, this was not true in the rural parts of the Eastern Roman Figure 2: The Knights Hospitallers Empire and in the West. In these societies, nursing was viewed as a natural nurturing job for women. Florence Nightingale came from a wealthy aristocratic family. Her mother was less than pleased with her decision to become a nurse instead of a mother, but her father supported her and gave her the equivalent of $50,000/year today to live and pursue her career. On her father's money, Nightingale lived a comfortable life and was very successful in her career. She traveled all over Europe continuing her education and practicing nursing. Between the years of 1853 and 1856 Florence Nightingale joined the British Crimean War effort as a nurse. During this time
Figure 3: Florence Nightingale

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Nightingale became known as the "Lady with the Lamp," because of her habit of treating wounded soldiers throughout the night. The most famous of Nightingale's books is Notes on Nursing. This book details key nursing principles and practices that make up much of modern nursing today. When Nightingale returned to London after the war she established a college called the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses. Appropriately, Notes on Nursing became the primary textbook for the Nightingale School. This was the first institute supporting professional nurse training. Following Nightingale, nursing as a career grew as the demand for nurses rose with the beginning of the Spanish-American War and World War I. b. History of Nursing in the Philippines Early Beliefs, Practices and Care of the sick o Early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious belief and practices in relation to health and sickness o Diseases, their causes and treatment were associated with mysticism and superstitions o Cause of disease was caused by another person (an enemy of witch) or evil spirits o Persons suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believed bewitched by mangkukulam o Difficult childbirth were attributed to nonos o Evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel demons o Belief in special Gods of healing: priest-physician, word doctors, herbolarios/herb doctors Early Hospitals during the Spanish Regime religious orders exerted efforts to care for the sick by building hospitals in different parts of the Philippines: o Hospital Real de Manila o San Juan de Dios Hospital o San Lazaro Hospital o Hospital de Aguas Santas o Hospital de Indios Prominent persons involved during the Philippine Revolution o Josephine Bracken wife of Jose Rizal installed a field hospital in an estate Figure 4: Hospital Zamboanga in Tejeros that provided nursing care to the wounded night and day. o Rose Sevilla de Alvaro converted their house into quarters for Filipino soldiers during the Philippine-American War in 1899. o Hilaria de Aguinaldo wife of Emilio Aginaldo, organized the Filipino Red Cross. o Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and food.

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o Captain Salomen a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat. o Agueda Kahabagan revolutionary leader in Laguna who also provided nursing services to her troops. o Trinidad Tecson (Ina ng Biak na Bato) stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded soldiers. Schools of Nursing o St. Pauls Hospital School of Nursing, Intramuros Manila 1900 o Iloilo Mission Hospital Training School of Nursing 1906 1909 Distinction of graduating the 1st trained nurses in the Phils. With no standard requirements for admission of applicants except their willingness to work April 1946 a board exam was held outside of Manila. It was held in the Iloilo Mission Hospital thru the request of Ms. Loreto Tupas, principal of the school. o St. Lukes Hospital School of Nursing 1907, opened after four years as a dispensary clinic. o Mary Johnston Hospital School of Nursing 1907 o Philippines General Hospital School of Nursing 1910 Colleges of Nursing o UST College of Nursing 1st College of Nursing in the Phils: 1877 o MCU College of Nursing June 1947 (1st College who offered BSN 4 year program) o UP College of Nursing June 1948 o FEU Institute of Nursing June 1955 o UE College of Nursing Oct 1958 1909 3 female graduated as qualified medical-surgical nurses 1919 The 1st Nurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the practice of the nursing profession in the Philippines Islands. It also provided the holding of exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and December of each year. 1920 1st board examination for nurses was conducted by the Board of Examiners, 93 candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of 93.5%-Anna Dahlgren Theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the College of Medicine and Surgery. Practical exam was performed at the PGH Library. 1921 Filipino Nurses Association was established (now PNA) as the National Organization of Filipino Nurses PNA: 1st President Rosario Delgado Founder Anastacia Giron-Tupas 1953 Republic Act 877, known as the Nursing Practice Law was approved.
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