Pulsed DC Anode DepolarizATION

ESL-TR-9255
PULSED DC AND ANODE DEPOLARIZA

TION IN WATER ELECTROLYSIS FOR
HYDROGEN GENERATION
DR ALY H. SHAABAN
HQ AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUPPORT AGENCY
HQ AFCESAIRACO
TYNDALL AFB FL 324035323
. OTIC
AUGUST 1994
ELECTED
AUG,1JOJI22.51 .
MARCH 1990 NOVEMBER 1992

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QUALITY IliiSPECTED 6
___ j
ENGINEERING RESEARCH DIVISION

Air Force Civil Engineering Support Agency
Civil Engineering Laboratory
Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida 32403
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Auoust 1994
TITLE AND SUBTITLE

PULSED DC AND ANODE DEPOLARIZATION IN WATER ELECTROLYSIS
FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION
4,
6. AUTHOR(S)
ALY H. SHAABAN; Ph.D.
a.
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND AODRESS(ES)

HEADQUARTERS AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT AGENCY
139 BARNES DRIVE
TYNDAll AFB Fl3240J..5319
APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES
TYNDALL AFB FL 32403
9. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADORESS(ES)
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER
ESL-TR-92-55
10. SPONSORING/ MONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
HEADQUARTERS AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT AGENCY

HQ AFCESA/RACO
139 BARNES DRIVE
TYNDALL AFB FL 32403-5319
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
12a. DISTRIBUTION I AVAILABil.ITY STATEMENT
j 13. ABSTRACT
12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
(Maximum 200 words)
This research effort Investigated the effects of anode depolarization and pulsed DC on the
performance of the water electrolytic process for hydrogen generation. An experimental
approach was Implemented using the FmO 1-LC electrolytic cell manufactured by ICI Chemical
& Polymers Company. The FmOH.C had a stainless steel cathode and platinum-cooled titanium
anode. Using a 10 percent by weight sulfuric acid as on electrolyte, the experimental results show
that significant Improvement in the performance of the water electrolysis Is feasible. The anode
depolarization process has the potential of Improving the water electrolysis performance up to
three limes that of the conventional water electrolysis. On the other hand, Using pulsed DC
caused current polarity reversal during the off period of the pulse. Placing a diode in the circuit
prevented the polarity reversal but allowed the electrolytic cell to maintain a DC voltage level of
2.3 volts. The results of pulsed DC are In conflict with those reported In the literature. A boslc
research program Is proposed to Investigate the effects of pulsed DC. anode depolarization with
the use of the state-of-the-art 3D ultramlcroelectrodes.
14.
SUBJECT TERMS
15. NUMBER OF PAGES
WATER ELECTROLYSIS
ANODE DEPOLARIZATION
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF REPORT
UNCLASSIFIED
17
NSN 754001 .. 2805500
PULSED DC
HYDROGEN GENERATION
18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF THIS PAGE
UNCLASSIFIED
16. PRICE CODE
20 LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT
UNCLASSIFIED
(The reverse of this page is blank.)
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of lhis reseach is to document the performance of the electrolysis process
for hydrogen generation when pulsed DC and anode depolarization are used. The resulting data
were to be used in designing an efficient electrolytic cell that meets the Air Force needs.
B.
BACKGROUND
Hydrogen can play an important role in future energy systems because of the diversity of
its applications, the variety of ways in which it can be stored, its environmental advantages, and
the possibility of producing hydrogen using solar, nuclear, wind, hydropower, and other renewable
energy sources. The environmental impact of hydrogen as a source of energy is very favorable .
Signs of the world moving to the hydrogen economy are evident. The Euro-Quebec HydroHydrogen agreement will produce 20 million cubic feet of pure electrolytic hydrogen per day for
use as transportation fuel at Hamburg, Germany, and to fuel a hydrogen-powered version of the
European-made Airbus _aircraft.
The U.S. Department or Defense interest in hydrogen applications is growing fast. The
Army Research Office (ARO) obtained a 500-watt fuel cell design that weighs less than 10
pounds for individual soldier power. Currently, ARO is exploring the feasibility of using fuel cells
for power generation on the battlefield. The requirement is a small, light, and inexpensive
hydrogen supply device which could convert a readily available material to hydrogen of sufficient
purity to operate the fuel cells. If such a device can be engineered with efficiencies much higher
than those of existing methods, hydrogen would play a viable economic role in future Air Force
applications. These applications could include heat pumps; power generation; and fuel for
cooking, vehicles, and aircraft.
Water electrolysis is a simple process where electrical energy is converted to chemical
energy in the form of hydrogen. However, the very use of electrical energy is the major
disadvantage of the water electrolysis. Electrical energy Is relatively expensive, and efforts are
underway to maximize the efficiency of the water electrolysis process so that hydrogen can be
produced at levels competitive with the production of petroleum fuel.
C.
SCOPE
This research effort investigated the performance of water electrolysis using anode
depolarization and pulsed DC power. The research consisted of four major tasks: 1) develop a
laboratory experiment; 2) examine the anode depolarization effects; 3) examine the pulsed DC
power operation; and 4) examine the combined effects of pulsed DC and anode depolarization.
Due to the lack of 6.1 funds, only the first task was completed while the second and third tasks
were partially accomplished.
iii
D.
RESULTS
The experimental results show that significant improvement in the performance of the
water electrolysis is feasible. Using sulfur dioxide as anode depolarizer dissolved in a 10 percent
by weight sulfuric acid anolyte has the potential of improving the process performance up to three
times that of the conventional water electrolysis. In the case of pulsed DC, the results are in
conflict with those reported in the literature, and further work is needed to settle the issue of using
pulsed DC in water electrolysis.
E.
RECOMMENDATIONS
This research offers many potential payoffs that would benefit the Air Force and other
branches of the United States Government. Given a clearer understanding of the electrolytic
process behavior at ionic level, advances are possible in the areas of electrode material and
design, depolarizers, and electrolytes. Therefore, a basic research program is recommended and
a new design based on the state-of-the-art ultramicroelectrode technology, is proposed. The use
of these three-dimensional electrodes will increase the contact time with the depolarizer material
which translate to larger hydrogen production. The hydrogen yield density is expected to be 1
to 2 order of magnitude greater than the conventional two-dimensional electrodes.
The overall
goal of the proposed research is to explicitly account for the characteristics of the double-layer
and the nature of the oxidation process at the anode in describing the electrolytic process
behavior under varied loading conditions.
iv
PREFACE
This report was prepared by the Air Force Civil Engineering Support Agency (AFCESA),
Research, Development, and Acquisition Division, Air Base Operability and Repair (RACO) and
Applied Research Associates (ARA). ARA efforts were performed under SETA Contract Number
F08635-C-88-0067.
The author wishes to express his gratitude to Mr Edgar Alexander for his interest in this
project and continuous encouragement and support during the course of this effort. The author
wishes to thank Dr Lany C. Muszynski for his help during the course of this effort and Mr Daniel
J. Weston for his contributions in setting up the experiment and the design of the electrical setup.
This report summarizes work done between June 1991 and November 1992. Mr Edgar
Alexander was the AFCESA Project Officer.
This report has been reviewed by the Public Affairs Office and is releasable to the National
Technical Information Service (NTIS). At NTIS, it will be available to general public, including
foreign nations.
This technical report has been reviewed and is approved for publication.
~::I
Frank P Gallagher Ill, Col, USAF
Director, Air Force Civil Engineering Laboratory
Eddr;-;,lexander,
Project Manager,
Chief, Airbase Operability and Repair Branch
Ao<~eesian
'------
7-*f.U./..JJ:k
Felix T. Uhlik, Lt. Col., USAF
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Chief, Engineering Research Division
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Section
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.
OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.
BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....
..
...
..
1
1
1
2
WATER ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.
WATER ELECTROLYSIS THERMODYNAMICS . . . .
B.
DOUBLE-LAYER THEORY- ELECTRIFIED INTERFACE . .
C.
IMPROVEMENT IN WATER ELECTROLYSIS . . . . . . . . . .
1.
Anode Depolarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
Pulsed DC Power .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Ill
EXPERIMENTAL WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.
EXPERIMENT SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.
LABORATORY TEST SERIES ......................
1.
Baseline Test, Non-pulsed DC Power . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
Pulsed DC Power. ..........................
3.
Baseline Anode Depolarization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
9
11
11
11
14
IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................. .

A.
PULSED DC POWER .......................... .
B.
BASELINE ANODE DEPOLARIZATION ............ .
15
15
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................. .

A.
CONCLUSIONS ............................. .
B.
RECOMMENDATIONS ...................... .
C.
PROPOSED RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ........... .
D.
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE ............ .
Laboratory experiment ..........
Task 1.
Theoretical Modeling ............ .
Task 2.
Develop Quantitative Description
Task 3.
32
32
32
32
II
REFERENCES ......................... .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
. ' . ' ........
''."
......
'.'
APPENDIX A WAVEFORMS' DIGITIZED DATA .
Vii
. . . . . .
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...........
...........
...........
0.
,,
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....
....
....
....
.... ..... ' '

'
.........
"
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....
...
6
8
30
33
33
35
36
37
"
.....
'
3
5
5
'
'
39
4'7
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Title
Arrangement Of Charges And Orientated Dipoles In The Double-Layer Concept . . 9

Water Electrolysis Experiment Setup . .
. .......... .........
9
10
Electrolyzer Exploded View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Experiment Electrical and Instrument Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
Current Decay Characteristics of The ICI Electrolyzer with 10 Percent By Weight Sulfuric
Acid Operating at 2. 8 volts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Performance Characteristics of the ICI Electrolyzer Using 10 Percent By Weight Sulfuric
Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Hydrogen Yield vs. Cell Potential for 10 Percent By Weight Sulfuric Acid.
13
Applied Current Polarity Reversal. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Experiment Setup Response For 10 Percent Duty Cycle and 10 Hz Pulse at 100
cern Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Experiment Setup Response For 10 Percent Duty Cycle and 500Hz Pulse at 100
cern Hydrogen Yield. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Experiment Setup Response For 10 Percent Duty Cycle and 1 kHz Pulse at 100
cern Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Experiment Setup Response For 10 Percent Duty Cycle and 5 kHz Pulse at 100 cern
Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 18
Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Experiment Setup Response For 10 Percent Duty Cycle and 25kHz Pulse at 100
cern Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
cern Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 20
Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Experiment Setup Response For 25 Percent Duty Cycle and 10kHz Pulse at100
cern Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
cern Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
cern Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
... ... .
22
cern Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
viii
LIST OF FIGURES (Concluded)
Figure
25
Title
Experiment Setup Response For 50 Percent Duty Cycle and 40 kHz Pulse at 100 ccm
Hydrogen Yield. . ....
25
Experiment Setup Response For 80 Percent Duty Cycle and 10 Hz Pulse at 100 ccm
Hydrogen Yield. . ...........
25
ccm Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... , .
26
Hydrogen Yield. . .....................................
26
Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Hydrogen Yield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................
28
Experiment Setup Circuit Power Demands. . .. , ........
28
Electrolyzer Power Demands (power vs. duty cycle) . . . . . . . .
....
29
Electrolyzer Power Demands (power vs. frequency) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Performance Characteristics of the ICI Electrolyzer With S02 Saturated Anolyte. . . 30
Anode Depolarized Hydrogen Generation Rate vs. Power Demand. . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
0
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
ix
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
The principal objective of this research is to examine the effects of pulsed DC power and
anode depolarization on the performance of the water electrolysis process. The resulting data
then to be used in the design of an efficient electrolytic machine that meets Air Force needs.
B.
BACKGROUND
Hydrogen can play an important role in future energy systems because of the diversity of
its applications, the variety of ways in which it can be stored, its environmental advantages, and
the possibility of producing hydrogen using solar, nuclear, wind, hydropower, and other renewable
energy sources. The ecvironmental impact of hydrogen as a source of energy is very favorable.
It bums cleanly and can be obtained from water with water vapor as its combustion product.
The present market for hydrogen is limited to food hydrogenation, ammonia, and
metallurgical processes. In the future, when the so-called hydrogen economy starts to take place,
energy will be a major hydrogen user market which will dwarf the present market Hydrogen
applications in energy areas range from consumption of hydrogen as a fuel (e.g. transportation
fuel, home heating and cooking, etc.) to closed cycle applications as in the metal hydrides heat
pump. Signs of the world moving to the hydrogen economy are evident The Euro-Quebec
Hydro-Hydrogen agreement [1] will produce 20 million cubic feet of pure electrolytic hydrogen per
day for use as transportation fuel at Hamburg, Germany, and to fuel a hydrogen-powered version
of the European-made Airbus aircraft.
Combined with other elements hydrogen can be found in abundance. For example, one
mole of water consists of one mole of hydrogen combined with half a mole of oxygen. Several
methods were devised to liberate hydrogen from hydrides. Water electrolysis is the commercially
applied process to obtain hydrogen from water at 99.99 percent purity. Water electrolysis is a
simple process where electrical energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of hydrogen.
However, the very use of electrical energy is the major disadvantage of the water electrolysis.
Electrical energy is relatively expensive and efforts are underway to maximize the efficiency of
the water electrolysis process so that hydrogen can be produced at levels competitive with the
production of petroleum fuel.
The U.S. Department of Defense interest in hydrogen applications is growing fast. The
Army Research Office (ARO) obtained a 500-watt fuel cell design that weighs less than 10
pounds for individual soldier power. Currently, ARO is exploring the feasibility of using fuel cells
for power generation on the battlefield. The requirement is a small, light, and inexpensive
hydrogen supply device which could convert a readily available material to hydrogen of sufficient
purity to operate the fuel cells. If such a device can be engineered with efficiencies much higher
than those of existing methods, hydrogen would play a viable economic role in future Air Force
applications. These applications could include heat pumps; power generation; and fuel for
cooking, vehicles, and aircraft.
C.
SCOPE
This effort experimentally studied the performance of water electrolysis for hydrogen
generation under two concepts: (1) the depolarization of the anode using sulfur dioxide to
reduce/eliminate the anodic losses; and (2) the use of pulsed DC electric power instead of the
nonpulsed DC currently used.
The effort involved the development of a laboratory experiment which consisted of a series
of tests using the Fm01-LC electrolytic cell, manufactured by ICI Chemicals & Polymers. The
tests were divided into four series: (1) A nonpulsed DC power test set to determine the cell's
baseline performance; (2) Anode depolarization under nonpulsed DC power test set to determine
the cell baseline performance efficiency using sulfur dioxide as anode depolarizer; (3) A pulsed
DC power test set to determine the cell performance as a function of the pulsed energy
parameters; and (4) Anode depolarization under pulsed DC power test set. Due to cuts in 6.1
findings, only the first three were partially accomplished.
SECTION II
WATER ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS
WATER ELECTROLYSIS THERMODYNAMICS
In the conventional electrolysis of water, hydrogen is generated by electrolyzing an acidic

or alkaline aqueous solution. The overall reaction takes place as follows :
(1)
where the electrical energy is converted to chemical energy as hydrogen. The reaction at the
electrodes can be as follows:
a.
Cathode (Hydrogen Electrode)
2H20
b,
2e-
H2
20W
(2)
Anode (Oxygen Electrode}
ow ~ 1 0:z
2
+ H2 0 + 2e-
(3)
In this process water is consumed and only two electrons are involved in the dissociation
of one molecule of water. There are no side reactions in water electrolysis that could yield
undesirable products, so the process is clean and requires no extra separation or purification of
products.
The first law of thermodynamics for an open system states that :
Q- W = AH
(4)
w.
where Q is the heat added to the system,

is the useful work done by the system and I>H is
the change in system enthalpy. Since the work done is the electrical energy applied to the
electrolyzer, W, is given as :
Ws = -nFE
where:
n
F
is the number of electrons transferred;

23,074 callvoltgm equiv; and
is the Faraday constant;
is the electric potential applied to the cell in volts.
manipulating Equations (4 and 5) gives
(5)
t:.H- Q
(6)
nF
For isothermal reversible process (no losses), Q is given as
(7)
Q,... = T t:.S
where T is temperature and .oS is the change in system entropy. Substituting Equation (7) into
Equation (6) results in the definition of the cell reversible potential below which neither hydrogen
nor oxygen can be generated.
= t:.H - Tt:.S
(8)
nF
(,;.H-T.oS) is the change in the system Gibbs free energy ,;.G . At standard conditions ( 25 'C and
1 atm ) ,;.H equals 68,320 callgmole and ,;.G equals 56,690 callgmole. Therefore, the cell
reversible potential equals to
E
ff1V
t:. G =
nF
56,690 a
2 (23,074)
1.23 volts
(9)
Because of the inefficiencies in the electrolysis process, the potential required to drive an
electrolysis cell at a practical hydrogen generation rate ( i.e. current, /, which is proportionate to
hydrogen generation) is higher than the cell reversible potential. In Equation (6), n and F are
constants, and for the same conditions of pressure, temperature, and electrolyte concentration,
91 is constant and Q will change as E changes. As the process becomes irreversible and
inefficient, Q decreases and eventually becomes negative where electric energy is wasted as
heat At the point where no heat need to be added to the cell ( Q=O ) and all energy needed is
supplied by electrical energy, the corresponding cell potential is called the thermoneutral voltage.
This potential is given by :
E-
t:.H
= --
nF
1.48 volts
(1 0)
However, current cell design requires operating voltages higher than the thermoneutral voltage.
At these operating voltages, part of the electrical energy is lost as heat which raises the cell
temperature and requires cell cooling.
The operating potential of an electrolyzer is given by:
E = E,...
Losses
(11)
where the electrolysis process losses are :
Losses = EIIIIOdo E - + Emt + IR
(12)
----------------------------------------------------------------
where
E"""'" is anode activation overpotential

E"''""'*' is cathode activation overpotential
Em,
is mass transfer overpotential
IR
is ohmic overpotential ( I is current and R is cell resistance which include
electrolyte, electrode, and terminals )
The efficiency of a conventional electrolysis cell is given by:
6.H
'11 =
Etl>mm
ll.G + losses
(13)
Therefore, under ideal conditions (no losses or reversible process), the production of hydrogen
will take place with an efficiency of 120 percent, and at therrnoneutral conditions the cell efficiency
is 100 percent
Current electrolyzers are running at 75 percent efficiency. The exergy analysis of the
water electrolysis process shows the majority of the losses are caused by the cell internal design
and not external emission. To reach higher electrolysis efficiency, current research efforts are
devoted to optimizing cell design to reduce internal losses.
B.
DOUBLE-LAYER THEORY- ELECTRIFIED INTERFACE
In the interior laminas of an electrolyte, the net charge is zero. This is because the
solvent dipoles are in random orientation and equal distribution of positive and negative charges
exists. For the ion discharge to take place, the electrical charge on the electrode has to be
matched by an opposite charge in the electrolyte across the electrode-electrolyte interface where
a potential difference arises. Therefore, upon applying an electrical field, the electrical forces
operating at the electrode-electrolyte interface give rise to another arrangement of solvent dipoles
and charged species. A net orientation of solvent dipoles and a net or access charge on a lamina
parallel to the electrode are established. The existence of two oppositely charged layers gave
rise to the term double-layer. The term double-layer is used to describe the arrangement of
charges and orientated dipoles constituting the interphase region at the boundary of the
electrolyte. Figure 1 shows the electrified interface in the double-layer concept The charge and
discharge of the double-layer could play a role in improving the performance of water electrolysis .
C.
IMPROVEMENT IN WATER ELECTROLYSIS
The thermodynamic analysis of water electrolysis indicates that the electrical energy
required for a practical dissociation rate can be reduced if the number of electrons involved in the
reaction (Equation 6) is maximized and the losses that increase the cell potential (Equation 11)
are minimized. The activation overpotential is one of these losses and represents the energy
required to overcome the surface potential barrier which retards the ionic discharge processes
to the electrodes. The activation overpotential is largely at the anode [2] and represents most of
the losses in the electrolyzer cell. In order to enhance the ionic discharge, and thus the hydrogen
evolution rate, we must diminish the energy barrier at the anode. However, diminishing the anode
overpotential by using catalysts [3] while keeping oxygen evolution is expensive and will not
reduce the cell potential below the reversible potential of 1.23 volts.
-------------------------------Anode
Layer 1
Figure 1 :
Arrangement Of Charges And Orientated Dipoles In The Double-Layer Concept
If the oxygen el01ution is replaced by another anodic reaction that takes place at lower
potential than that of oxygen, then the cell potential (Equation 6) would be reduced. This process
is called anode depolarization. Further, if the new anodic reaction involves more electrons, then
the reversible potential, E.... and hence the cell potential, E, would be reduced dramatically.
Another likely approach to enhance ion discharge [4] would be a modification to the
conventional electrolysis process and would involve assisting the electrochemical reaction by
supplying either part or all of the energy required to overcome the surface potential barrier by
using some energy form other than DC electric energy. In this area Brookhaven National
Laboratory (BNL) [5] identified the utilization of heat and electricity in water vapor electrolysis,
while Gutmann and Murphy [4] suggested the use of pulsed DC.
One major disadvantage in water electrolysis is the use of electricity as raw energy. If the
electricity is produced by a thermal conversion of coal or oil, the Camet limitation is applied,
thereby limiting the process's overall efficiency. Renewable energy such as solar/photovoltaic,
wind power, and hydroelectric power are attractive raw energy sources for water electrolysis. The
use of solar energy in water electrolysis for hydrogen production has been studied in laboratory
settings using a poly crystalline Si photovoltaic 100 W generator [6]. During the same period it
has been demonstrated on a practical scale at an existing 350 kW photovoltaic site in Saudi
Arabia [7]. This link between photovoltaic power and electrolysis eliminated the complex power
conditioning interface required when AC electric energy is used and, in tum, eliminated the losses
encountered in converting AC to DC.
1.
Anode Depolarization
In the electrochemical decomposition of water, the overpotential in the splitting of

water is largely at the anode. A lower anodic overpotential can be expected if some alternative
anodic product other than oxygen can be produced. This can be achieved by introducing a
depolarizer into the anolyte. The depolarizer must be sufficiently cheap while the anodic product
must be nontoxic, easy to remove from anolyte, and marketable.

Work on anode depolarization for hydrogen production was reported as early as
1967 by Juda and Moulton [8). In their search for cheap hydrogen to be used in the nitrogen
fertilizer industry, they used sulfur dioxide (S02) as an anode depolarizer which had been used
earlier as an anode depolarizer in the electrolysis of copper sulfate for electroplating. In their
experiment, a 30 percent sulfuric acid was used as electrolyte and a 6 percent sulfurous acid was
pumped through the porous carbon anode. They found that hydrogen could be produced
cathodically while sulfur dioxide is oxidized anodically to sulfuric acid (H 2 S0 4). The effect of S02
oxidation is reported to reduce the cell potential approximately 0.8 volts below that of
nondepolarized ceiL Conversely, the reaction would yield sulfur on the electrodes, so a cheap
method would be needed to utilize the sulfur and recover it successfully [4). Since the publication
of Juda and Moulton's work [8], much work has been published on developments in the
technology of sulfur dioxide depolarized electrolysis. For example, Lu et al [9] studied the effect
of H2 SO 4 concentration on the operation of S0 2-depolarized electrolyzers.. They reported that
optimum acid concentration is about 30 percent by weight where the observed cell potential is
0. 71 at 200 mNcm2 . They observed that cell potential increased significantly with acid
concentration.
Recent attempts to explore suitable depolarizer reactions have concentrated on the
oxidation of fuel-like substances such as coal [1116), methanol [17], and glucose [18). All such
reactions can be represented by the following general reaction:
(14)
where F is the fuel-like molecule which becomes oxidized to FO, with generation of hydrogen ions
and electrons. The oxidation of the fuel-like molecule insures favorable thermodynamics in the
form of a reversible potential more negative than oxygen evolution.
Renewable organic materials such as biomass (animal manures, sewage sludge,
or food processing wastes) which contain too little caloric value to make them practical alternate
sources of energy can be used as depolarizers. Dhooge and Henson [19] investigated the
reaction rates and activation energies for the catalyzed electrolytic oxidation of wood chips, cattle
manure, and municipal sewage sludge. They showed that the process is practical and can be
used to produce hydrogen at potential of 1 volt with carbon dioxide and methane as anodic
products.
Bockris, Dandapani, Cocke, and Ghoroghchian [10] reported that the use of lignite
and anthracite as depolarizers has created a new field for coal slurry electrolysis. Using coal as
anode depolarizer, Coughlin and Farooque [11-13] found the potential for C02 evolution about 1. 0
volt. Current densities were very low around 0.01 to 0.02 mNcm 2 , not enough for commercial
operations. Their work was carried out in coal slurries in sulfuric acid solution and the electrodes
were platinum screens. They attributed the current obtained to the direct oxidation of coal
particles at the anode surface. Okada et al [19] disputed some of Coughlin and Farooque's
findings on the basis that acid washing of coal removed the reactive compounds. Dhooge and
Park [20-22] indicated that much of the electrode depolarization reaction observed by Coughlin
and Farooque was a result of the oxidation of ferrous ions that were leached out of the coal by
the sulfuric acid. Further, production of hydrogen on large scale should avoid carbon compounds
as depolarizers because their use injects an increasing amount of C0 2 into the atmosphere.
Other anode depolarizers suggested by Gutmann and Murphy [4] are NO, which
can be obtained from stack gases, and sea water. In the case of sea water, the expected anodic
product is chlorine. The industrial production of chlorine by brine electrolysis is a large industry
and involves sophisticated technologies. Adaptation of these technologies could yield efficient
electrolyzers for hydrogen production. One advantage of the anode depolarization process is that
instead of oxygen evolution at the anode there will be some valuable by-products that can be sold
and further reduce hydrogen production costs.
2.
Pulsed DC Power
Using a mechanically interrupted DC power supply, Bockris et. al. [14, 15] reported
two phenomena in 1952. Immediately upon application of voltage to an electrochemical system,
a high but short-lived current spike is observed. When the applied voltage is disconnected,
significant current continues to flow for a short time. They explained the first phenomenon as a
double-layer capacitance-charging transient, followed by the electrochemical discharge of the first
ionic layer, giving rise to the current, then replenished by the ionic mass transport from the bulk
of the electrolyte. The second phenomenon is due to ions in the double-layer facing the electrode
being discharged in the_absence of the externally applied field.
In 1984, Ghoroghchian and Bockris [23] designed a homopolar generator to drive
an electrolyzer on pulsed DC voltage. They concluded that the rate of hydrogen production would
be nearly twice as much as the rate for DC. Their conclusion was in agreement with the earlier
works of Tseung and Vassie [24] and Jasem and Tseung [25]. In these earlier works [24,25] they
attributed the increase in hydrogen and oxygen evolutions to an improvement in electrolyzer mass
transfer. lbl [26] also has shown that the application of short high-voltage pulses yields the
highest possible electrolysis current. He concluded that pulsing affects the surface state of the
electrodes. During conventional electrolysis, film of the gas bubbles forms on the electrode,
raising its resistance overpotentiaL Pulsed voltage will eliminate the resistance overpotential of
the gas bubbles. Viswanathan et. al. [29] showed that the thickness of the pulsating double-layer
(they termed it as diffusion layer) is a function of the characteristics of pulsed DC. Further,
pulsing action on electrochemical systems could give rise to the ionic vibration potentials. A more
drastic effect is to be expected if pulsed power is applied at frequencies resonating with the
dominant ionic discharge components. Thus, one of the methods for enhancing the ionic
exchange is the pulsed electrolysis.
The use of pulsed DC for electrochemical reactions, especially in electroplating,
is not new. In 1955 Robotron Corporation obtained a patent for "High Voltage Electroplating"
using pulsed power [28]. In 1966 Popkov [29] further substantiated the advantage of using pulsed
current. Avila and Brown [30] reviewed and confirmed the advantages of pulse plating on the
quality of gold plating for integrated circuitry use, while Bockris and Kita [31] obtained a reduction
in energy requirement by a factor of two. Pulsed electrolysis was also used in battery charging
by Wagner and Williams [32] and Bedrossian and Cheh [33]. In pulsed DC related work, Savage
and Thomtron [34] established that pulsed DC has advantages over continuous DC as reaction
promoter in gas phase synthesis. They attributed the enhancement to the higher mean electron
energies.
--------------------
SECTION Ill
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
EXPERIMENT SETUP
To quantify the effects of pulsed energy and anode depolarization on the performance of
the water electrolysis process, an experimental effort was initiated. The effort involved developing
a laboratory experiment. The laboratory effort consisted of a series of tests using the Fm01-LC
electrolytic cell, manufactured by ICI Chemicals & Polymers, and rated at 38 gram of
H,JKAmp.Hour.
The laboratory setup is shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. It consists of an electrolyzer setup,
electrolyte make-up water system, pH control, nonpulsed DC and pulsed DC power supply
sources. The electrolyzer setup includes an electrolytic cell (Figure 3) model Fm01-LC, rated at
38 gram of H2/KAmp.Hour, and manufactured by ICI Chemicals & Polymers Company. The
anolyte and catholyte compartments are separated by a Du Pont 324-Naflon"" membrane. The
anolyte and the catholyle are pumped through the corresponding compartment so that the anolyte
and catholyte are separate except for ionic exchange through the membrane. The electrolyzer
has a stainless steel cathode and a platinum-coated titanium anode which were placed 3
millimeters apart. Each electrode has a projected area of 64 square centimeters. Throughout
the experiment a 10 percent by weight sulfuric acid solution was used as the electrolyte.
!FLOWMETER!
Q;,U!Cd Water MV;.~up

C0t1!~not
Figure 2 : Water Electrolysis Experiment Setup
Electrode
Gasket
Spacer
Gasket
Separator
Gasket
Spacer
Gasket
Electrode
Gasket
Divided Flat Plate
Conflgumtlon
Feed Allolyte
""'""' ~~
process connectlon ports
Figure 3
Electrolyzer Exploded View
Figure 4:
Experiment Electrical and Instrument Diagram
10
The key electronic equipment (Figure 4) used in this experiment included the following:
Industrial Equipment Co. power amplifier POWERTRAN model 2000 SHF-1-l<A, (The
POWERTRAN was modified to remove the output transformer to allow it to operate from DC to
70 kHz). The POWERTRAN 2000 SHF-1-XA is capable of 0 to :t 40 volts, 0 to :t 120 Amps with
a maximum continuous power output of 2000 watts AND AN AMPLIFICATION FACTOR OF 25;
a B&K Precision model 3011 B function generator capable of generating square, triangle, and sine
waves at frequencies up to 2 MHz with duty cycles ranges from 1 to 99 percent, with output
amplitude up to 5 volts; a Rapid Power Technologies Inc., DC power supply, model
TRSAA100012, with output 0 to +12 vDC, 0 to 100 Amps and continuous power available of 1000
watts. The electrolyzer was connected to the power supply by two one-foot long #4 AWG bare
copper wires.
The pressure, temperature, and flow (in ccm) of the generated hydrogen and oxygen were
measured using Ashcroft pressure sensors, a J-type thermocouple, and a Teledyne HastingsRaydist flowmeters, model HFM-200, of 0 to 500 seem range. The electric current was measured
using a F.WBell hall-effect current sensor, modeiiHA-100, capable of measuring DC and pulsed
current up to 50 kHz. Both current and voltage were displayed using a TEKTRONIX 2232 100
MHz oscilloscope then plotted using a TEKTRONIX HC-100 plotter. The plots were digitized
using Summa Sketch II Professional digitizer. The current was measured in volts, 50 millivolts
being equal to 1 amp. Voltage measurements were taken at the cell and at power supply output.
This allowed the measurement of line losses.
B.
LABORATORY TEST SERIES
Four sets of tests were planned. The four test series consisted of: (1) A nonpulsed DC
power test set to determine the cell's baseline performance; (2) A pulsed DC power test set to
determine the cell performance as a function of the pulsed energy parameters; (3) Anode
depolarization under nonpulsed DC power test set to determine the cell baseline performance
efficiency using sulfur dioxide as anode depolarizer; and (4) Anode depolarization under pulsed
DC power test set. Due to cuts in 6.1 findings, only the first three were partially accomplished.
The work accomplished is given in the following paragraphs.
1.
Baseline Test, Nonpu/sed DC Power.
This test series established the performance baseline for the laboratory setup.
First, the deactivation of the cell was studied by recording the change in current at fixed voltage
as a function of time. As shown in Figure 5, the cell reached steady-state conditions 5 minutes
after potential was applied on the cell. Using this cell property throughout the experiment, data
was collected at least 10 minutes after each test started. The cell's hydrogen yield as a function
of cell potential and current was measured (Figures 6 and 7) to determine the cell's baseline
performance. The cell's baseline performance was used for comparison with cell performance
under pulsed DC and anode depolarization.
2.
Pulsed DC Power.
For comparison purposes, the hydrogen yield was kept at 100 cubic centimeter per
minute (ccm) for all pulsed DC runs. This selection was based on the baseline nonpulsed DC
current density results. At 100 ccm of hydrogen (Figure 7), the measured current density was
11
around 320 mA/cm2 which is in the current densities range of 100-500 mAJcm 2 for economical
hydrogen production. The test runs were carried out using square pulse for seven frequencies
and four duty cycles. The duty cycle is the ratio of the pulse on-time to the pulse period. The
seven frequencies are 10 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 5 kHz, 10 kHz, 25 kHz, and 40 kHz. The duty
cycles are 10 percent, 25 percent, 50 percent, and 80 percent. The test was divided into four test
runs, one for each duty cycle. Each test run started by measuring the nonpulsed DC current and
voltage for a 100 ccm of hydrogen yield. Then, a duty cycle was selected and the test run pulse
frequency was changed. The cell potential was then changed to maintain the 100 ccm hydrogen
yield. Data collection started after a period of fifteen minutes to allow for steady state condition.
The applied potential was measured at the power amplifier output terminals and
at the cell electrodes. The voltage drop across the one-foot long #4 AWG bare copper wire was
also recorded for some cases. The rate of electrical energy consumption (power) can be
calculated using the relationship:
P=- Ji( t) e( t)
T
at
(15)
where T is the pulse period, i(l) is the current wave form, and e(t) is the voltage wave form.
13,-------,-------,-------,------,-------,-------,-------,
12.5
....
gs
t::
11
9.5
........__J'--~--':-~--:'
L--~--~-.....c--'---'---"---'----'--
10
12
14
Time (min)
Figure 5 :
Current Decay Characteristics of The ICI Electrolyzer with 10 Percent by Weight

Sulfuric Acid Operating at 2.6 volts.
12
----------------------------
500
~400
~300
'-'
::-
-~
Q 200
::l
---
...
100
oe-----~----~~-------~~~----~-----J-------~----~
0
Cell Potential (volts )
Figure 6:
Performance Characteristics of the ICI Electrolyzer Using 10 Percent by Weight

Sulfuric Acid
250 ,-----
._,
"0 150
;><
Cl
1to100
so
0~----~----~----~~&B~~~~-----L----~----~
0
Cell Potential (volts )
Figure 7 :
Hydrogen Yield vs. Cell Potential for 10 Percent by Weight Sulfuric Acid.
13
3.
Baseline Anode Depolarization
In this test series, sulfur dioxide was used to depolarize the cell anode. Used in
its gaseous state, it was bubbled through the anolyte prior to and during the cell's nonpulsed DC
operation. The test started by setting the DC power supply output to zero. Then, the potential
was incremented by 0.05 of a volt until a 5 ccm of hydrogen yield was recorded. The applied
potential was then incremented by 0.2 of a volt thereafter. For each voltage increment, the cell
potential, current, and hydrogen flow were measured after steady state was reached.
14
SECTION IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PULSED DC POWER
During the preliminary test runs, conducted to examine the experiment setup, the current
reversed polarity during the off-period of the pulse (Figure 8). The polarity reversal is attributed
to a reversible reaction in the electrolyzer cell during the off-period. The effect of the current
polarity reversal was seen in the catholyte when its color changed to a light blue. To examine
and quantify the various metals in the catholyte, the atomic absorption spectrometry was used.
The observations were made with a Perkin-Elmer 6500 flame atomic absorption spectrometer,
using a laminar flame burner and equipped with hollow-cathode emission lamps for the different
metals sought. Metals sought were based on the stainless steel alloy content of the cathode.
The catholyte was found to give no absorbance signal for Molybdenum and Titanium, and only
a weak absorbance for copper. Low absorbencies were obtained for Chromium and Zinc, but a
large signal was given for Nickel and Iron. These analyses showed that the cathode had lost
some of its content to the catholyte. This was confirmed by weighing the cathode which showed
2 grams loss. To separate the power amplifier from the cell during the off-time, a Motorola
schottky diode, model MBR8045, was installed. The diode's maximum ratings are 45 volts and
80 Amps. Use of the diode stopped the current polarity reversal, but allowed the cell to maintain
about a 2.3 volts instead of zero volt during the off-period.
I Voltage ~l;l!!~J!t
I
-- 1'
4 .----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10
'
0
,.....,
~
!-c:
"....
_, u....:::1
10
4L_____._ _~--~--L--~-~---------~--~---~ 1'

0
Time ( millisec)
Figure 8 :
Applied Current Polarity Reversal.
15
10
The digitized waveforms of the current, power amplifier output voltage (source V), and the
cell voltage (cell V) are given in Figures 9-31. The digitized data is given in Appendix A These
figures represent the experiment setup responses in generating the 100 ccm of hydrogen and
cover the test matrix. A careful examination of these figures reveals the current is lagging behind
the voltage, an indication of an inductive circuit. However, the delay in the current is also due
to the cell voltage. With the diode installed, the cell has maintained a DC level of about 2.3 volts.
Until the power supply voltage overcame the cell potential and the losses in the circuit, no current
flowed. As shown in Figure 24 (50 percent duty cycle and 25 kHz), the applied potential is higher
than the electrolyzer's potential by about 25 to 40 percent, and the voltage rise and fall times are
less than 4 micro-seconds with a high current rate of change which is attributed to the low
impedance of the circuit The high voltage drop is due to the large reactive losses mainly
produced by the inductive reactance caused by the high current rate of change. This can be
seen by examining the voltage drop of the negative lead connecting the cell to the power amplifier
and the current waveforms (Figure 24). The relation between the lead voltage drop and the
current is given as:
(16)
where L is the wire inductance. For a one-foot long #4 AWG copper wire, the inductance is in
the range of micro farads; however, the time rate of change of the current is about 2 million amps
per second causing, the high voltage drop.
Figures 9-31 also reveal the interesting shape of the source voltage waveform. Although
the function generator produced a clean voltage square wave, the resulting source voltage
waveform was far from being a clean one. For example, in Figure 24 the source voltage
waveform has a step and a ringing at its trailing side instead of tuming off at the 20th
microsecond from pulse initiation. The shape of the source voltage waveform during the off-time
period of the pulse is the result of the induced voltage in the #4 AWG wires and the cell
maintained voltage of 2.3 volts. The induced voltage in the #4 AWG wires connecting the cell
to the power amplifier is induced by the discharge of current generated by the collapse of
magnetic flux around these wires.
Using Equation (15), the electrical power delivered to the setup circuit and electrolyzer
were calculated. For the setup circuit, the source voltage and current waveforms were used,
while for the electrolyzer the cell potential and current were used to calculate the power
consumption. The results are summarized in Figure 32 for the setup circuit and in Figure 33 for
the electrolyzer. From Figures 32, 33 and 34 the nonpulsed DC (100 percent duty cycle) requires
the least electrical power. The effects of pulse frequency and duty cycle on the electrical power
needed are noticeable. The demand for electrical power increases with the decrease of duty
cycle and pulse frequency. At 10 percent duty cycle the electrolyzer power demand for 10 Hz
is slightly more than twice that of nonpulsed DC, while for 25 kHz it is only 27 percent higher.
It is clear that during this effort one of the two phenomena reported by Bockris et al [ 14, 15] was
not seen, namely, the high but short-lived current spike. Furthermore, the conclusion that
nonpulsed DC requires the least electrical power conflicts with those of Ghoroghchian and Bockris
[23] and Tseung and Vassie [24]. The difference between these results should be investigated
in details so that the use of pulsed DC issue can be settled.
t6
Sou~tage
Current
Ce~ ~9.~!':~tial
10 ~------------------------------------~----------------,
'' ~ ~.:.:..-~.
..__~.__
Figure 9:
'''.
..
.--~, --~""'" -~.,~~-~-~ ~-~-- ~
_,__ _..__
"'
............ , ............... .. .
__J_ _~_----L.._, _ _ _.__ _
ro
Time ( millisec )
'
_L_ _~--L---~__J
100
cern Hydrogen Yield.
Br------------~-----------------------------------~
0 '------"..W:O.---.l..-----'-----l.'-- __.._ _ _J.__ ___.__,_

1,500
o
sao
1,000
__j
2,000
Time ( micro sec )

Figure 10:
17
.. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - l
!Or-------------------------~----------------------------------~
.''""'""""'"' ,, ....... , .. , ...
'
.........
... ""''''"'''''"'''"""
-----....
~--
-~-
0~--~~~~==----~~--~--~~---~----~--~---~
0
~
~
~
~
~
Time ( micro sec )
Figure 11 :
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
lOr-------------------
8
'"'
~
--'"'
~
i\
"l
I >',i
. \i
r_
' .
-~'\
. _: ---'-- ...
''
' " " ' " ' " " ' " ,,,,
............... .................. ..
,
\---
OIJ
.-l.-----~----'
,~----~~---~~~========--~~----------200
0
so
100
150
Time ( micro sec )
Figure 12:
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
18
Source Voltage <:::_~.!.~t Cell Potential

12r-----------------------------------------------------~
10
Figure 13 :
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
16r-----------------------------------------------------------.
14
-'"'"'""'"""-'
.... ., ..
''"""
Figure 14 :
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
19
------~-~-
_______ _ _____________________________________________j
....
... ,..........
0~----~----~~;~----~----~~----~----~~=-----~----~
0
-~
~
~
Time (micro sec)
Figure 15:
ccm Hydrogen Yield,
6~--------------------~---------5
400
600
BOO
1,000
Time ( micro sec )

Figure 16:
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
20
ISource Voltage ~~-~t Cell~~t-~.~tial I
6r----~========----~
s
,,
.. ., ......... ._,.,...... ', .., ............... ..

,
lOll
200
Time ( micro sec )

Figure 17 :
Figure 18:
21
[Source Voltage Current
8;---------------------------------------------6
'
.........
.......-------
.
.....
-........
Figure 19 :
4~---------------------------------------------------~
,.r-------~---------1
.
I
I
.
I
i
ii
i.
'
0 "---~~----'--
--~ - - - - L I,i. l - - - - ' - - - - - J . _ I_ _ .~'----_J
0
SOO
1,000
I;SOO
2,000
Time ( micro sec )

Figure 20 :
22
Source Voltage Current Cell Potential
4~~~~--~=ooo..~~-----
1---- --
i I./
._,
.g 2 f--~
/ .....--------,------------
-r
0~'----~---=~--~--~=---~~~==~~--~--~~--~--~
0
@
~
Time ( micro sec )

Figure 21 :
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
sr--------------------------------------------------~ 4 -_-~,.........-------_-_--.-------,--- ------
--- .. ---
~3
1- -
Figure 22 :
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
23
j Source Voltage Current Cell Potential -ve ~~DV
!~~==========~--~
4 - - ; --_ __ . ; : ; : ; . . . ; . . . . - " ' " - - - - - ,
I
~~~";<""
T -. -
., ....... ,. ... '
.. -
--.
. --.....
.~
/'
_,.~
~~
.----...--
----~-- \ .
'~I'"'-\.-~
'
-~\
.
\
60
40
20
"'"""'"""'""'"""""
80
100
Time ( micro sec )

Figure 23 :
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
s,-------------------------~----------4
~3
"5"'
. --
""
. .. ... ........
~2
"'"
___..:...--,-::-:-::--------- . . .:-,. . ,.. .,..,.=~=~

.
.g
~1
e
<
~"''''"...""~~
"
. ,. .
Q,.
--
0~~~-~-~------------------------~~/
I
~--
.....-
.... - - - _ , _
____________~--~~
''-----------------
-1
-2 L....--~----L----~---'1:---~-- --:1:---~---l
10
20
30
40
Time ( micro sec )

Figure 24:
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
24
________________________
...
ISource Voltage <?.!!.~t Ce~.~~~~~tial I
''"
............ ........
10
_-..
13
Time ( micro sec )

Figure 25 :
4~------------------
',,
0~-~-~--._--~,
ro
80
100
Time ( millisec )
Figure 26:
Experiment Setup Response For 80 Percent Duty Cycle and 10Hz Pulse at100
25
3.S ---- ---- - ........ - ------ - -. ---- ------ ..
-_..
"..-- ..................... .............. .. ..
3 --
--~.-..
>
"
'./
2.5 ; .. -
... -
....
. ......... ..........
.... .
...... " ..........
......................................
. ........~
..... -- .. .
- -----
.,.
....... -----
-: --
....... ,
'-"
2,-
" ..
:E
!1.S
..... . .....
.. ... -
....;;"-- ....
1 - -;-~---'--==""""''""'-''"''""'"'"==-..;=~;;;;;;;;;:=:,;.;~--=~-"=
o.s
1'!
o~----~-----7.~------------~~----._----~~~--~----~
0
500
1.000
1,500
2.000
Time ( micro sec )

Figure 27 :
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
------------------,
--- .. -- - ' ... --- - -- ---
----
. _______
___ ,
-0.5
---
""
;.
.,.-~--------------------..---------- .
,-
0~~~--.~~--~----~--------~----._--~~--~--~
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
Time ( micro sec )

Figure 28 :
Experiment Setup Response For BO Percent Duty Cycle and 1 kHz Pulse at 100
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
26
I Source Voltage
Current
.-------------~--------------------------------------~
....... ,.,.,, .............. _.,.

'""'"""'"".
lO
100
:200
Time ( micro sec )

Figure 29 :
ccm Hydrogen Yield,
.---------------------------------------~----
Figure 30 :
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
27
I Source Voltage
Current
Ce~-~~~-~.~;Itial
-----
-----------::----------. . . . . .:::-.-,---.!
..
-=--...:.:_
0 L - -...
Figure 31 :
10
'
lD
30
' -.. .
40
Time ( micro sec )
ccm Hydrogen Yield.
1100Hz 5000 Hz 1 z;;kHz 5 kHz 10 kHz 25 kHz 40 kHz
...
100;-----------------------------------------------------------~
90
.-. 80
~...
'-' 70
60
I
50
40
i
I
Nonpulocd
DC
---~---~----~---J-~-----L----~~~----~--~
0
20
40
60
80
100
Duty Cycle (%)

Figure 32 :
Experiment Setup Circuit Power Demands.
26
w~-----------------------------------------~--------~
0
.
-
I
*
40
i
II--
Non-pulsed
DG-
30~--~~--~~---~----~--~----~-----~-----~----------'
0
40
00
00
~
Duty Cycle (%)
Figure 33 :
Electrolyzer Power Demands (power vs. duty cycle)
10%
0
00
- -
0
0
0
6
40
30~----~----~-----------~----~--~~----------=----~----~
0
10
1'
20
25
Pulse Frequency (kHz)

Figure 34 :
Electrolyzer Power Demands (power vs. frequency)
29
B.
BASELINE ANODE DEPOLARIZATION
The results of anode depolarization and the baseline nonpulsed DC. test series are given
in Figures 35 and 36 for comparison. Using anode depolarization with 10 percent by weight
sulfuric acid at 30 c with the anolyte fully saturated with S02 , a current of 100 mAmps was
recorded at cell potential of 0.635 volts instead of the 1.8 volts required for nondepolarized
operation. The cell potential fell 1.3 volts below that of the nondepolarized cell potential at a
current density of 30 mA/cm2 At this current density, as seen in Figure 36, the depolarized-cell's
hydrogen yield was three times that of the nondepolarized cell for the same 1. 71 watts of
electrical power delivered.
During test runs the catholyte gradually changed to an opaque bluish color. The test run
was terminated when the current dropped suddenly. Examining the catholyte, revealed a rotten
egg odor confirming the generation of hydrogen sulfide which dissolved in the catholyte, changing
its color. The electrolyzer was dismantled, and sulfur powder was found on the cathode side of
the membrane. This explained the sudden drop in current. The sulfur powder had covered all the
membrane area preventing the ion exchange from taking place. The generation of hydrogen
sulfide and the sulfur covering of the membrane had affected the slope of the anode
depolarization curve given in Figure 36. At the beginning of the first change of slope, hydrogen
yield had tripled when sulfur dioxide was used as a depolarizer. Overcoming these obstacles is
technically feasible which makes anode depolarization a viable avenue to decrease hydrogen
production costs.
DC
DC
Hydro~n Yield
Hydt:c:>~I_I.Yield
Curr:_n~=nsity
Curr~!!i,J?~nslty
~Or-------------~~~------
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , 500
. /L.
400
200
.I
I
~ 150
.i
e' 100
:;
,-
..
/!:
fli
~/
,.
il'
-_, .'... -
.,
i
. 12!..
50
..
..:r:~.
r.
''
'
/'
oL-~--~~~~-~--L-~~~~-~L-~--~~~~~~o
0
M
1
U
2
U
3
~
4
Potentlal ( volts )
Figure 35 :
Performance Characteristics of the ICI Electrolyzer With S02 Saturated Anolyte.
30
70~-----------------------------------------------~
60
e~ so
. - i'
.
. A'
.:::;-<-~-
. ----
----_7t---- -----
..
--~
--
,______ --
- --;;..."'---'---------"'---- - ; "--~
----
---
..
''
0 . .~~--~----~----L--~----~--_.----~--~----J
0
s
10
lS
20
2S
Power Delivered ( watts )
Figure 36 :
Anode Depolarized Hydrogen Generation Rate vs. Power Demand.
31
SECTION VI
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A.
CONCLUSIONS
This effort experimentally studied the effects of pulsed DC and anode depolarization on
the performance of the water electrolysis process for hydrogen generation. The selection of the
these two concepts was based on works published in the fifties, sixties, and seventies. Juda and
Moulton (8] found that using 6 percent by weight sulfurous acid ( sulfur dioxide dissolved in water
) to depolarize the cell anode reduces the cell potential by 0.8 volts below that of nondepolarized
cell potential. Bockris et al [14, 15, and 22] and Tseung and Vassie [23] concluded that pulsed
DC may be used to improve the electrolysis process for hydrogen generation for up to twice the
performance of the nonpulsed DC electrolysis.
The work accomplished during this effort showed the potential of the anode depolarization
method in reducing the cost of electrolysis for hydrogen production. A three-to-one improvement
in electrolysis performance is feasible.
In the case of pulsed DC, one of the phenomena recorded by Bockris in 1953 was not
duplicated by this effort, namely the high but short-lived current spike. The second phenomenon,
significant current continue to flow for a short time, was observed. Bockris explained the cause
of this phenomenon as the discharge of the ions in the double-layer facing the electrode in the
absence of the externally applied electric field. However, the current flow during the off-period
of the pulse is largely due to the discharge of the current generated by the collapse of the
magnetic flux around the leads connecting the cell to the power amplifier. Since the results of
this effort contradict those of Backris et al (14, 15 and 22] and Tseung and Vassie [23] more
effort is needed to settle the pulsed DC issue.
B.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Due to the lack in 6.1 funds this effort was terminated before its conclusion. To achieve
the objectives, a basic research program, which consists of an aggressive experimental and
theoretical investigation of the water electrolysis behavior under pulsed DC and anode
depolarization loadings, is proposed. A new cell design is also proposed. The new design is
based on a dispersion of ultramicroelectrodes to maximize surface area per unit volume under
high mass transport conditions.
The overall philosophy is to explicitly account for the
characteristics of the double-layer and the nature of the oxidation process in describing the
electrolytic process behavior under varied loading conditions. Observations of charging,
discharging, and the thickness of the double-layer and electrode oxidation process are proposed,
backed up by theoretical modeling. The following describes the proposed research.
C.
PROPOSED RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The long-term objective of this research is the development of an efficient electrolytic cell
using pulsed DC power and anode depolarization concepts. Because few, if any, researchers
have ever studied the electrolyzer behavior using the dispersive ultramicroelectrodes under pulsed
32
DC combined with anode depolarization, considerable experimental effort is required before

definitive answers can be found. Therefore, specific objectives of the proposed effort :
D.
1.
Develop quantitative descriptions of the double-layer behavior under pulsed DC.
2.
Study the anodic oxidation process under both nonpulsed and pulsed DC.
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
A combined experimental-theoretical investigation is planned. Emphasis is on developing

the experimental capabilities and techniques required for studying double-layer behavior and
anodic oxidation kinetics. Parallel development of theoretical descriptions of this behavior will be
used to guide the experiments toward meaningful results. Three major task areas, consisting of
(1) laboratory experiments, (2) theoretical modeling, and (3) data analysis, are described in the
following paragraphs.
Task 1.
Laboratory Experiment
The success of this effort depends on the understanding of the double-layer

behavior and the oxidation process at the anode as well as the direct measurement of changes
in these processes under various test conditions. All experimental work for this project falls under
Task 1. A combination of linear sweep cyclic voltammetry, atomic absorption spectrometry,
gas/liquid chromatography, and computerized histogrammetry is proposed. The cathodic and
anodic products will be analyzed for selected cases using a gas chromatograph. These analyses
will detennine the hydrogen weight percentages In the cathodic product and the anodic product
makeup. Consideration will be given to the measurement of overpotentials, hydrogen generation
rate, cell potential and current, and double-layer charge and discharge processes. The oxidation
process of the sulfur dioxide at the anode has been examined (35]; therefore, only the oxidation
process of chlorides will be studied in the proposed effort. In addition to the subtasks detailed
below, possible additions, improvements, and enhancements to the proposed experimental
methods will be considered throughout the effort when appropriate.
Subtask 1a. Baseline Characterization.

Under this subtask the baseline perfonnance of an electrolytic cell will be
characterized for depolarized and nondepolarized operations. The baseline perfonnances will be
used to compare with the cell perfonnance under pulsed DC operations. Existing laboratory
facilities at AFCESAIRACO will be used for testing under this subtask, which include the following:
E/ectro/yzer Cell Development A successful hydrogen production

process requires low power consumption, kWh/kg product. This can be achieved with a cell
design that has a large surface area per unit volume and operates under a high mass transport
condition. Both of these objectives will be achieved by using Dispersion of Ultramicroe/ectrodes.
These three-dimensional electrodes and some of their applications have been reported by
Ghoroghchian et al (37-40]. We will utilize dispersion of ultramicroelectrodes in the fonn of a
monopolar fluidized bed, packed bed, and/or slurry systems. The development of spherical
diffusion fields in the bulk of the solution surrounding these electrodes lead to high rates of mass
transfer to the electrode surface. Equally the spherical potential fields leads to a decrease of
33
charging times, so that transient measurements are simplified (the time constants are proportional
to the radius of the electrodes). This system will be used for all the depolarization processes
discussed above. The use of ultramicroelectrodes is a powerful new methodology for hydrogen
production. The number of particles that can be put into the suspension may be as large as 109
Ultramicroelectrodes per cubic centimeter of solution. This will increase the contact time with the
depolarizer materials such as S0 2 or biomass, which in tum translate to large hydrogen
generation. The space time yield (amount of product produced per time of electrolysis and per
cell volume) is expected to be 1-2 order of magnitude greater than 2-D systems.
Different electrode material, metallic powders, such as pt, Ru, Pb, PbO,
metal supported materials as well as carbon, graphite and semiconductors will be used and their
performance from a catalytic point of view will be studied. The preparation of ultramicroelectrode
dispersion will be undertaken by various methods, depending on the conducting substrates and
their physical form. Metal powders, carbon, and some supported metal powders are available
from a variety of commercial sources. Other materials will be prepared in-house by grinding and
crushing techniques followed by appropriate sieving and cleaning methods. Reactions will be
studied as function of microelectrode size and concentration (due to difference in mass transfer
rates as size is changed and thus possibility of changing reaction pathway, also microelectrode
concentration will affect reaction pathways by changing the intermediate concentration of chemical
product(s)).
,.. Anode Depolarization. A few important anode depolarizer materials

will be considered and characterized under the nonpulsed DC and pulsed DC conditions as
outlined below.
(a)
The anodic process of solid metal oxides formed at potentials lower
than those required for oxygen evolution are of particular interest. Once formed, the oxide is then
removed from the electrolytic cell, and the anode substrate is subsequently regenerated by
chemical reduction or by thermal dissociation. The anodic reaction involves either a metal/metal
oxide couple of a lower/higher oxide couple. The thermal reduction phase is thus described as:
(17)
Among the oxides that will be studied are oxides of lead, tin, and cobalt. Chemical reduction of
the oxides at medium temperature (e.g. by carbon monoxide) will also be considered. Following
established favorable equilibrium behavior, the kinetics of the anodic process are of great
importance. After a favorable kinetic behavior is demonstrated, the investigation will tum to other
features relevant to the chosen process. These include oxide coherence (minimize degradation
of substrate weight ratio), oxide layer conductivity, and thermal reduction parameters.
(b)
Sulfur dioxide as an anode depolarizer will also be considered
Although this has been well documented, the process will be examined from the point of view of
a new cell design (dispersion of ultramicroelectrodes) and the use of pulsed DC power as
discussed below.
(c)
Study of the anodic products in biomass slurry electrolysis. The
34
principle variable would be current density, electrocatalysis via dispersion of ultramicroelectrodes,

pulsed DC parameters. Ascertaining the nature of the products would be the primary aim, while
the secondary aim would be determining the current efficiency of their production. During this
study, hydrogen product data would be collected because of the interaction the anodic products
have upon hydrogen economics. The study of the anodic products in slurry electrolysis by using
non aqueous solutions will be conducted. DMSO, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, and their
systems with water will be used. Other organic systems will also be sought.
Nonpulsed DC Power. Initial testing will be made using nonpulsed DC

power to determine the electrolyzer baseline performance. The baseline performance is to be
used for comparison with the anode depolarization and pulsed DC performances. The effects of
electrolyte concentration and temperature will be examined. In this testing, linear sweep cyclic
voltammetry will be performed to measu're current-voltage curves. These curves will allow us to
study the qualitative and quantitative changes in the electrolyzer behavior. Hydrogen yield will
also be measured to facilitate comparison of the actual hydrogen generation rate. Measurements
of double-layer charge time will be recorded using an oscilloscope in a storage mode.
Subtask 1b. Pulsed DC Power

Using the same conditions tested in subtask 1a, pulsed DC power will be
examined for both anodically depolarized and nondepolarized cells. To help reduce the size of
the test matrix, the cell performance under pulsed DC power will be examined at two hydrogen
yields which will be determined from the baseline data for low and medium ranges. Under this
subtask, combinations of duty cycles, frequencies, and waveforms will be examined.
Consideration will be given to the effects of the waveform's rise-time and the combination of
pulsed and nonpulsed DC formations.
Task 2.
Theoretical Modeling
Theoretically-based relationships for hydrogen evolution rate, limiting current

density, overpotentials, pulsed DC power, and double-layer charging will be pursued. Applicable
theories which will be considered Include: mass transfer, activation energy, and Butler-Volmer
theory. These are grouped into two main thrust areas for theoretical development.
Reacting /on Mass Transfer. One of the important advantages of

pulsed electrolysis frequently cited by investigators is the enhancement of mass transfer. Since
mass transfer limitation can be reduced very effectively by pulsed DC electrolysis, a mass
transport model for the reacting ions can be used to obtain quantitative ion discharge information.
The concentration of the reacting Ions in the double-layer depends on the transport characteristics
of the system as well as the applied current density and is independent of reaction kinetics. It
can be calculated by solving the convective diffusion Equation subject to Fick's law of diffusion
as a boundary layer. Several mass transport theoretical models under pulse conditions which can
be adapted to this research needs are available in the literature. For example, Popov et al [36]
studied mass transfer under pulsed conditions in both stirred and unstirred solutions for
electrodeposition. The mass transport modeling results will help us better understand the
behavior and the characteristics of the double-layer under pulsed DC conditions, determining the
maximum rate of electrolysis, and will lead to the kinetic study of the electrode reactions.
35
Oxldetlon Klnetlcs. The modeling of the electrode reaction kinetics will

provide a wealth of information. This information will help us to understand the anodic oxidation
process. Parameters that can be calculated include the number of electrons involved in the
reaction, double-layer thickness, and diffusion coefficient. For this modeling to be useful, mass
transfer limitations must either be negligible or be quantitatively accounted for. The mass transfer
limitations can be obtained from the mass transfer model while the rate of reaction can be
represented by the Butler-Volmer Equation.
Task 3.
Develop Quentltetlve Description
The information gathered in the Task 1 experiments and in the Task 2

modeling must be analyzed to provide quantitative descriptions of electrolyzer performance along
with basic insights for the physical processes which are occurring. Task 3 of this effort will be
data analysis.
36
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38
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Literature collected to-date in support of the proposed research is highlighted in the

following bibliography. References are categorized by technical subtopics, which include
infonnation on water electrolysis experimental methods, mass transfer modeling, thennodynamics,
anode depolarization, and pulsed DC.
General
1.
Angelo, J.A., and Barile, RG., "Aerospace Hydrogen Technology and its Potential Impact
on a 21st Century Global Hydrogen Economy," Technology Benefits Session, 26th Space
Congress, 1989.
2.
Bockris, J., and Potter, E. C., "The Mechanism of Hydrogen Evolution at Nickel Cathodes
in Aqueous Solutions," The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1982.
3.
Bockris, J., Dandapani, B., Cocke, D., and Ghoroghchian, J., "On the Splitting of Water,"
International Journal Hydrogen Energy. Vol. 10, No. 30, 1985.
4.
Dutia, S., Block, D.L., and Port, R.L., "Economic Assessment of Advanced Electrolytic
Hydrogen Production," International Joumal Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 15, No. 6, 1990.
5.
Dutia, S., "Technology Assessment of Advanced Electrolytic Hydrogen Production,"
International Joumal Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 15, No. 6, 1990.
6.
Donitz, W., "Economics and Potential Application of Electrolytic Hydrogen in the Next
Decades," International Joumal Hydroqe11 Energy. Vol. 9, No. 10, 1984.
7.
Engstrom, S.,"Producing Hydrogen Gas Directly from Water," TEKNISK TIDSKRIFT, 1973.
8.
Evangelista, J., Phillips, B., and Gordon, L., "Electrolytic Hydrogen Production," NASA
Technical Memorandum, NASA TM X-71856, 1975.
9.
Garber, E., "Early Thennodynamics," Science, Vol. 205, 1979.
10.
Gregory, D.P., and Pangborn, J.B., Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Gas Technology, 1976.
11.
Goltsova, L.F., Garkusheva, V.A., Alimova, R.F., and Goltsov, V.A., "Scientometric Studies
of the Problem of "Hydrogen Energy and Technology" on the World," International Joumal
Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 15, No. 9, 1990.
12
Hammerli, M., "When will Electrolytic Hydrogen Become Competitive", International Joumal
Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 9, No. 1/2, 1984.
13.
Knoche, KF, Hasberq, W., and Roth, M., "Possibilities of Improving the Efficiency of
Power Generation with Regard to Electrolytic Water Splitting," International Joumal Hydrogen
Energy, Vol. 9, No. 8, 1984.
39
14,
Lewis, FA, Johnston, R.C., Witherspoon, M.C., and Obermann, A., "Palladium and
Platinum Hydrogen Electrodes, 1: Hydrogen Chemical Potentials, Molecular Hydrogen Diffusion
and Local Cell Hydrogen Transfer Effects at Palladium and Platinum Electrodes Under OpenCircuit Conditions and During Constant Current and Pulsed Current Electrolysis in HydrogenSaturated Solutions," Surface Technology, 1983.
15.
McMillien, OF, and Golden, D.M., "Hydrocarbon Bond Dissociation Energies," Annual
Review Physical Chemistry, 1982.
16.
Scott, D.S., and Hafele, W., ''The Coming Hydrogen Age: Preventing World Climatic
Disruption," International Journal Hydrogen Enemy. Vol. 15, No. 10, 1990.
17.
Stuart, A.K., A Perspective on Electrolysis, Proceedings Publication for 1st Annual meeting
of the National Hydrogen Association, 1990.
18.
Veziroglu, T. N., Fueki, K., and Ohta, T., "Hydrogen Energy Progress," Proceedings of the
3rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference, 1980.
19.
White, R.E., Bcokris, J., and Conway, B. E., Modem Aspects of Electrochemistry, Plenum
Press, New York, 1983..
Water Electroysls Thermodynamics

1.
Gaggioli, R.A., and Petit, J., "Use the Second Law," first, Chemtech. 1977.
2.
Rosen, M.A., Scott, D.S., and Rosenberg Y., "Energy-Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen
Production by Water Electrolysis and Thermochemical Water Decomposition," Hydrogen produced
from Renewable Energy, Second International Symposium on Hydrogen Produced from
Renewable Energy, Florida Solar Energy Center, Cape Canaveral, 1985.
3.
Rosen, MA, and Scott D.S., "The Enhancement of a Process Simulator for Complete
Energy-Exergy Analysis,'' Analysis of Energy Systems - Design and Operation, The American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1985.
4.
Veziroglu, T.N., "Aitemative Energy Sources II", Vol 8, Hydrogen Energy. Hemisphere
Publishing Corporation, New York, 1981.
Photo Dissociation of Water
1
Andresen, P., Beushausen, V., Hausler, D., Luff, H.W., and Rothe E.W., "Strong
Propensity Rules in the Photodissociation of a Single Rotational Quantum State of Vibrationally
Excited H,O", Letter to the Editor, J. Chem. Phys. Vol 83, No. 3, 1 August 1985.
2.
Lindmayer, J., Innovation in Photoelectrodes for Splitting .of Water, U.S. Department of
Commerce, 1986.
40
------------------------------
Pulsed DC Electrolysis
Avila, A.J., and Brown, M. J., "Design Factors in Pulse Plating," The Societv, 1970.
2.
Bockris, J., Piersma, B.J., Gileadi, E., Cahan, B.D., "Short Communication - Basis of
Possible Continuous Self Activation in an Electrochemical Energy Converter," Joumal of
Electroanalyticai.Chemistrv. 1964.
3.
Cheh, H. Y., "Eiectrodeposition of Gold by Pulsed Current," Joumal of the Electrochemical
Societv. 1971.
4.
Dietrick, H., Yeager, E., Bugosh, J., and Hovorka, F., "Ultrasonic Waves and
Electrochemistry. Ill. An Electrokinetic Effect Produced by Ultrasonic Waves," Joumal of the
Acoustical Societv of America, 1953.
5.
Ghoroghchian, J., and Bockris, J., "Use of a Homopolar Generator in Hydrogen Production
from Water," Hydrogen Energy. 1985.
6.
IBL, N., Puippe, J. C., and Angerer, "Eiectrocrystallization in Pulse Electrolysis," Surface
Technology, 1978.
7.
Jasem, S.M., and Tseung A C. C., "A Potentiostatic Pulse Study of Oxygen Evolution on
Teflon-Bonded Nickel-Cobalt Oxide Electrodes," Joumal of the Electrochemical Societv, 1979.
8.
MacKenzie, B., ''The Pulsed Electrolysis of Water," Transactions of the Moscow Energy
Institute No. 558, 1982.
9.
Nyaiesh, A.R., Kirby, R.E, King, F.K, and Garwin, E.L., "New Radio Frequency Technique
for Deposition of Hard Carbon Films," Joumal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 1965.
10.
Savage, D., and Thomton, J.D., ''The Use of Pulsed Discharges as reaction promoters in
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7.
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Farooque, M., and Coughlin, R.W., "Electrochemical Gasification of Coal (Investigation of
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1991.

45
APPENDIX A
WAVEFORMS' DIGITIZED DATA

Approximate 10 B:, 101 Duty Cycl
Dec~ 13, l!Hll, ( t.t.m. in milll-aconda
0.0000
0.0862
0.1725
0.2587
0.3018
0.4743
0.7330
1 . 4661
3.2340
4.2688
5.9505
6.51854
9.516851
51 .. 51606
Source V
0.00000
0.30387
1.98101
2. 71147
3.73411
0.0000
0.21!52
0.5595
0.518519
1.3772
4.514960
7 .33516&
2.3671
4.8204
7.75457
7.31045
7.512998
7.251291
7.898517
5.51J51
6.1QI'16
7.30460
7. 8SSI7!5
10.21$13
7 .. 17604
10. 4'781
10.8661
10.99!15
114.0000
4.04383
1.03433
0.00000
0.00000
CUrrant
0,.00000
0.12837
4.33552
7.22392
7.223512
7.465100
7.16557
0.0000
L1343
3.29SJ8
7.5277
11 .. 5494
22.3769
28,9765
59 .. 1905
80.3300
101 '9660
128,.8~92
155.2978
196,5455
199.4328
200.7734
203.6607
205.5165a
206.8574
210.9822
231.3998
232.9466
216.2542
30L0054
Source V
o.ooooo
J,.JB52B
5.93567
5.93846
5.82702
6.25590
6.32452
6.B33U
7 ,0621SIJ
7.18227
7.26233
7. 34239
7 .. 40529
2,65332
2.3155114
2.46462
2 .. 25304
2.29878
2.29307
1.6468!ll
o. 71480
0.245851
0<12005a
Coll
o.oooo
4.13913
0.0434
0.34'76
o. 6082
1.5206
2.,606'7
4.5183
s.nu
7.51'751
10.32513
10.1167
7.10722
51.'7318
9,8621
10.2531
8.4356
11.2332
114.0000
3.115517
o.ooooo
o.ooooo
0.0000
1.0333
2.1700
13.1232
26.1431.
43.70!l6
54.5595
69.0261
85.3526
105.502!5
141.0488
174.5285
196.050
197.8817
ua.nso
209.0416
221.3382
231.15.f7
296,6675
320.0000
2000,0000
CUrrent
0.00000
o.ooooo
0-21761
2.920!4
.sun
5.90.f08
6.33357
6.61417
6. 75161
6.~0623
6.92341
6. !liB067
7.03194
6.99185
6.90623
... 02577
1.47173
0.062!ll9
0 .. 05727
o.ooooo
o.ooooo
1.927.54
7.44565
7 -38'731
7 .. 06054
'7.41065
500 H:, 10i Duty Cycle

November 13, 1SJ91, C ttm. in microaaconds
.....
7.42512
8,4284
51.1235
10.426!ll
11,03!51
11- !ISJ9!a
12.9033
U,3804
16.20.51
19.4201J
20.29!liO
22.BSJ!I7
25.3287
27.9!ll20
31.4110
34.8432
37.5368
42.5765
47.4858
51.00U
56 .. 2618
50.9981
65.2116
70 .. 2078
74.8130
79,9830
85.5440
114.0000
6.22029
6.28116
6.22608
6.73333
6.20870
6.64058
6.26661
6.551110
6.44348
6.29275
5.96812
4.04051
2.428!ll!ll
2.373U
2.31014
2.26377
2.2289!ll
2-19420
2.17391
2.15362
2.12464
2.0D855
2-09406
2.06097
2-04928
2.04639
2.04638
2.03188
2 .. 014U
1.95t130
1,SJ8261
1. 973il
1 .. 96522
1.95942
1.95U4
1.94203
1.92754
Coll
.oooo
.5175
1.1385
2 .. 690i
4" 5538
6.1063
8 .. 3832
10.1426
12.8335
15.420g
18 .. 3188
21,6306
25 .. 4600
30.4278
36.2236
40.9844
.cs. 9522
52.9899
!59.9241
61.9969
"" 6205
2.10000
2.255151
2 .. .f21B8
2.60293
2. 75813
2.96505
3.16335
3.3673!ll
3 .. 56857
3.77836
3.95367
4.14909
4.37038
4,!18880
4.80147
4.94804
5.10898
5.2871&
.5 .. 45672
.5.58030
s. 67.513
88.7994
,5,83320
81.3477
47
L___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - """
5.77860
339.1.596
2000,0000
93 "76'73
100.7015
107 .. 5322
113.7420
118.9157
123.7811
130.3013
0,00000
0 .. 00000
137.1320
152.8634
161.4535
173.0451
180,8073
1BB, 6730
194.2617
U7,0561
199'.022!5
200,4115
201"51204
204 .. 1973
206.6812
211.8560
215.4784
21!il.5147
222.8266
226.2419
226.24UI
228.9328
234.93.56
251.287i
260.SI131
276.U74
29.5.6871
325.0805
44!il.6895
2000.0000
1 kR:, 101 Duty Cycl.e
November 13, 19!i11, ( t.imlt in m.t.c::o-.eonda
0.0000
1.3385
2.05512
2. 6110
3.5006
5.4569
10.501!il
12.7671
1SI .. 45!i15
24.2986
29.6525
47.3616
66"9241
85.04SO
97 .. 9151
99,0476
100.3861
102,1364
105.8430
107.7992
110.1673
113.8739
117,5804
123.9610
129,0090
132.7156
137 .. 3488
143 .. 1145
152,7928
162.4710
188.5199
213.024:1
245 .. 353!il
273.6680
317 .. 0142
1000.0000
Source V
0.00000
0.04644
0.22061
2.41509
4.83019
6.56604
5 .. 60668
6.50798
6,75181
7.03628
7,05370
1.40203
7,.70!il12
7.,87808
7. 88970
5.3S268
2.945120
2.18868
1.85U6
l.SI912!il
1.80552
1. 77068
1 .. 68360
1 .. 60813
1.48621
1.39332
0.59797
0,5166!il
0 .. 41800
0.31350
0 .. 24383
0 .. 19158
0.14514
0.10450
0.00000
0.00000
0.0000
2.9891
4 .5361
5.3608
15 .. 7010
!ii.0722
10.4124
12.5773
15.1S4S
18.2414
22.6804
28.2474
32.160
36.5979
to. 7216
4tLU48
54.1237
61.2371
61' 9381
73.1959
79.58715
86 .. 1856
!it .. 2371
!il5.7732
100.0000
102.7835
104.3299:
106.59751
108.3505
110 .. 4124
112.3711
114.6392
117 .. 0103
11!il.3814
124 .. 1237
127.9381
131,.6-495
133.6082
137 .. 4227
141.9588
1000.0000
currant
0.00000
0.00000
0.1219'2
0.48766
0 .. 96952
1.50363
1. 95S46
2.42671
3.01308
3.S4136
4.27866
4.95210
5.49202
5 .. 86938
6.20610
6 .. 54282
6. 76343
6.89115
6.96662
7 .. 04790
7.08273
7.11176
7 .. 18723
7.18723
7 .. 16401
15.86081
6.4!il057
5. !il6807
5.32946
4. 71408
4.05225
3.46009
2.92017
2 .. 31060
1.,46880
O.!i11U7
0.34253
0,01161
0 .. 00000
0.00000
0,00000
5,89355
5.962.52
.5. 99989
6.04299
6 .. 07461
6.09185
6.12059
6.15220
6.18381
6.22692
6.22692
6.25854
6.26428
6.26716
5.86481
5 .. 51994
.5.26704
4. 97103
4 .. 654510
4.34452
3. 72376
3.415112
3.10587
2 .. 85584
2.63742
2.63167
2.4U12
2 .. 43625
2.41901
2.39314
2.37871
2.37302
2.352511
2.29543
2.10000
C61l
0. 0000
0,4132
2.7S!il3
4.8554
s.8BU
6,7U9
7 '9545
!il.6074
11.1570
13.7397
15,7025
18.1018
20.1446
22.3140
25.5165
28.5124
31.6116
35.0207
38,7397
42.871!il
47.9339
52.2727
57,.3347
61.1769
65.599'2
69,8050
71.15942
75.1033
77.6860
81.!il215
85.9504
90.2893
!il4.421.5
517.5207
98.,5537
100.92!il1
101,.9629
103.6157
104 .. !i1S87
105.5795
106.3017
107.6446
5.48040
5.62485
5.76063
5.86752
5.,97730
6.05241
6 .. 10442
6.16508
6.21131
6.27UI8
6.32109
6.37309
6.t27!il8
6.44820
6 .. 48287
15.46843
6.35865
6.10731
5.76641
5.67107
5.489015
5.29261
108.7810
5.00327
110 .. 2273
4.87082
48
2 .. 19274
2.19274
2.19274
2.20718
2.27363
2.47.!586
2.680i7
2.BD41G
3.10565
3.31077
3.52167
3. 79323
3.98102
4 .2236!il
4.40858
4.55881
4.72926
4 .. 9'2571
5.07883
5.27817
110"8471
112.U01
113.6364
115.7025
117.11752
120.6612
122.5207
123.~66D
127 .16!itt
130.0620
132.5413
134.21175
13!L~7!1J3
150.611118
153 .5331
183.~816
201.1364
224.27Gg
23S1.~7il
250.30111~
254.028D
283.2645
305.8884
330.5795
358.2645
386.111835
1000.0000
----
5 Ji:B:.:, lOt 'Duty Cycl

November 13, 19~1 ( ~ in micro-saeonda
u ..
o.oooo
0.5350
0,8230
1.3UD
2 .. 13illl
2.i21B
3.5802
4-4856
6.3314
6.7i01
8 .. 8477
10.791111
12.0165
14.9383
16.6667
19.898111
20.8230
21.1111
21.7695
22 .. 8395
24.0741
24 .. 3210
24-6502
25.2675
26.0092
26 .. 8724
29 .. 0658
2~-62~6
30.78U
32. 139!il
33.1276
37.4496
38.9066
40 .. 7BU
43.7449
47.2016
47.9835
48 .. 9066
49.2191
50 .. 1235
51.9342
52 .. ~218
54 .. 1152
62,5926
79 .. 2181
~0.0134
200.0000
sourc. v
o. ooooo
0 ,Q2331
0.1456111
2 .. 05128
4. 71445
7 .. 266i0
7.~~534
8.64802
a. 65385
8.5~557
9.61998
8 .. 57226
8.57225
8. 76457
9 .. 94033
8.9~767
111.03946
7 ;93124
5.57692
2 ~6620
1.58508
1. 46270
1 .. 40443
1o38695
1-52098
1.46270
1.34033
1 .. 30536
1 .. 42774
1. 44522
1,32294
1.32867
1.16550
1.16.550
1.13054
1.10140
0.!114406
0.29720
0.25641
0 .. 36713
0.27389
0 .. 30303
0.25641
o, 19914
0.13403
o.ooooo
0.00000
o:eooo
2.7207
3.0505
5,4002
8 .. 51866
14.22U
1~,0450
21.0237
23.0024
25.18'12
28. !IJ7~7
33.1020
37 .. 883111
43.0790
46.4170
U.8395
200.0000
C'W:':I&Jlt
0 .. 00000
0.00000
o.onn
1 .. 10204
2 .. 76~68
4 .. 53644
5.87172
6 .. 37318
s.Jno1
5.72012
4.27405
2.~4461
1.71501113
0 .. 74052
0.27405
0.00000
0 .. 00000
4.65415
4.45710
4.23236
4.00702
3.775DO
3.5158111
3.31366
3 .. 14321
2.~0054
2.68386
2.53!1141
2.45852
2.43830
2.42674
2.41808
2.38~llil
2.36030
2.35741
2.34585
2.34585
2,34007
2.31118
2.31407
2.2~D63
2.2D3B.!S
2.27363
2.1P274
Coll
0 .. 0000
1.3652
2. 7718
4.2611
5.5{36
7.1570
8.8531
10. 7~75
12.3282
13.7761
15.5550
17.201118
19 .. ~474
10.8161
21.5537
23,4153
24 .&909
26.4767
27" 9660
30o2827
32 .. 5580
34.9989
37.111361
40.8134
43.8934
46.3342
53.7907
64.1646
81.4158
111.2020
142.9740
167.5063
190.0000
200 .. 0000
49
2.30000
2.57930
2. 512710
3o23292
3 .. 44599
3. 78576
4 .. 07092
4 .. 35300
4.5S743
4. 758~9
5.00374
5.1~11153
5 .. 357~0
5 .. 46732
5 .. 18226
4.91370
4.6171110
4.32420
4.07370
3.17136
3.50934
3.24156
3 .. 00545
2.75206
2.,52747
2 .. 41230
2 .. 37174
2.37774
2.36911
2.3481115
2 .. 32016
2.33161
2.30576
2.30000
10 kBa, lOt Duty cycJ.

13, U~l ( tima 1l:l.
Nov~
.imo
o.oooo
0,2694
0.3304
0.5575
1.0943
1. 75!50
2.4157
2.93U
3.4607
4.02152
5 .. 38851
.5 .. 6573
8.2175
9,9931
10.1376
10.2822
10.91510
11,4178
11.9546
12.28U
12 .. 7392
13.2347
13,3999'
14,2051
u. 7213
15.7330
17.,2915
17.9628
19 .. 7385
20.3164
22.2161
23.103~
23 .. 3310
24.1982
24. 9209'
26.5520
27 .. 9'972
29'.0502
29.6490
3t.1n5
32.7254
32.9319
33.1590
33.,3655
33.5719'
33.9642
34.1707
34.3152
34 .. 7075
34 9346
35 .. 1411.
35.2650
35 .. 5127
36.3386
36.8135
38.0936
40.5506
44.8658
45.7123
46.0427
46.6621
47.0544
47.5912
48.2312
48.9332
49.3462
89.5960
100.0000
sou.roo v
0,00000
0.02900
0.13340
1.333~9
3.02214
6.3na;
8.579015
9.45964
10.12663
10.43403
10.43403
10,38183
10.35863
10.35283
10.32383
10.23103
8.31126
5.608.51
3.68874
3.04495
t .. 942n
1.328111
1.25278
0.9'7438
1.05558
1.37458
1.36878
1.,24698
1.26438
1.33398
1v32238
1.25278
1 .. 18318
1.17738
1.53697
1.44418
1.37458
1.23538
1.09038
1.13098
1 .. 14258
0 .. 4059'9'
0.829'3~
0,49719'
0.67859
0.,07540
0.7249~
0.31319
0 .. 37699
0 .. 22620
0 .. 35959
0 .. 21460
0.26680
0.15660
0.22620
0 .. 26680
0.25520
0.20300
0.16240
0.02320
0.13340
0,01160
0.06960
0.00000
0.05220
0.02320
0.00000
0.00000
.,.,.,.
tld.c.ro~.aon<b:
.0.0000
1.48!UJ
1.B36i7
2.414G
4 .. 1491
5.489tS
8.1312
10.2715
11.2474
11.!5983
11.94511
12.2380
12.6~20
ll.OOU
14.6732
15.0860
115.1385
20.348.5
22.9488
2.5.15'83
25.9000
26.4572
26.8700
27.3240
28.~~56
29.7386
30.2959
30.8737
32.0500
33.0612
95:-3265
100.0000
0.00000
0.00000
0.081587
0.11954
L15251
2.05019
3 .50~65
4.54054
4.9.57.53
.5 .. 01544
4.516911
5.00386
4.515174
4.514595
4.30888
4.29730
3.94556
2.49614
1.88224
1.33205
1.14672
1.14093
0.9'9'614
0.99456
0.153127
0" 5849'4
0.34749
0 .. 31274
0,18533
0.,04633
o.ooooo
0.,00000
Call
.imo
0.0000
0.8073
1.6352
2.3597
2.6909
3.1877
3. 6224
4.1398
4.2019
4 .. 3882
4.7401
5.1334
5.5267
5. 6923
5.9200
6.2305
6.6237
6.97.56
7.1826
7.5138
7.9071
9.5281
8.8179
9.376'7
2.30218
2.30218
2.30791
2.29G44
2.35092
2.47706
2.594151
2. 75516
2.746!56
2.83830
2.~2144
3. 0504fi
3.19094
3.18234
3.3256i
3.34576
3.47477
3.56651
3.155926
3.71846
3. 75860
3.90195
3.98508
4.12844
~.707!a
4.202~8
10 .. 2461
10.5566
11.0534
4 .. 30~06
4.35780
4.46101
4.5UBi
4 .. 6&143
4. 71~04
4.73624
4.65023
4.65023
4. SGSISIS
4.51835
4.44667
4.35206
4.2689'2
4.17431
4,10937
4.01376
3.9:3349
3.96181
3.75573
3.69553
3.59805
3.51U1
3.43463
3.36009
3,29268
3 .. 21674
3 .. 18234
3.13073
3.04186
2.98452
2.89'278
2.91823
2.17523
2.67175
2.61468
2.55161
2.49'713
2.44839
2.40539
2.36238
2.350U
2 .. 39245
2.36812
2.39'679
2,36812
2.3824.5
2.359'52
2.36525
2.36239
2.327i8
2.32225
2 .. 32511
2.32511
2.31651
2,32225
11.425~
11.~227
12,0676
12.8956
13,5373
13 .. 7443
13.9305
14.4066
14.6757
15 .. 069'0
15.7521
16.1247
16.6421
17.4908
17.9048
19,5051
19.4365
19.8919'
20.9441
21.4029
21. ~204
22.1688
22.8312
23.3487
23 .. 7213
24.4664
25.2323
25.7705
26.7225
27.3229
27.9025
29.730.5
29'. 7240
30.5313
31 .. 1109
32 .. 0009'
32.8496
33,5534
33. 9'673
34 .. 1950
34.6504
3.5.4163
36.1201
39.2107
42.0814
45.9'250
51 .. 1270
54" 9770
59.3031
63.5979
67" 9726
73.0681
76.2351
50
79,46fo1
82.8174
86.3983
510.0621
91.862i
93.7466
100.0000
25 kBs, 101 Duty cyel
Nov~ 13, U91 ( ~ ia. lllicro-a.condlt
o.oooo
0,0718
0.1144
0.2462
0.5848
1 .. 025i
1 .. 3234
1.7543
2.3904
2.8520
3.2316
3.6112
4.0010
4.1139
4-2780
4.4832
4.,8320
5.1500
5.7040
6,5453
7.0172
7.3865
7.6019
7.7866
8 .14!57
8 .5560
8.668i
9 .. 07513
!L4281
51,7358
10.5360
12.1467
12. 6.f.IJ4
12 .. 9.443
13.34.70
13.4906
13.6753
13.8081
13.,9215
14.1370
14.3421
14.5576
u. 7833
15.00510
15.4604
17 .. 0095
17.1121
18.9392
20.t668
20.5694
20.6412
20 .. 1438
20.87'71
20.51284
21.0310
21 .. 1234
2L2157
21.tl06
21.5850
21.7081
21.8825
22.0467
22 .. 2006
22.3032
22.4878
22.55104
22.7853
40.0000
So~
0 .. 00000
0.04636
Q,.12UD
0,28D74
2.25993
4.68191
6 .. 58278
8.85430
11.46172
12.59768
13.21192
13.72185
13 .. 81831
13.87252
13,70447
13.04387
11.13742
8.651U
5.42964
2. 70613
1 .. 51821
0.5103517
0.86341
0.74172
0,67219
0"62.583
0.70695
0.70U5
0.89818
0 .. 9tt54
o,, 97930
0.94t54
o, 9321J$
1.1589'4
1.17053
1.39652
1.305160
1.251222
l.-4370t
1.4U70
1.30381
1.U503
1. 42550
1.485124
1.41391
1.44868
1 .. 375114
1.35017
1.27483
1.12417
0 .. 00000
0.69536
0.651536
0.00000
1,08361
o, 5190851
0.135107
0 .. 84023
0 .. 011551
Q, 67199
o, 00000
o.t3460
0.02897
0.30132
0.11010
0.21440
0.00000
o.ooooo
0.0000
1.0103
1.2511
1,3505
1. 6185
1,8241
1.8794
2 .. 1856
2.4124
2.6082
2.8241
2. !i89'7
3.2414
3 .. 4536
3.6U5
3,89651
4.0309
4.2680
4.311)6
4 .. 5361
4.6907
4.8144
5.1134
5.3093
5.463!i
5.5173
5.7732
5.89'69
6.1649
6.t6351
6.6598
6.8454
7.1237
7.1856
1.4021
7. 5610
7.9381
8.1649
8.4.536
8.628t
9.0412
51.4142
51,.9897
10.,2'784
10.6392
10.8557
11.2680
11.6289
11.8454
12.2062
12.4227
12. '7216
12.51794
13.05128
13.2577
13.46351
13.7320
13.9175
14.3711
1t,83S1
15.1546
15.7216
16,1856
16n463\J
16.8454
17n030!iJ
11.31516
17.5670
18,0206
19,2680
18.5561
18o8351
curr.a.t
0.00000
o.ooooo
0.00572
0.0421J2
0.04292
0.10300
0.10300
0.18312
o.U185
0.401116
0.55222
0.68814
0.87268
1.0410
1.21602
1.38U7
1.54793
1 . 6909t
1.81688
2.01717
2.13734
2,30043
2.t0628
2.58655
2.70672
2 .. 79542
2. 91845
2.98712
3 .. 07868
3.1.5021
3.144451
3.18455
3.181651
3.1.55114
3.14163
3.07.582
3 .. 01860
2.516137
2, 885184
2.aon3
2.651242
2.52641
2.42060
2.33190
2.22604
2 .. 15737
2.04578
1.9U89
1.99700
1.82260
1. 73104
1. 70815
1.61373
1.567515
1.527510
1.513551
1.4105t
1.351342
1.251041
1.18455
1,092t9
0.98712
0.-851843
0.82403
0. 73247
o, 1239t
0.63233
0.5B36!iJ
0,54650
0.47210
0.40343
0.37196
2.33085
2.33085
2.29644
2.32511
2.30505
2.30505
2.30218
C<IU
o.oooo
0.082i
0.5805
1.0158
1. 4.01:111
1.6792
1.8658
2-1353
2.4677
2.64.32
2-9852
3.3895
3. 7834
4.1047
4.4467
4.8199
5.0790
5.3580
5 .. 4833
5.7735
6.1363
6.4368
6. 8412
7.21t3
7.5460
7.9295
8.2197
8.8209
51.15141
51.6916
10.3032
10.6038
u. 0288
11"5410
11.82651
12.2415
12.5110
12.9360
13 .. 2988
13-5904
14.0451
lt.4804
15,0091
15.3511
15.'7554
16.1804
16.,'7194
17.1340
17.5496
17.7041
17.9217
18.2639
18.8235
19.1760
151.7171
20.2741
20. '7515
21.3527
21.44.60
21.6325
21.9746
22.4514
23.3221
24.2446
25.2397
26n3177
27 .. 3024
28.35108
29.0956
251.8005
30.8992
32 0912
51
2.33218
2.33218
2.32350
2.32928
2.33218
2.32928
2.35822
2.44213
2.58681
2. 72280
2.9050D
3.06'713
3.22627
3.41635
3.5U61
3.68345
3.81076
3.91204
3.116101
3.97280
3.97568
3.80600
3.842551
3.80208
3. 73553
3,65162
3.58507
3,51852
3.43461
3 .. 35069
3,30ttO
3.23206
3,19155
3.14815
3.11343
3,07002
3.04688
3.00347
2.t6007
2.5135181
2.951063
2.84144
2. 79646
2.75174
2. 71123
2. 67072
2.63310
2.60417
2.56076
2.56076
2.51736
2.451421
2.4.5660
2.42188
2.39005
2.35532
2.31t81
2.27141
2.35822
2.332111
2.35532
2-34954
2.34375
2 .. 33507
2.34664
2,33501
2.34664
2-33218
2.33507
2n34375
2.32639
2.32060
u.u:u
U.U48
18.84!14
20,082!5
20.3402
20.53512
20.96511
21.3299
21,7216
22.7216
23.38U
24.,1031
3L 9278
40 .. 0000
0.32040
0.,268514
0.18312
0.163051
0.12303
0.06861
0.02575
0.02289
0.02209
0.01431
0.022U
0.02299
0.05722
0.00000
500 B:, 251 Duty cyel

Novembae 13, 1991, ( t;f..ma in mcro-aoeooct..
0.0000
2.2739
5.1677
5 .5811
15.0896
23.7712
3!5.5535
54.9831)
67.5930
99.7106
110.7947
128.5714
140.,1470
163.9182
194,0n4
222.9296
264.1709
.309.6128
341.2724
398 .. 6092
444.4189
.503 .5370
507 .. 6711
511 .. 3918
520.4869
524.2076
607 .. 9238
636.7347
2000.0000
source v
0.00000
0.996!52
2. fi8667
3.96002
3,93975
4,0!11907
4.,19467
4.33951
4.38297
44380
4.49146
4.50174
4.54909
4.54&09
4.58575
4.59575
4,51706
4.59154
4,. 60023
4.63789
4.61761
4.60023
3.24739
1.57300
1. 44844
0.04056
0.00290
0.00000
0.00000
0 .. 0000
0,.5106
0.7660
1.0213
1 .. 191!5
1.7972
2 .. 3830
3 .. 7-447
4 .. 3404
11 .. 3191
14.2979
17.3617
20 .. 2553
23.9141)
27.6.5118
31 .. 0638
35.6596
40.4255
45.7872
47.5745
54.5532
55,4043
61,. 7872
64.4255
72.5106
73.6170
99 '7660
90.6393
~~~:{::;
506.1!595
!525.1896
2000 .. 0000
( ~ J.n
Soux:ee V
0.00000
0.06560
0 .. 34995
0" 98154
1 .. 76142
2.42468
3.18756
3 '97413
4.06706
4,07677
4.147:23
4.,205!54
4.239!55
4 .. 29057
4.31973
4.35374
4.39018
4.42420
4.4.!5092
4.48251
4 .. 49990
4.52391
4 .. 52381
4.55782
4.56269
... 60399
4.61127
4. 64529
curret
0.0000
5,58U
5Ul288
14.06.57
19 .. 0301
27 .S109
37.2329
0.4369
65.1790
90.591i19
124.9369
152.4417
218.0188
1 k.B:, 25t Duty cycle

November 13, 1991 ,
0.00000
o.ooooo
0 .. 4SUU3
0, 96924
1 .. 31741
1. 76146
2.09228
2.43180
2 .. 69978
2.964U
2.99317
3.05572
3.04701
3.04701
3.04701
3.04411
0,00000
0 .. 00000
mic.ro...econct.
0.0000
3.9604
4 .. 9521
5.7895
9.2571
11.2364
14.5563
17.3654
19.5796
23 .. 0687
27.83.57
34.7308
39.!5614
42.1366
48 .. 0953
57,033f
64.4392
68.2698
70 .. 0.575
72.6963
14.3137
79o,914
00.6129
86. 9~72
SIO. 6576
103.766&
104.6180
113.4110
curret
0.00000
0.00000
0.1343S
0.33416
0.59866
o. 91142
1,19481
1 .. 4:2$144
1.62004
1.76665
2 .. 02568
2 .. 29688
2.43128
2.51436
2.68051
2.82468
2.94930
2.9688!5
3.02260
3.03971
3 .. 07147
3.09369
3.11790
3.12523
3.19853
3.1936!5
3.23519
3.23274
32. 7331)
33 .5113
34.U60
35.01U
36.1441
37.0770
31.9471
39.73.54
39 .5232
40 .. 0000
2.3Ufi4
2.33!107
2.323.50
2.34086
2.32928
2.32fi28
2.35243
2.33.507
2.33218
2.33218
cell.
0.0000
9.2ri03
U .. 81fi4
2.5. 6000
3!5.3032
4L0839
48.7226
55.5355
61.7290
72.6710
80.1032
92.6968
10!L0065
124.003
139.U19
152.3613
1Bfl. 42!59
220.9032
279,5355
335.4839
400.1032
451.3032
486.4000
U$1.2000
515, SOSI7
584.6710
66!5. 9065
745.0839
798.,9677
2000.0000
cell.
0 .. 0000
4.3489
8 .. 6917
12.83U
11.9130
22.0548
28.0603
36 .. 6544
41.1123
55 .. 39!58
66.6820
81 .. 07411
98.2628
120 .. 3175
1351 .. 6802
160.0782
181.09715
217.7520
2n.u61
250.1611
26.5.5891
303.1966
342 .. 3149
370.1690
399.1247
427.5311
450.2071
1000.0000
52
2,17366
2.76883
3.09373
3.19436
3.36688
3.4.!5026
3 .53!1131)
3.60265
3.64.517
3.11765
3.72340
3. 763615
3.U528
3.82979
3,9!59!54
3.99017
3.89304
3.904!4
3 .. 919fi2
3.94192
3. 95630
3.97355
3.97930
3. !H192
2.48994
2.401143
2.36343
2.32892
2 .. 31167
2.17360
2.19364
2 .. 41110
2.68208
2.94104
2.97399
3,13006
3.22832
3 .. 39306
3.!54335
3 .. 63295
3.722!54
3 .. 1SI769
3.87572
3. 91328
3 .. 95665
3.97977
4.00867
4.00578
4.00579
4.01134
2.45665
2.3~!5515
2 .. 37861
2.35541)
2.32659
2.30636
2.3063/J
2.19364
518,4681
102.6383
103.6.5gG
1051.7872
1151.4043
127.3191
128.8511
137.8723
145.53U
158,2129
160,2!153
162 .. 8936
164,51362
167.65516
168.U62
170 .. 95131
172.8511
174.6383
176.3404
181 .. 8723
205.1064
227.65516
241.2766
24!1.1915
249.7021
24!L 7872
250.251751
250.4681
251.0639
251.31512
252.1702
253 .. 3617
254o95136
257.3617
2551 .. 48513
261.2766
<~262.2128
264 .. 0000
265.6170
266 .. 5532
267 .. 14851
267.3192
268.2553
269.3617
270 .. 9787
272 .. 5957
276.0000
278 .. 0425
280.0000
282.9095
284.2553
285.9575
286.95136
291.4043
2951.0638
302.2128
303,14851
304.3404
305.8723
311 .. 14851
312.1702
313.6170
321 .. 8723
323,31!12
324.9362
327. 1489
328.7660
330.2129
334.6383
337 .. 9575
338 .. 7234
339 .. 8298
341.7021
344 .. 0000
347.,4043
349.1064
350.51787
354.0425
355.7{47
358 ,JSJO
360. 1702
361.3617
364 '0000
368.7660
371,14851
372 .. 9511
4.64284
4.64712
4. 67930
4 .. 675130
4.69659
4. 685102
4.7084!
4.72303
4.72546
4.72546
4.7U76
4 .. 75705
4. 72546
4.73032
4.76433
4. 74247
4. 76676
4.73761
4.75949
4, 75948
... 76100
4, 76190
4. 76676
4 .. 76676
4.555351
4.25413
3.75364
3 .. 42323
3.01506
2. 390SI5
1 .. 82459
1 .. 43596
1.40195
1.331351
1.35326
1.30224
1 .. 307051
1.25121
1.277514
1.27065
1.23SI07
1 .. 06657
0,92362
0.41376
0.31098
0 .. 351845
0,29183
0.34014
0.26725
0.26969
0-30126
0.23324
0.25267
0.20409
O.U193
0.17493
0.14334
0.20651
0.15306
0.13362
o. 15063
0 .. 13120
114.7478
125.8140
133.47.52
l4fL1588
150.2043
173.2283
188.6:359
201!L2567
2U.4500
234.858.5
251.2975
252.95100
254.0115
256.0545
258 .. 05175
260.8214
264.6520
266.65150
267.4612
273.5050
1000.0000
3.26!iJ40
3.28161
3,.3182'7
3.32315
3.34026
3.3.5736
3.35247
3.35736
3,35736
3.34270
3.34270
3.11700
2.76948
2.27245
1. 755132
1.15333
0.46671
0.06842
0.02689
0.00000
0.00000
0.11510.5
0.105133
0,05931
o. 10933
0.08260
0.11176
0.08746
0.085199
0.11176
0.01775
0 .. 07046
0.08260
0.05345
0.08260
0,05599
0,08017
0.06074
0 .. 07289
0 .. 05831
0,07280
0.03997
0.03544
0.07715
0 04859
0
53
378.7234
395.8723
3513.5157.!1
0.04130
0.02915
0.005172
400,0000
0.00000
1000,0000
0,00000
5 kHs, 251 Duty cycl

NovGWber 13, liSil , ( timlil in miCJ:o-sQCOncla
Souree V
0.,0000
0 . 00000
0 .. :5093
1.2733
1.51525
0 .. 06960
1.36900
2.58240
2.2920
3.54720
o.oooo
3 .5000
3.83SI6
4.51488
4.57SI20
4.9.5760
4.865160
4.510560
23 .. 6348
96,.6U3
0,01680
99.1324
100.5942
106.2918
116.4696
121,1647
133 .. 7012
135.9083
200.0000
0.04560
0.04.560
0 .. 04320
0.04090
0,04090
0.04320
0. 00000
0,.00000
2.8061
0 .. 413114
5,1871
9.2687
4.5840
6.4516
68.6151
1.0204
0,18204
12A150
lf.L2415
18.15173
13 .. 9015J
69 .. 4397
70.15292
73.174Sl
75.1273
76 .. 4056
79.4567
90.85198
91,57951
92.59715
84 .. 2105
98.2003
91,1715
93.0390
93 .. 887Sl
Cell
OoOOOO
1.209!8
1. sngo
10.0693
5.03040
5o06160
5.07120
5.10000
5.10720
5.04'120
:L07360
5.14320
5,15290
5.22720
5,22400
5,25940
5.25840
5.14080
4.83600
4.27920
3.93840
3.52320
2 .. 84160
2.20900
1. 60080
1.30320
1.29360
1.18560
1.17360
1 .. 11120
1 .. 13280
1 .. 06320
1 .. 05600
1.00800
0 .. 70560
0.00720
o. 31200
0.1'7520
0.16800
0. 25440
0 .. 16560
0.15840
0.12000
0.14640
0.105150
0 .. 12480
0 .. 12000
0.05760
0.04800
o.oao9o
0.79802
4.14720
4.512720
4.5ll4160
4 .. 985160
0.00000
0.00000
7.1672
2, 9111
3.6503
7.7250
9 .. 5076
12.7334
1L2615
16.517751
18.6757
21.816f5
22.2411
25,.8065
26.8251
29.6265
31.57851
37 .191'7
40.74'10
44.5671
46.34517
451.0662
49,.t907
4$1,..(907
49.51151
50.3396
50.9338
51.2733
51.61251
52.4618
53.5654
54.668Sl
57.4703
60 .. 6112
62" 6486
63.7521
65.2801
67.317.5
67.911'7
68.0815
curr.. t
18.2594
28.5836
31.5100
33 .. 1058
36.8601
37,1160
38.f55151
40.1877
41.6382
45.6485
46.8430
48.25135
50.4266
507i386
51.5358
52.8157
53 .. 51249
54.51488
56,3140
58.2765
60.1536
63.2253
66.3823
68.1713
76.1945
100.0000
200,0000
2 . 06228
2.505351
2.81198
20.3231
2.97725
23.5544
3.11856
2.5.42.52
26.3605
28,.7U.5
32.312$11
34.,86351
37 .. 4150
40 .. 9014
43.1122
45.5782
46.6937
4'7.8741
48.90515
3,255108
3,.31018
3.32216
3.42515
3. 44671
3.604751
3 .. 616'17
3.1U16
3.71976
3.63932
3.58563
3.30060
3.00838
2 .. 72335
2.35928
L 906551
1.4251514
0.912.57
0 .. 351521
0.05988
0.01916
0.00000
0,00000
151.5578
u.un
50.4252
52.7211
54.4218
57.3129
551.5238
62.6701
65 .. 7313
7.5.1701
93.0272
109.7799
131.3775
151.7007
1157 .one
200.0000
54
2.311351
2.41470
2 .56127
2.7G30SI
3.01778
3.20215J
3.36857
3,U0fi5
l.U065
3 .!505!3
3.67852
3.68333
3 .. 73139
3 .. 17463
3.85872
3.U158
3<519126
4.03652
4.074516
4 .. 11821
4.155106
4.155106
4.13023
4,060.55
3.84671
3.60884
3.3825151
3 . . 051467
2.82.5.56
2.618513
2,41711
2..40029
2.38107
2.35704
2,.34983
2.32590
2.32340
2.311351
10 k.Bs, 251 DUty CJld.

Novw:tber u, un, t tiJD8 ill
.....
0.0000
0 .. 2048
0 .. 3754
0.5802
0.7167
O,BU1
1,0!580
1.2621
1-6382
1.11454
2.4915
2.9352
3.2765
3.7884
3.U08
5.695i7
6.2457
6.5188
6.825D
8.0887
11.80851
12.1843
U.832B
14.1638
14.,5051
14.9829
15.5973
16,3481
16.7517
17.0307
17.8157
19.6246
20.1706
20.5802
21.2961)
21.9795
22. 4!573
22 .. 9010
24.2662
24.6075
24.51147
24.9829
25,1536
25.3584
25.6314
25.8703
26.1775
26.3140
26.8601
27.3720
27.7474
27.8840
28.25514
28"5324
28.7372
251.4198
2!L 7611
30.4437
31.1263
31.8430
32-4915
J3,037S
33.8567
34"4027
35,7679
36.1175
37.1672
37.61SJ2
38.2594
38.7031
39.3857
39.8635
40.3072
40,9215
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41-9430
4:2.U1S
43.1741
44.0614
44-4710
44' 5759
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0.0406!J
0.09813
0,64380
1.09613
1.61308
2.14200
2. 67012
3 .. 3215f0
3.86996
4.49701
4.99960
5.11192
5.28680
5,30834
5,30834
5.21722
.5.27962
5 .. 30594
5.30834
5.31073
5 .. 34663
5.38492
5.38492
5 .. 41125
5.39210
5 .. 42800
5"41108
5.U2CS2
s. 50459
5.51177
5 .55006
5.57399
5,56203
5,.63383
5. 63383
5 .. 5979c3
5.,62665
5.62665
5 .. 55724
5.41364
5.21260
4 .. 93498
4.56163
4.09733
3. 65696
3.24531
2.88392
2.24406
1-84523
1,52692
1.43598
1.38572
1,33307
1.29956
1 .. 32110
1 .. 32349
1 .. 40241
1..33785
1. 33067
1.,211717
1 .. 33067
1.33067
1.40965
1.41683
1.39051
1,38093
1,30195
1.2899D
1.32110
1o26366
1.28520
1.25648
1-25648
1.25648
1. 17150
0,00000
0.86398
0.10531
0.22736
0.16514
llliero-tiCOllda
.....
0,0000
2. 7380
3.6780
4.2092
4.8631
5.92!56
7.2742
a.418S
a.6036
10.14n
12.017
13.6085
14. Sl980
16.0196
17,4908
18.3081
U.2072
20.1880
20.8010
22.2313
23.5799
24.3564
24.7650
2!1 .. 5004
25,8275
26.8901
28.0752
29.3012
31.3854
32.031
34.0008
35.34SJI4
37.2701
38.4552
38.4961
39.5995
40.1714
41.0298
42 .. u n
43,1140
44.7078
47" 118SI
56.4365
65.8766
98 .. 8966
100"0000
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0.00000
0.00000
0.06593
0.16054
0.32680
0.59627
0.8!5141
1.09508
1.2as1s
1. !5134.2
1.71715
1.SI5509
2.10i8SI
2.28476
2.45963
2.58576
2.70330
2 .. 74343
2.84317
2.98111n
3.12470
3,14477
3.21070
3.27090
3"31104
3,31390
3-161!17
2.86383
2.33063
1.94075
1,63688
1.34735
0.96894
0.80268
0,68227
0.51601
0.38700
0.30674
0.06880
0.03440
0.00573
0,01433
0.02007
0-01433
0.01147
0.00000
.....
0,0000
O.i129
1.6183
2.1511
2.7801
3.8588
4.3:568
4.6888
4.8548
5,5187
6.4315
6. 7tS35
7.4274
7.8008
8.2988
8.9627
9,9170
10.4564
11.3278
11.1427
12.2407
13.1950
13,7344
14.5643
14,8133
15.7261
1!1.97$1
16.7635
17.3444
17.9668
18.5477
19.8340
21.3278
22.2822
22.8216
23.7344
24.4813
25.3112
26.5000
26.8050
27.3959
28.6722
28.7552
29.5851
30.2490
30.6224
31.4108
32.3237
33.6100
34.9703
36.1826
37,3859
38.4232
39.9170
40.66351
41.4938
41.7427
42.4481
43.3610
43,6100
43.94151
U-27311
44.7718
41 .. 0954
~0,207:5
53.:5685
58 .. 9627
63.8174
69.1286
74.9793
80.41U
82.2822
82.6556
83.5685
85.2697
87 .302D
90.5f544
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95.3112
97.8008
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2.22730
2.21873
2,2215!J
2.23015
2.21299
2.372D3
2. 45281
2.45003
2.541117
2.57853
2.70702
2.70417
2. '78127
2.83267
2.81261
2.87550
2.96688
3 .. 02113
3,083SI5
3 .. 11251
3.13!535
3.22102
3,2U85
3.26385
3. 31239
3.38664
3 .. 42020
3.44089
3.50942
3.51228
3.51796
3.60937
3.68361
3. 70340
3. 76642
3.80015!
3.83495
3.510205
3.91205
3.84061
3. 77499
3.66933
3.60080
3.49229
3.,40091
3.32953
3. 20388
3.10394
2.519258
2.85551
2. 77841
2.68418
2.59852
2.47858
2,38150
2.341:52
2.33581
2.272951
2.25585
2.31868
2.25871
2.321.53
2.29298
2, 30725
2.30440
2.2SJB61J
2 .. 272951
2.28000
2.28441
2.28641
2.27299
2,26729
2.27870
2.25300
2.2,DO
2.26728
2,2501
2-25871
2.25300
2,25014
2.25971
55
4.5.2218
46.271UI
47.2014
47.7133
49.805.5
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49 .5222
50.3072
51.2628
51.979.5
!52.2.526
S3.!5U5
56.0048
57.2014
59 .. 4198
62.55139
64.0614
64.9464
65.494111
69.12251
72.1160
75 .. 5290
71.1672
80.0000
100.0000
0.15796
0.09377
0.078$18
0.1!5311
0.15311
0.18907
0.1.57U
0.12684
0.08616
0, 08616
0.10770
0.10110
0.10531
0.00055
0.08616
0.08855
0.081.17
0.074U
0.04069
0.0382111
0.03351
0.02393
0.01436
0. 00000
0.00000
25 kH%, 25t Duty cyel

Noverri:>al: 13, 1991, { t.i.xDa
0.0000
0.3042
0.70951
0.8282
1.0$196
1 .. 3521
1.622!
1.8761
2,2310
2, 6535
2.8732
3.1606
3. 4310
3.7521
4 .. 0732
4 .. 3268
4,. 6817
6o2873
6.6085
6. 9296
7 .. 1931
51 .. 49815
9.6507
10.0901
10.25512
10.5127
10 .. 6811
10 .. 8676
10.9859
11.1042
11.25101
11.5437
11 .. 7296
12,0000
12.3380
12.6423
13.0986
13,.4873
13.7408
13 .. 9592
13 .. 9775
14,2479
15.5662
15.8197
17 .. 7127
19,.0000
18. S409
19.6930
18.8451
151.3183
lSI. 7408
20 .. 6704
21.51.55
21.5324
Sourc. V
0.00000
0,015318
0.06804
0.34994
1.34629
2 .usa.
3,.05225
3, 77643
4.626D7
5.45808
5 .. 87606
6.18226
6,47874
6, 70717
6.87728
7 .. 01823
7.01823
1' 00851
6.95018
6.513074
6.78007
6.77035
6. 70717
6. 624!14
6.65857
6.60996
6. 47388
6 .. 25030
5.83232
5.50182
4 .95747
4 .. 27217
3.89307
3.24666:
2.71689
2.17254
1. 60875
1-22965
1.12758
1.055154
0,99149
0.98177
o. 98663
1.14702
1.06440
1.01580
1.01094
1,05468
1,.00122
1.00122
1.07412
1.06440
1.13244
1.08870
in
miao~e.eonda
0 .. 0000
2.25513
2o6Ul
27'9029
3.4485
4.0430
4.5866
5.04.53
5 .53751
6.2005
7.0498
7.7D73
8.6806
9 .. 4621
10"1586
10.7871
11.251157
11.5006
11.6874
12 .. 1631
12.6897
12. 961!1
13.3692
13.5051
13. 742SI
13.8958
14.2011
14.4054
14.7622
15.5096
16,1991
16. 902CS
17.3443
17.5821
17.81SISI
18.5674
19.722:1
20.4700
21.1495
21.8460
22.4236
23.272SI
23.9864
24.5470
26.1224
40.0000
c:unoot
0.00000
0.00000
o, 13880
0.13880
0.28003
0.4GUO
0.71.591
0.82062
1.02516
1,.22727
1.46591
1.69724
1. 93831
2.16477
2.32305
2.48377
2.S8S04
2.59091
2.62257
2.63474
2.52760
2.51299
2.39123
2.39123
2.29810
2.251870
2.18182
2.17451
2 .. 02841
1.86282
1.68263
1 .50487
1.368!Sl
1.315364
1.28328
1.12500
0.89610
0 .. 73539
0.56250
0.46266
0.35552
0.22159
0.06575
0 .. 026151
o.ooooo
0.00000
100.0000
2.22730
CeJ.l
0.0000
0.226:51
0.8045
1.2584
1.918.5
2.3724
2.78U
3.2800
3.878.3
4.,5384
5.4048
15.0031
6. 6013
7,2202
7.6122
1.9010
8.3961
9,056:2
9,6!545
10,2114
10.7684
11.3254
12.1300
12.52151
12.8314
13.2027
13.5SI46
14.2960
14.5642
15.2862
16.05108
16.6684
17.7411
18,65100
19.4740
20.5467
21.2068
22.2589
23.3729
24.3631
25.2708
26.3435
28.1382
29.2934
31.0460
33.2336
35.6679
36.5962
37.8752
38.5147
3SI.3U2
40.0000
56
2.35193
2.35193
2.341907
2.3547111
2.354751
2.3116:8
2.42918
2.!52647
2.63.519
2. 73820
2.85837
2.5155155
3.0UU
3.13Sil
3 .. 15021
3.U5951
3.270351
3.33619
3.40200
3.47926
3.54220
3.602251
3.57082
3.53076
3.48498
3.43062
3,355108
3.26152
3.20172
3.13591
3 .. 055751
2.5189951
2.87840
2.80401
2.73248
2.64950
2.58083
2.48355
2.406251
2.32904
2.32904
2.354751
2.35193
2.35193
2.36010
2.361524
2.34907
2.3576!1
2 .. 36338
2.315338
2. 35765
2.35193
22.90U
23.42.!54
23.6951
23.8648
24.3211
24.557'7
25,0310
25 .. 2169
25.419'7
26.0282
26.2310
26.4169
26.6535
26.8056
26,9239
27.3972
27.9.!50
28.5972
40.0000
1.07412
0.9331'7
0.92345
o. 9'7205
0.93803
0.89421
0.92131
0.11179
0.51033
0.35480
o.053U
0.32564
0.03402
0,01458
0.13609
0.06318
0.02430
0.00000
0.00000
500 B:, SOt Duty cycl

Nov~ 13, 1!1l91, ( t.tm. iD mic.ro-.cond.l
o.oooo
2.04.71
5.117'7
15.3531
31.7299
47 .. 082$1
65.5067
92 .. 1187
122.9250
156,6018
245.6499
344.9335
498.464'7
770,.7267
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1021.4944
1038.894!5
2000.0000
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0. 00000
1,00724
2.01158
3.21852
3.37492
3.47902
3 .. 56874
3.62084
3.63821
3.65557
3.66425
3 .. 67004
3.66136
3.68162
3.67873
3.69030
0 .. 22576
0.00000
0.00000
0.0000
9,U7B
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33.7251
51.0986
51).2'744
71.5381
80.7358
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230.9658
380.1'737
561.062!1
753.U37
910.5774
9!n,U51
101'7 .8845
2000.0000
1 kHz, SOt Duty cye1

Novomber 13, 1991, ( t.j,n. i.n
o.oooo
2 .. 0000
2.0429
3.6772
8. 5802
16.3432
22.9805
35,5465
56 .. 7926
80 .. 0811
119.7140
173.2380
271.2912
358.3248
422. 47U
470,6844
496.4249
500.5107
502 .1451
508.6823
513. !il939
522 9826
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53!5.6486
552.4004
576.5067
595"51183
1000 .. 0000
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0 .. 00000
1.01010
2.00966
3.01299
3.32756
3 .. 33911
3 .. 43723
3.50072
3.54690
3.59985
3. 64502
3 .. 67388
3.6U97
3.70851
3.72006
3.72294
3.70851
3. 37374
2.55700
1.38240
0 .253!il7
o. 19625
o. 21068
0.13276
0 .. 11544
0.10678
0.00000
0.00000
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0.00000
0.00000
0.50'7$14
1.0096G
1.30880
1,382CO
1.45166
1 .. UU5
1.53924
1.54690
1.52525
1.48485
1.47042
1.46032
1.468il
1 .. 41475
0.00000
0.00000
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o.oooo
8.1716
11.8481
14. 70Bt
17.1J775
23,61J77
28.600&
35.9551
45.3.524
52.2983
551.2441
69.8672
82.5332
95.6078
110.7252
163 .. 8C07
210.4198
290.5005
351.3790
411.8481
483.3!504
503.7794
510.3167
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518.3673
1000.0000
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0.00000
o.0332t
0.23081
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0.62572
0.79191
0.91698
1.11561
1.24566
1.34971
1.40607
1.4C942
1.50000
1.53324
1.55347
1.56069
1.!5592!5
1 .54913
1.54046
1.52168
1.49855
1. 451855
1.10694
0 .. 71243
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0 .. 00000
------
c.ll.
o.oooo
2t.4648
39.7554
57.0846
70.3364
84.6075
102.9562
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188.5831
209.9898
293.5780
503.5678
704.3833
864.42U
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2.5CO!J'7
2.77883
2.99057
3.10370
3.17041
3.21392
3.211)12
3.213512
3.19072
3.16171
3.17041
3.1!5881
3.15301
3 .. 13851
2.12951
2.40114
2 .. 34953
2.30&02
2.27701
2.23640
2.21030
2.11J!579
2.U3U
2.15518
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0.0000
7.3052
8.9286
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23.5390
35.3084
451.5130
66.5584
90.3571
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113.6364
136.7695
162.3317
189.5292
226.8669
257.7110
306.0065
333.1!il81
372.1591
408.6851
437.9059
465.5032
487 .. 0130
497.1591
502.4351
504.0594
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511.3636
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2 .. 13888
2.22793
2-35557
2 .. 50695
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2. 76511J
2 .. 85127
2.95219
2.99078
3.05015
3.07686
3. 09170
3.11248
3.11248
3 .. 10!:t51
3.12435
3 .. 11248
3,10358
3.10951
3.11248
3.10654
3.10654
3.101J51
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2. 75!il25
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636,31:i36
l:i76,13CI4
740,2!5118
810.060
811.7532
917.2078
5154,9513
976.4611
1000.0000
S kB:, 500 Duty cycle
November 13, 1991, ( t:J...mra in miero-aeconda
......
0.0000
0.5111
1.1073
1.192.!5
1.5332
1.7898
2.4702
2.9813
3.7418
4.0034
4.5145
1 '7513
8.6031
10.0511
11.4140
13.6296
17,3765
18.4838
22.6576
23 .. 76411
32.5383
33.7308
31f.1823
41.2261!1
47 '7002
52.2146
67 .. 1210
69-33.56
99.5741
100.6814
101.3621f
102.555-t
103 .. 3220
104.6848
106.1329
107.3254
109 .. 2945
110.2215
110.8171
112.6917
114.5656
115 .. 4174
116.6951
118.6542
120 . .5291
121.2947
123.5094
126.,0647
127 .. 6831
128 .. 9608
131.34.58
132.1976
133.8160
136.6261f
139.6082
200.0000
10
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0.00000
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0.67825
1.1049!5
1.50749
1.98922
2 .. 60755
3.07969
3.42960
3.50150
3.52796
3.53026
3.56141
3.53505
3.52786
3.6069.!5
3.6069!5
3.64769
3,64530
3" 68364
3. 69083
3 .. 72679
3,73977
3. 71711
3.77711
3.90927
3.91067
3.84182
3,86818
3.46794
2,5811"
1.72798
1.32774
1o21270
1 .. 24626
1.207il
1,26303
1.26303
1.20312
0 .. 18214
0 .. 17735
0.1150-t
0.13901
0 .. 11744
0.08.388
0.03116
0,10785
0.07909
0.12463
0.14859
0.071il09
o. 11025
0.07430
0.07430
0.00000
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0.0000
5.1783
l:i.4450
8.,5934
11.1508
12.6854
15,1407
18 .5166
21.99U
25.8824
28.644.5
33.2481
37.2379
42.2506
47.1611
51.9693
57.5951J
63-5294
68.74158
75,!1079
82.9644
88.2964
91.6624
94 .5269
98.5166
102.3018
104,5524
105,0638
106,0870
106. SIOS4
107.7238
109.2583
110.4858
111.7136
112 .. 2251
114 .. 2857
200 .. 0000
0.0000
0.1652
0 .. 3304
0.51fi3
0.681.5
0.9106
o.ooooo
0.00000
0.15196
0.33898
0.451411
0.5751:i9
0,66774
0.84015
0,96727
1.08416
1.10352
1,28434
1.37341
1.46251f
1.54734
1 .. 59848
1.64962
1.68117
1.72f14
1.76651
1.79866
1.91327
1.83372
1,94249
1,85272
1..8t833
1. 70076
1.55026
1,32379
1.14553
O.SI2344
0 .. 72618
0.52162
0.27469
0.05114
0,00000
0,00000
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0.0000
2.9.!561
4.898S
8.2770
9.961:i2
11 .. 4865
14.1892
16.8074
20 .. 1014
23.7331
26.4359
31.0911
35.8953
40.709.!5
42.8201f
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48.6486
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62.8378
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81.6723
89.!1358
93.!1189
98.3108
101. 1924
102.21104
103.2938
10-t. 7297
105.9966
107.1791
108,8682
110.3041
111.4865
112.6689
115.4561
120 .. 945!1}
124 .. 8311
126,3513
12!1l.6453
138.17.57
142.9899
152.2804
155.,9966
11:i1 .. 9932
165 .. 2027
174.15.!54
179.1395
183.6SI93
191.0473
200.0000
2.20000
2.22943
2.27748
2. 40240
2,47688
2.!50.!511
2.58739
2,61387
2.72192
2 .. 17477
2.83243
2.89249
2.9477.!5
3.01261
3,06306
3.09910
3.10631
3.09670
3.11832
3.121!a3
3,17117
3 .. 18318
3v1879!i
3 .. 1!1760
3,20721
3.21201
3.22643
3. 22643
3.21!122
3.07027
2.916!52
2.17719
2.62823
2.49361f
2.39039
2.27148
2.28949
2 .. 28949
2.2!1l429
2.2!1:670
2.25586
2.27267
2.27267
2.27267
2.26787
2.26787
2.26306
2.26306
2.2582fl
2.25826
2.24144
2.22222
2 .. 20000
o.ooooo
Duty cycl
November 13, 1991 , ( t.t.m. iu

Timo
cw:rent
2.2C5355
2.23090
2.111528
2.1804-t
2.14482
2.11:i5!511
2.11:i263
2.151166
2.1418!5
2.14185
2.13909
sou.rc. V
0.00000
0 .. 09632
0"32107
0, 74431
1.11208
1 .54991
miero~aoc:onda
0.,0000
2.743.5
6.0440
8.9319
11.!i8U
13.32.57
curren.t
0.00000
0.00000
0.323.51
0 . .53871
0.73368
0.80878
......
c..ll
0.0000
0 .. 0209
0.7897
2 .. 0781
3.0341
4 .. 3849
58
2.27378
2.27379
2.27666
2.28242
2.31412
2.37464
1.135a
1 .. 3217
1.548~
L'7760
2.0858
2.3543
2.4SI9~
2.6'706
3.0SJ'78
3.5108
3.6SJ66
3.9032
4.8118
5.9683
8.1161
10.6356
11.8128
12. 989!11
14.5801
15.550'7
16.5'20
1'7.~463
18. 6898
21.1&86
22.7994
24.5961
26.4341
28.4167
30.33'73
31.36~51
33,2.U2
35 .. 2524
35.8100
37.9784
39.7132
4.1. 6957
43,1827
45.3304
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48.9032
u .. u9s
49.9'771
50 .. 22U
50,36~4
50 .. 5140
50.63751
so. 7618
51.0303
51.05051
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51.1955
51.2701
51.3401
51 .. 4433
51.5879
51 .. 6292
51.7118
51 .. 7738
52 .. 0216
52' 1561
52.2487
52. 2900
52.4966
52 .. 6824
52.9715
53.1987
53.3846
53.5498
53.'71.50
54.,0454
54.2313
54.7269
54 .. 9541
55 .. 2226
55.7389
55.9041
56" 1106
56.9573
57.4530
5'7 .9073
58.2997
58.6921
58.9605
59 .. 3736
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60.3442
1.885.58
2 .. 13076
2 . 410~'7
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2.96848
3.22825
3,42966
3.52306
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3.69235
3.73322
3.77408
3.77408
3.76824
3 .. 76532
3, 77100
3, 79451
3. 79743
3.79743
3 .. 83246
3. 84121
3 .. 8S2n
3 .. 88792
3. 88208
3 .. 89083
3.89959
3.510835
3 .. 92878
3.92878
3. 96381
3.1)7548
3.P9883
3.99299
4.00759
4.01343
4.00175
4.00175
4.01635
4.03386
4.04262
4.054U
4.05721
4.0542SJ
4,01635
3.90835
3.805111
3.66900
3 .. 35371
3.23409
3 .. 14069
3 .. 00934
2.91302
2.77875
2. 65616
2. 55692
2.39930
2.30882
2.22125
2.08990
1.92936
1. 84764
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1, 76299
1.54991
1.49737
1,418.56
1 .. 37186
1 .. 28'722
1 .. 22008
1,19089
1-21133
1.22008
1,25511
1.17630
1.16754
1 .. 22300
1.19381
14.6253
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23.2UO
25.5168
27.4.559
29.7043
32.2828
34.7582
37.1717
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42.0605
46.1439
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50.4767
51.1SJ87
51,63U
52.1476
52.8283
53.5916
54.2104
54.7261
55.5719
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57.2840
58.1!04
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60.8526
61.8221
62.2347
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1.03408
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1,21028
1.28827
1.35471
1.42114
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1.63200
1.66SJ56
1.72010
1. 76SJ21
1.80~65
1.85442
1.86453
1.87753
1.87753
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1.83420
1. 70422
1.56268
1.413SJ2
1.305&0
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0.96187
0 .. 80580
0,63403
0.48382
0.29806
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0.01878
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8.084.0
9.6841
10.9934
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14.7340
16.45951
18.2668
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21.0723
22.9011
24.2934
26.3924
29,.1380
28 .. 6793
30.6733
31.9202
33.5827
35.6401
37.2402
38 .. 8820
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44.0150
44.4306
45.2411
46.1139
47.3192
49.5245
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51 .. 1945
52.4522
53.MS2
55,.0083
56,5046
57.7515
59.1022
60.7440
61.7207
62.6351
64.6.508
67.0615
6!1 .. 8670
73.6700
76.8080
80 .. 9435
84..8088
88.6741
92.0615
95.3034
98.2128
99.9377
100.0000
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1.18214
1.16170
1.15879
1.17338
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1,22008
1.22008
1. 21716
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2. 42930
2.47262
2.49280
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2.64265
2.68300
2. 72334
2. '76369
2.79251
2.82709
2.86455
2.510202
2 . 93084
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3.02305
3.04035
3.0.!5475
3.07205
3.080651
3.12680
3.141l86
3.1671.!5
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3.19885
3.22190
3.18444
3.211J02
3.21902
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3.27378
3 .. 27378
3.20741)
3.08646
2.94813
2.78386
2.65706
2.55620
2.41787
2.33718
2.30259
2.29683
2.28.530
2.28530
2.2824.2
2.28242
2.27378
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2.29683
2.25072
2.27089
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60, 117lil
151.1703
61.3g74
61.6246
61.7485
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62.1615
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62.7399
62.9670
63.2354
63.4419
63 .. 7517
63.U7S
64.123!1
64.3300
64.6191
65.0734
65.3213
65.7136
66.0028
66.6843
67.4897
68.1092
68.5223
69.2864
69.8027
70.3809
71.1037
71.8412
72 .. 4461
12.9624
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14.1602
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75.1927
76.2460
71.3USll
77 .. 6503
79.352!5
78.8481
79.1992
79.8807
80.2111
80.5828
81 .. 0185
81.5948
82.5861
83.4121
84.3001
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85.5186
96.4273
81.3153
88.1620
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1.21424
1.21424
1.20841
1.12960
1.04203
0.97'182
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0.04086
0 .. 662.50
0.01'151
0 .. 33567
0.26562
0.22767
0.17513
0.11384
0.12843
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0.07005
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0.02627
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0.04086
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0 .. 02043
0.02919
0.03211
0.04670
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0.00000
25 ts::, sot outy CyeJ.

Novmbo.r 13, 1991 , ( t.tm. .in micro'"'second.a
0 .0000
0.1342
0 .. 2168
0.3511
0.'1124
1 .. 1461
1.5694
1.8319
2,1786
2.302.5
2.52!n
2.7569
2.9427
3.1492
3.45510
3.6759
3.9133
4 .. 1404
4.6980
6.4739
7.2380
11 .. 1926
source V
0.00000
0.01739
0.05507
0.31014
1.04348
2.06087
2. 75942
3.12754
3.50725
3 .. 53913
3. 77101
3.95652
4.07246
4 .. 11594
4.19420
4 .. 24928
4 .. 28116
t.301t5
4 .. 31304
4 .. 31304
4.373V1
4.37681
0 .. 0000
0.1651
0.5986
1.1558
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2.2601
2 .. 4458
2 . 8271
3.1682
3.8803
4.6336
5.6140
6 .. 4499
7.1207
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8.9164
9,8142
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11 .. 7853
12.4458
13.7874
15.3148
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0 . 014351
0.01871
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0.03166
0.05613
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0.44617
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0, 65343
0 .. 73546
0.85636
0 .. 95423
1.05354
1.16005
1.22913
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......
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0.3214
0.6221
0.8709
1.2442
1.7037
2.1047
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3 .. 3074
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t.3961
4.7589
5.3810
5 .. 7024
6 .. 0135
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7.0710
1. 4857
9.2219
8.6366
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2.32425
2.31271
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2.29942
2.30703
2.32425
2.36155
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2.418114
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2.48207
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2.54519
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2.66858
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3.1229
3.3282
3.5336
3.9007
5.0334
5.0950
5.5265
5.7524
6.1428
6. 6769
7.0262
7.6838
9.1972
Loo4 DV
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
-0.065175
-0.18998
-0.31304
-0.37032
-0.39301
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20.1342
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20.4853
20.85183
21.362Sf
21.6107
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22.054.7
22.2.508
22.4677
22.7672
23.1492
23.5312
23.8720
24.3263
25.4104
26.4223
27.21'13
28.0124
28.5700
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30.0465
30.3975
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30.7393
30.8725
31.,0274
31.2235
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31"5333
31.6262
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32,3283
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18.3481
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21.7131
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22.7141
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39.3489
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18.3307
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21.0368
21.3167
21.8351
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22.U69
22.9549
23.4215
23.9362
24.2820
24.6345
24.8730
25.25181
25.7128
26.3453
26.i155
27.6514
28.1P08
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29,8393
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30.7102
31.2182
31.7885
32.4728
33.4577
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35.2307
36.1120
40.0000
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2.8578'4
2.88082
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2.17561
3.012SI1
3.03874
3.06168
3.06456
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3.12482
3.16'186
3.19221
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17.8942
18.4284
18.9625
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20.0514
20.1746
20.3390
20.4828
20.9348
21.1813
21.5100
21.9414
22.3112
22.8454
23.0508
23.3385
23.6672
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24.3041
24.5300
25.1258
25.5573
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25. 9682
26.1325
26.6256
27.1186
27.4474
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29.6184
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30.1387
30.4058
30.61J34
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31.1084
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32.3780
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33.1587
33.77.50
34.4530
35.1721
36.0760
37.0005
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38.5208
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40 kB:, 50t Duty cycle
November 13, 19511 , ( U:ra.a in micro-aeeonct.
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1.3471
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3.6491
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6.0542
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11.2625
11.3800
11.4583
11.5445
11.5993
11.6306
11.6776
11.8108
11.9753
12.1084
12.2024
12.3120
12.4608
12,5783
12.7898
12.9934
13.2754
13.5103
13.6591
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14.1291
14.3014
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10 B:, 801 Duty cycl

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12.4301
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77.6568
79.1119
80.1927
91.8556
93.0612
84.!19SI'4
86.1376
87.5094
99.9645
90.1285
91.4172
91. 62!11
91.8361
110.0000
3.39124
3.44808
3,28540
3.46841
3 .. 29993
3.50617
3.33419
3.52941
3.36393
3.53522
3.31734
3.44227
3.2.5054
3.44.517
3.27379
3.46841
3.32607
2.05374
0.00000
0.00000
50.5338
!11.6504
52,11323
54.3383
55.8271
!56.9850
5i7 .5226
:18.1429
58.63511
S!ii.S!il02
61.0709
62.7744
64.0150
65.0902
66.6611
67.86051
69.51.!50
70.8797
72.2857
73.5617
75,0977
76.1721J
71.9098
'79.1090
eo. !19'71
81.8383
93.4925
84.6917
86.3045
87.42'11
87' 9.596
88.4962
89.3233
90.3!171
=~:-~;:;
110.0000
1.05797
0.81594
1.011130
0.815114
1.12029
0,99696
0.98696
O.!iJSiBC
1 .. 08841
0.51:0145
1.11H9
0.87681
1.03333
0.80725
1.03478
0.7i130
1.10580
0.80000
1.11894
0 .. 85942
1.08996
0.81536
1.13043
0.927.54
1.05217
0.74348
1.05942
0.73623
1.09420
0.74493
0.92899
0,95652
1.134'78
o. 751420
0.99551
0.,00000
0.00000
500 82, BOt Duty Cyel

Novrrebar 12, 1991 , ( timll in mic.rofiCOnd.ll
.,..,.
Scurco v
0.0000
4.1173
3 .. 0880
2.0587
4.1173
5.1<167
14.4107
25.7334
48.3788
65.9775
93.6696
134.8430
173.9578
208.9552
234.6886
283.0674
320 .1235
370.5610
427.174.5
fSI0.9933
528.0494
578.4868
625 .. 8364
685,5378
733.9166
826,.5569
078.0237
928.4611
SISI5.3680
10U.7761
1088,0082
1lf3.5i24
1182.7072
1230,0566
1300 .. 0515
1352.5476
1400.SI264
1449.3052
1498.4U9
1529 .. 5934
o.oooao
1.973!13
2.45000
2.85882
3.02059
3.10000
3.17647
3.225141
3 .. 27353
3.29412
3.31471
3 .. 32941
3.33529
3.30882
3.32941
3 .. 33529
3.33529
3,34706
3.33824
3 .. 34118
3.34118
3.33235
3.33520
3 .. 32059
3.32050
3 .. 3U71
3.31471
3.329U
3.32941
3.32647
3.33824
3. 34412
3.34119
3.34118
3.34706
3 .. 34412
3.34412
3 .. 3H12
3.35000
3.34412
0.0000
16.4179
17.,5077
21.6272
24.7168
27.906<1
28.8363
35.0154
38.1050
43.2544
48.4336
59.7322
70.0309
90.32915
115.3450
155.5098
1n.6U8
225.5407
268., 7950
325.4377
382.0803
439.1230
4SI0.2163
541.7096
578.78f7
634.3975
688.SI804
750.7724
8251.0422
898,0433
Sl74 .. 2534
1022.6570
10SI8.8672
1165.808.!5
1228.6302
1289.3SI23
1377.9609
1425.3347
1487.1267
1541.7096
current
0.00000
0,00148
0.2851!l4
0. 37.574
0.47633
0.52515
0.57249
0.63157
0.69970
0,76036
0.80413
0.85799
0.90976
0.94379
0.95414
0.96154
0,.95414
0.95562
0. 95266
0.95118
0. 95414
0.95U4
0.94!527
o. 94231
0 .. 94527
0. 9f083
O.. U787
O.SI3935
0.93935
0.,93639
0.94379
O.Sif379
0.94083
0.94231
0.94379
0.943U
0. 94231
0. 94231
0.95118
0.,95118
!li!l.9473
60.8167
62.3071
63.6733
64.8325
65.5777
66.4471
67.4407
69.1381
70.0489
7l .. U51
72.2017
73.4437
74.6443
76.3831
77.4191
18.4117
79.9435
90 .. 274'7
81 .5582
83.0486
83.7523
84.9288
85.8639
87.2714
87.7268
89.0102
99.7554
90.1016
91.1630
01.4528
92.6948
94.4336
96.2139
98.1596
100.5609
102.7964
10!1 .. 2390
106.5224
110.0000
2.970U
2.110230
2.80460
2.93678
2. 74138
2.19885
2.92529
2.80172
2.94!540
2.99000
2 .. 80210
2.95115
2.03621
2.92241
2.82759
2.89368
2 .. 79023
2.80460
2.90517
2.7UU
2.93103
2.81322
2.91034
2.96!152
2, 81U7
2.9'7931
2.93391
2.85920
2.90230
2.919!14
2.36782
2.30172
2.23851
2.19829
2.19!140
2.1.5230
2.13218
2.114114
2.1200
2.09483
c.u v
0,0000
2.0534
3.0801
10.2669
15.<1004
21.5606
35.9343
56.4682
75.9754
105.74515
143.7372
166.3244
200.2053
233 .. 05i6
284.3943
339.8357
388.0904
416.8378
462,0123
495.8932
52f.6407
588 .. 2957
625.25157
652.9774
716.6324
758.7269
790.5544
802,.8749
866.5298
914. 78-U
976.,3960
1044.1478
1121.14518
1191.SI918
1253.5934
1317,2484
1362.4230
1411.7043
1477.4127
1516.4271
64
2. 16GG7
2.24638
2.39130
2.46667
2,54493
2.63478
2.72754
2.811!19
2.83768
2. 85797
2.87:136
2.98406
2.889815
2.889915
2.89855
2.90145
2.91594
2 .. 91594
2.91984
2 .. 92174
2.91015
2 .. 91994
2.927!54
2.9130 ..
2.92464
2. 91594
2.SI1504
2.SI0725
2.91015
2 .. 9101.5
2.90435
2.91015
2. 91594
2.SI0725
2.90435
2.90725
2 .. 91015
2. !a594
2.915514
2 .. 9130<1
1564.55108
1589.2948
1606. 7!:131
1608.9523
1609.8816
16U.SHi96
1612.9696
1616.0576
1613.8880
1618.1163
1620.1748
1621.2043
1632.5270
1631L7324
1657.2311
1673 .. 4684
2000.0000
3.33824
3.34412
3.34412
3,12353
2.84706
2.50588
2,00294
1.7441.2
1.37647
o. 71176
0.16765
0. 0705SI
o.0352SI
0.02647
0.00882
0.00000
0.00000
1 kBz, sot Duty cyel

NovfXI:Ibar 12, 1991 , (
0.0000
0.4117
0.8234
1.6468
2,0585
2. 9818
4.1169
5.3520
11.9391
19.9378
29.4068
38.,6!;91
53.5200
72.0461
96.4553
92.,6307
96.335SI
102.5113
107.8633
115.6855
120,6258
125.9778
131.7415
139.5636
us. 7390
1551.7365
164.6768
177.4393
184.807
191.0251
196.37'71
206.2517
210.7863
214.0799
229.3125
249.4854
271.71&9
286.9494
298.8884
317.4146
331,4121
348.2915
375,8749
397' 6945
41!1.3973
442.1573
465.2120
487.4434
512.9683
536.0231
sou:ce v
0.00000
0.79066
1.US112
1-62801
2.3DB25
2.72794
3.0021$11
3.18308
3.20642
3.24143
3.24726
3.31437
3,31129
3. 32312
3.32604
3.34938
3.34063
3.35813
3.33479
3.36105
3.33771
3.35230
3.34938
3.32604
3. 363$17
3.36105
J, 32604
3. 32604
3"36105
3 .. 35522
3.33187
3,36689
3.33771
3.34939
3.35230
3.35813
3.35230
3 .. 35522
3. 34SI38
3.35230
3. 35522
3.35813
3"35522
3.35230
3.346415
3.34646
3.34646
3.35230
3.34063
3 34063
157&.7848
1607.6210
Uli.SIU6
1617.Uiil7
1617.Ua7
1617.DU7
1618.806
1615.8600
1621.0093
162t.1581S
1623.0680
1621.0093
1&21.00513
1621.0083
1625.1288
1643.6664
2000.0000
....
in
0,515110
0.95266
0.80680
0.845538
o. 78107
0.67751
0.57840
0.43U1
0.32692
0.24408
0.17604
0.11095
0.06853
0.0221t
0.00444
o.ooooo
o.ooooo
mic.ro-econ~
o.oooo
2.8866
5.'1732
7.0103
9,0722
11.5464
12.3'711
13.6082
16.0925
17.3196
19.7938
22.6804
21L 8660
31.3402
34.6392
351.1753
43.2890
48.6598
56.4949
65.1546
75.8763
84.1237
106.3D19
120.8247
143.5052
168.2474
U0.8278
221.4433
238.7629
273.9144
294.4330
327.8351
352.981)7
383.5052
416.0825
435.0515
464.7423
489.4845
504.3299
531.1340
558.7629
596 .. 7010
620.2062
6511.,1443
691.1340
710.9279
731,5464
764.9494
781.0309
792.1650
Ctu:r-.ot
0.00000
0.00000
0.01744
0.03343
0.171.51
0.27180
0"34157
0.351244
0.44622
0.49855
o.SU42
o, 60320
0.67733
0.72238
0,76453
0.80378
0.82994
0.86337
0.91279
0.514477
0.970513
o, 88256
0.98983
1.00145
1 .. 00872
1.00812
1.00581
1,00436
1.00145
1.00000
0.99855
0.99855
0.99855
Q, 99855
0.9SIB55
0.99855
0.99855
1 '002111
1-02035
1.01017
1.01308
1.01453
1.02035
1,01890
1.02035
1.01744
1 .. 02180
1.02471
1.02180
1.01744
15U.2Blt
1574.9486
1588.2957
1593,4292
15517.535511
1600.6160
1601.6427
1602.6694
1S03.6960
1607,8028
1618.0608
16251.3634
1647.8440
1664.2710
1585.1317
1701.2321
1715.6057
1744.3531
1176.1807
17518. n n
1833.6755
1861.3964
1872. 68SIIt
1SI05.5U2
151251.1581
U1351.42SO
1956.878SI
1967.1458
2000,0000
2.511015
2.80435
2.90435
2.8i855
2.91158
2. 73043
2.156667
2.sn3o
2.47826
2.42608
2.38420
2.36522
2.34203
2.33333
2.33043
2.3151)4
2.251565
2.29565
2.28408
2.27826
2.26667
2.257$17
2.25217
2 .. 24058
2.22BSISI
2.228SISI
2.23768
2.23188
2.16667
CoU V
0.0000
0.4122
2.0610
4,~464
7.41SI6
9.6562
11.5416
1fL0758
18.9613
22.6711
27.6175
37.5103
45.3421
52.7611
59.76512
70.0742
72.5474.
84.8134
96.4551
107 .SI967
121.5993
131.0800
140.9728
151.2718
171.0635
178.0709
191.6735
206.5129
232.8936
244.8475
2!1!L9769
268.7552
284.9310
301.7312
312.8607
327. GUO
341.7148
353.2564
373.0421
383,3471
3510.3545
407.6669
418.7964
429,.1014
449,29SI3
463.3141
482.6876
500,8244
512.7783
526.3809
65
2,30747
2.38021
2.41513
2"46460
2.4D370
2.54898
2.58390
2.G39U
2.68865
2. 71175
2.73521
2. 76140
2.78758
2.807DS
2.82250
2 .. 85Ui0
2.96033
2.877751
2.885143
2.851816
2.88816
2.906811
2.92144
2.92144
2. 92435
2. 91853
2. 511562
2.92144
2,92144
2.91853
2. Sl1953
2.D1853
2.SJ2435
2.92726
2.92726
2.512726
2. 92726
2. D3307
2.93307
2.93016
2.,SI30l6
2.93016
2.93016
2.9301S
2 .. 93307
2.93307
2.93016
2.93016
2. 92726
2.92144
50.1972
576.3688
592.8365
620.9318
638.9460
658,28.!56
677.2335
691.6426
708.0337
722.5199
731.1651
735.6037
744,3382
751.3390
759.7485
764,5121
769.2173
779 .. 3331
790.4497
799.i177
804 .. 44.63
806.5048
B06 .. i164
B07.73SI8
808.970
810,. 6216
811.0333
811.8569
812.2684
813.9152
815.1503
81.7. 6204
816. 7SI71
816.38!53
817.6204
81i.2672
826 .. 6777
1000.0000
3"34354
3,33187
3.33471iJ
3.32604
3.31729
3.32896
3.32604
3.32604
3.33470
3.328SI6
3.35013
3 .. 34646
3,35813
3.33197
3.32986
3.34354
3.35230
3.35813
3.35913
3.35230
3 .. 3038
3.33187
3.19767
3.08SI72
2.25821
1. 79723
1.610!50
1.40SI19
1.30124
0.85485
0.6!5062
0.41265
0.33260
0.17797
0.06127
0.00292
0,00000
0.00000
817. 73U
810.3815
820.2062
1000.0000
1.00000
O.St8128
0.04417
0.87645
0.556158
0.45640
0.3U77
0.11047
0.03SI24
0.00000
0.00000
Duty Cycle
12, 19SI1, ( t.i.mra in miero-econd.a
S k.B:, BOt
Nov~
804.123'7
808.0721
810.3083
811.1340
812.3712
814.4330
815.6701
0.0000
0.4124
0. 7216
0.9278
1 .. 4433
1.3402
1.649.!1
1..7526
1.9588
2.3711
2.4742
2.5773
2.8966
3.2990
3.5052
4.4330
4,.63SI2
6.7010
9.4536
10.6186
12.2680
13 .. 5052
14 .5361
15.7732
17.0103
18.0412
19 .. 4845
21.5464
22.4742
23.0SI28
24.8454
27.1134
30,.1031
34.8454
Souret~
0.00000
O.OS53S
0 .. 29716
0.57684
0.89731
1.071St3
1.27021
1.52367
2,15586
2,.33066
2.53460
2.732'70
2.79971
2. 9209
3.05SIOO
3.16086
3.2075'7
3.22505
3.25127
3.25127
3.27749
3.25710
3.29915
3.26001
3.28332
3o25710
3,28332
3.28332
3.26001
3.303'71
3.27167
3.305154
3.32411
3.329i3
.....
0.0000
3.t038
4 .. 3321
!5.2S04
5.6730
5. 7762
6.1888
6.6013
7.2202
8.2517
9,2831
10.6240
12,.0681
12.9964
U.027B
1!5.!5750
16.6065
19.4631
11J.80410
20.6292
21.SI701
23.0015
24.0330
25.!802
27.4368
29,80SI2
31.4.!595
33. 831SI
36.3074
38.3703
40.SI4951
42.5109'7
45.7i68
48.SISI43
cu.r..t
0.00000
0.00000
0.01017
o.,o2t'71
0.04360
0.06250
0.1191i
0.15843
0.187!50
0.22674
0.2601'7
0.29651
0.35320
0,39SI53
0.42'733
0.469418
0.50291
0.54506
0,58285
o.595i3
0.5i302
0.63908
0, 67006
0.651477
0. 7151.2
o. 74564
0. 76308
0. 78343
0.81686
0.83721
0.86192
0.88372
0.90552
0.5113023
550,2885
560.5836
577 .SI060
602.6381
614.5StU
628.0190
uo.n2a
653.7510
S67.3537
G7G.0343
686.314.9
695.7955
708.9860
735.3668
746. SlOBS
711.2283
794.4188
795.9604
7$8.8458
801.7313
802 .. 5557
803 .. 7922
804.6166
90!5.8!533
806.6177
807.0898
809,5630
819.0437
923.16.!57
828.9365
833.4708
841.7148
80.9588
85i.4394
867.6934
&77. gaas
893.239D
SI0!5.1U7
920.4452
932.3i90
946.413a
!J57 .1311
S162.4Bi7
968.6727
1000.0000
2.03014
2.St2726
2.92726
2.92726
2.02144
2.St21.f4
2.92435
2.St21U
2.91853
2.91562
2. 93307
2.90980
2. !JO!JBO
2.!J0980
2,91.271
2.SI1271
2.!ii18Sl
2.906U
2.90689
2.903138
2.83705
2.77886
2.7002SI
2.61!501
2.!55771
2.48798
2.44132
2.41513
2.41222
2.388i4
2.37'730
2.36857
2.356$14
2.35694
2,35112
2.3!5112
2.35112
2.33948
2.32784
2. 324SI3
2.32493
2.31620
2.31620
2.30747
2 .. 30747
C6ll
0.0000
1.0315
1.9598
3.3007
5.15'73
6.6013
8.1485
9.!il020
11.242511
12.7901
U.'7499
1!5.7813
17.5348
20.7323
23.1047
26.1991
27 .333'7
30.1186
32.1915
34.8633
38.060g
41.51804
43.2182
45.5i05
46.6220
48.2723
so, 1281
S2.St13SI
55.6988
57 .. 9680
61,6813
64.672!5
6'7.1480
'70.0361
66
2.22222
2.30859
2.33173
2.3.!5776
2.3866SI
2.40SI84
2.tU!5!5
2.47SI27
2.50241
2.!52845
2.56027
2.57473
2.60077
2.63838
2.65574
2.6817'7
2.68756
2.70781
2. 7U38
2.73385
2.7338!5
2. 74!542
2.75410
2o 78303
2.795SI2
2 .. 78592
2. 78303
2. '78592
2. 78303
2. 7SI460
2,80617
2.91186
2.81485
2.81196
39.0722
u. fo7fo2
.u.uu
47.1134
.U.0722
51.7521
54.7423
58.0412
63.251510
66.1851
73.4021
78,6598
84.0206
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69

Pulsed DC Anode DepolarizATION

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PULSED DC AND ANODE DEPOLARIZA

MARCH 1990 NOVEMBER 1992

ENGINEERING RESEARCH DIVISION

PLEASE DO NOT REQUEST COPIES OF THIS REPORT FROM HQ AFCESA/AA (AlA

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

OMB No. 07040rBB

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) ,2. REPORT DATE

REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

TITLE AND SUBTITLE

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND AODRESS(ES)

HEADQUARTERS AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT AGENCY

12a. DISTRIBUTION I AVAILABil.ITY STATEMENT

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18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

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19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

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Sta n da Cl ;:;,)rm ::9B . q,a\1 1"89)

,,.,\ct'CM C'l .:.~,(. :

Chief, Engineering Research Division

(The reverse of this page is blank.)

WATER ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................. .

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................. .

. ' . ' ........

APPENDIX A WAVEFORMS' DIGITIZED DATA .

.... ..... ' '

Arrangement Of Charges And Orientated Dipoles In The Double-Layer Concept . . 9

LIST OF FIGURES (Concluded)

WATER ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS

WATER ELECTROLYSIS THERMODYNAMICS

In the conventional electrolysis of water, hydrogen is generated by electrolyzing an acidic

Cathode (Hydrogen Electrode)

Anode (Oxygen Electrode}

where Q is the heat added to the system,

is the number of electrons transferred;

manipulating Equations (4 and 5) gives

where the electrolysis process losses are :

Losses = EIIIIOdo E - + Emt + IR

E"""'" is anode activation overpotential

DOUBLE-LAYER THEORY- ELECTRIFIED INTERFACE

IMPROVEMENT IN WATER ELECTROLYSIS

Arrangement Of Charges And Orientated Dipoles In The Double-Layer Concept

In the electrochemical decomposition of water, the overpotential in the splitting of

must be nontoxic, easy to remove from anolyte, and marketable.

Q;,U!Cd Water MV;.~up

Figure 2 : Water Electrolysis Experiment Setup

Divided Flat Plate

process connectlon ports

Electrolyzer Exploded View

Experiment Electrical and Instrument Diagram

LABORATORY TEST SERIES

Baseline Test, Nonpu/sed DC Power.

Current Decay Characteristics of The ICI Electrolyzer with 10 Percent by Weight

Cell Potential (volts )

Performance Characteristics of the ICI Electrolyzer Using 10 Percent by Weight

Cell Potential (volts )

Baseline Anode Depolarization

4L_____._ _~--~--L--~-~---------~--~---~ 1'

Applied Current Polarity Reversal.

0 '------"..W:O.---.l..-----'-----l.'-- __.._ _ _J. _.__,_