Chapter 5

Deflection and Stiffness

A. Aziz Bazoune
10/1/2007 Chapter 5 1
Outline
1. Spring Rates
2. Deflection in Tension, Compression & Torsion
3. Deflection due to Bending
4. Strain Energy 4. Strain Energy
5. Castiglianos Theorem
6. Statically Indeterminate Problems
7. Compression Members
Long Columns with Central Loading
Intermediate Length Columns with Central Loading
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Strain Energy
Castiglianos Theorem
Lec. 11
Castiglianos Theorem
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5-7 Strain Energy
The strain energy is a potential energy stored in a deformed
component.
If a member is deformed a distance y, and if the force deflection-
relationship is linear, this energy is equal to the product of the average
force F and the deflection y, or,
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force F and the deflection y, or,
2
2 2 2
F F F F
U y
k k
| | | || |
= = =
| | |
\ \ \
Strain Energy
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(5-15) (5-16)
(5-17)
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Figure 5-8
(a) Pure shear element
(5-18)
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Figure 5-8
(b) Beam bending element
(5-18)
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Sometimes the strain energy stored in a unit volume u is a useful
quantity. By dividing Eqs. (5-15) to (5-17) by the total volume , and
setting for tension or compression, for direct
shear, and for torsion , we obtain
l A
F A =
F A =
( )
max
2 Td J =
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(5-19)
Eq. (5-19) shows that the
development of high stress
in a material with a low
modulus of elasticity, or
rigidity, will result in great
amount of energy storage
Example-5-8 (Textbook)
Find the strain energy due to shear in a rectangular cross-section beam,
simply supported, and having a uniformly distributed load
Solution
Using Table A-9-7, we find the shear force to be
2
wL
V wx =
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Using Table 5-1, C=1.2 for a rectangular cross-section. Substituting into Eq.
(5-20) gives
2
V wx =
2
2 3
0
1.2
2 2 20
l
wL w l
U wx dx
AG AG
| |
= =
|
\

Example-5-9 (Textbook)
A cantilever has a concentrated load F at the end, as shown in Fig. 5-9. Find the
strain energy in the beam by neglecting shear
At any point x along the beam,
the moment is
M Fx =
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Substituting this value of M into
Eq. (5-18) gives
Figure 5-9
2 2 2 3
0
2 6
l
F x F x
U dx
EI EI
= =

5-8 Castiglianos Theorem

When a body is elastically deflected by any combination of
loads, the deflection at any point in any direction is equal to the
partial derivative of the strain energy, computed with all the
loads, with respect to the load acting in that direction.
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(5-21)
(5-22)
is the displacement of the point
of application of the force in the
direction of .
i

i
F
is the rotational displacement,
in radians, of the moment in
the direction of .
i

i
F
i
M
i
M
5-8 Castiglianos Theorem
In performing any integration, it is generally better to take the partial
derivative with respect to the load F
i
first. This is true especially if the
force is a fictitious force Q
i
since it can be set to zero as soon as the
derivative is taken.
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Example
Find the total deflection at L due to bending only using Castiglianos method.
Solution

( ) ( ) and M x F x V x F = =
( )
0
1
1
l
i
l
M
M
EI F

| |

=
|

10/1/2007 Chapter 5 15
( )
0
3
2
0
0
3
1
1
3
3
l
l
l
F x x dx
EI
F x
F x dx
EI EI
F l
EI
=
= =
=

This is in agreement with case A-9-1 Page 969 of

your Textbook.
Example
Find the deflection at the free end of the beam due to bending only using
Castiglianos method.
Solution

( ) ( )
2
( 2 ) 2 M x Q x wx x
M
x
Q
Q x w x = =

( ) ( )
( )
0 0
2
1 1
2
l l
Q
M
M x Q x w x dx
EI Q EI

(


| |
= =
|

\

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0 0
EI Q EI
\
This is in agreement with case A-9-3 Page 970 of your Textbook. Notice that the
displacement is in the same direction (downward) as the assumed Q.
At this stage (After differentiating the strain energy expression
w.r.t Q, The fictitious fore Q is SET EQUAL TO ZERO
1
Q
I
Q
E
=
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
0
0
4
3
0
0
2
2
1
2 2
8
2
l
l l
Q
x dx
x dx dx
EI EI EI
x w x
w wl
w x x
=
(

= = =

QUESTIONS ?
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