Guidelines-No.19 Guidelines For Fatigue Strength of Ship Structure, 2007

GUIDANCE NOTES
GD 11-2007

CHINA CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY

GUIDELINES FOR FATIGUE
STRENGTH OF SHIP STRUCTURE
2007

BeiJ ing
--
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Application......................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Defnitions.......................................................................................................................................1
1.4 Fatigue analysis method..................................................................................................................2
1.5 Hull structural details......................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2 FATIGUE ANALYSIS.................................................................................................5
2.1 Locations for fatigue check.............................................................................................................5
2.2 Selection of design S-N curves.......................................................................................................5
2.3 Weibull distribution of stress ranges in hull structures.................................................................10
2.4 Allowable stress ranges.................................................................................................................10
2.5 Calculation of cumulative damage................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 3 FATIGUE LOAD.......................................................................................................15
3.1 General requirements....................................................................................................................15
3.2 Wave bending moment and torsional moment..............................................................................15
3.3 Sea water dynamic pressure...........................................................................................................17
3.4 Ship motions and accelerations.....................................................................................................21
3.5 Cargo pressure in holds.................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 4 CALCULATION OF NOMINAL STRESS RANGES...........................................26
4.1 General requirements....................................................................................................................26
4.2 Simplifed calculations of stress ranges........................................................................................26
4.3 Combined global stress ranges......................................................................................................31
4.4 Nominal stress range calculations.................................................................................................33
4.5 Direct calculations of local nominal stress ranges........................................................................33
CHAPTER 5 CALCULATION OF HOT SPOT STRESS............................................................37
5.1 Hot spot stress assessment method................................................................................................37
5.2 Stress concentration factors of typical detail.................................................................................37
5.3 Calculation method of stress concentration factors.......................................................................39
5.4 Direct calculation of hot spot stress..............................................................................................39
Appendix 1 GAMMA FUNCTION TABLES................................................................................43
Appendix 2 EXAMPLE CALCULATION FOR STRUCTURE FATIGUE STRENGTH.......52
Appendix 3 HULL STRUCTURAL DETAILS..............................................................................57
--
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 When ships navigate at sea, the ship structures are always affected by wave forces and inertial
forces resulted from ships movements. Because both wave forces and inertial forces are continuously
variable dynamic loads, they produce alternating stresses in the interior of ship structure, rendering
fatigue damages on ship structure.
1.1.2 Fatigue damages are one of the main damages to the ship structures. Especially for large ships
and those of high tensile steel the fatigue problems are outstanding.
1.1.3 The design of structural details may be improved by the fatigue strength check as to ensure
members bearing alternating dynamic loads in hull structure to have suffcient fatigue life.
1.1.4 The class notation COMPASS(F) may be assigned to classed ships complying with the
assessment requirements of the Guidelines.
1.2 Application
1.2.1 For the following ships the fatigue strength of structures in cargo hold areas is to be checked
in accordance with the requirements of the Guidelines:
(1) bulk carriers of 150 m and over in length, including ore carriers;
(2) container ships of 150 m and over in length;
(3) oil tankers of 190 m and over in length.
1.2.2 The fatigue strength assessment for oil tankers with CSR class notation is to be carried out in
accordance with relevant provisions of PART NINE of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-Going Steel Ships.
1.2.3 The fatigue strength assessment for bulk carriers with CSR class notation is to be carried out in
accordance with relevant provisions of PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-Going Steel Ships.
1.2.4 For ships other than those specifed in 1.2.1 above the fatigue strength of the structures may
be checked in accordance with the Guidelines.
1.2.5 For ships carrying out fatigue strength check in accordance with the requirements of the
Guidelines, their structural design, construction workmanship and quality are to comply with the
requirements of CCS Rules for Classifcation of Sea-Going Steel Ships and other relevant standards
accepted by CCS.
1.3 Defnitions
1.3.1 The defnitions in the Guidelines are as follows:
(1) Length of ship L (m) is the distance on the summer load waterline from the forward side of
the stem to the after side of the rudder post, or to the centre of the rudder stock if there is no rudder
post, but it is to be not less than 96%, and need not be greater than 97%, of the extreme length on the
summer load waterline.
(2) Breadth of ship B (m) is the horizontal distance measured over the main frames at the widest
part of the ship.
(3) Moulded depth of ship D (m) is the vertical distance measured at the middle of the length
L from top of keel to top of the deck beam at side on the uppermost continuous deck. When a
rounded gunwale is arranged, the moulded depth is to be measured to the point of intersection of the
continuation of the moulded deck line and side shell plating.
--
(4) Draught d (m) is the vertical distance measured at the middle of the length L from top of plate
keel to the summer load waterline.
(5) Draught d
1
(m) is the vertical distance measured at the middle of the length L from top of plate
keel to the waterline under calculated condition.
(6) Block coeffcient C
b
is to be determined by the following formula:
C
LBd
b
=

where:
C
LBd
b
=
moulded displacement in m
3
at draught corresponding to summer load waterline;
L length of ship, in m;
B breadth of ship, in m;
d draught, in m.
(7) Large openings: deck openings complying with any of the following conditions are large
opening:
b
B
1
07 .
0.7

l
l
H
BH
089 . 0.89
6 . 0
1
>
B
b
0.6 and
l
l
H
BH
089 .
0.7
where: b width of opening, in m; where several hatches are in parallel, b is the total breadth of
the hatches;
B
1
maximum deck width, including openings, in m, at the middle of the opening length;
l
H
length of hatch, in m;
l
BH
distance, in m, between the centreline of transverse deck strips at the hatch ends;
where no other hatch forward or after the hatch, l
BH
is measured to the bulkhead.
(8) Stress range S (N/mm
2
): stress range resulted from alternating stress of structure fatigue is to be
determined by the following formula:
S =
max

min
where:
max
maximum value of stress circulation, in N/mm
2
;

min
minimum value of stress circulation, in N/mm
2
.
(9) Design stress is the calculated stress for fatigue assessment. It may either be nominal stress or
hot spot stress.
1.4 Fatigue analysis method
1.4.1 Fatigue analysis of ship structure may be carried out by means of simplified and direct
calculations.
--
1.4.2 The simplifed and direct calculation methods are mainly composed of the following:
(1) fatigue load calculations;
(2) calculation of stress range components;
(3) determination of stress concentration factor;
(4) combination of stress ranges;
(5) calculations and criteria for cumulative damage.
1.4.3 Fatigue load corresponding to transcendental probability level is taken as 10
-4
and corresponding
ship design service life is 20 years.
1.4.4 The total cycles of stress range circulation within the ship design service life is 0.610
8
.
1.4.5 Long-term distribution of stress range may be represented by a 2-parameter Weibull
probability distribution.
1.4.6 S-N curves are the basic S-N curves for non-tubular joints consisting of eight curves, as
amended by U.K. Department of Energy. Such curves are applicable to steel material of minimum
yield stress less than 400 N/mm
2
.
1.4.7 Calculations of cumulative damages are based upon Palmgren-Miner linear cumulative
damage theory. Cumulative damage D is to be obtained by the following formula:
( )
( )
D N
f S
N S
dS
T
=

0
where: N
T
stress total circulation cycles for structure in its design service life;
S stress ranges;
f (S) probability density factor of long-term distribution of stress range;
N (S)number of cycles when failure of structure fatigue corresponding to stress range S.
1.4.8 When fatigue analyses are to be carried out, the full load and ballast conditions are to be taken
into account.
1.4.9 When calculating design stress ranges, corrosion effect is to be considered, i.e. as-built
structure scantlings are to deduct the relevant corrosion allowance. Because fatigue is a cumulative
process throughout the ship service life, the corrosion allowance used in fatigue analysis may take a
half of that in ship design service life.
1.5 Hull structural details
1.5.1 Defnitions
(1) Critical areas are defined as locations where, by reason of stress concentration, alignment/
discontinuity and corrosion will have a higher probability of failure during the life of the ship than
the surrounding structures.
(2) Critical locations are defned as the specifc locations within the critical area that can be prone
to fatigue damage for which design improvements are provided.
1.5.2 In general the following methods are used to improve welded structural details of critical
locations, in order to improve fatigue strength of hull structure at the design stage:
(1) To reduce the nominal stress level: increasing the local scantling to reduce the nominal stress
level, and hence the hot spot stress for a given structural detail;
--
(2) To reduce the geometrical stress concentration: the adoption of a good detail design confguration
by the provision of soft connections reduces the geometrical stress concentration factor due to the
geometrical discontinuity;
(3) To control building misalignment: reducing misalignment to minimize resultant stress
concentration factor;
(4) To improve weld geometry: special attention is given to achieving a favourable geometry and
smooth transition at the weld toe to minimise resultant stress concentration factor.
1.5.3 Structural details designs of bulk carriers, oil tankers and container ships are given in Appendix
3 to the Guidelines for the purpose of providing technical guidance (non-mandatory requirements)
for designers in the design improvement of structural details of critical locations in order to increase
structural fatigue life. It may also be used as a reference for other types of ships.
--
CHAPTER 2 FATIGUE ANALYSIS
2.1 Locations for fatigue check
2.1.1 For the following structural members in cargo hold area, fatigue strength check is to be carried
out:
(1) connections of longitudinals (bottom, side, deck and inner shell) to transverse web frames;
(2) connections of longitudinals (bottom, side, deck and inner shell) to transverse bulkheads;
(3) for bulk carriers and ore carriers, hatch corners with higher stress levels, connections of inner
bottoms to lower stool sloping plates, connections of transverse bulkheads to lower stool top plates,
connections of transverse bulkheads to upper stool sloping plates, connections of frames to top side
tanks and hopper tanks of single hull bulk carriers are to be selected;
(4) for ships with large openings (e.g. container ships), hatch corners are to be selected in way of
large opening ends and midship area;
(5) knuckle areas of connections of hopper tanks to inner bottoms and of hopper tanks to sides.
2.2 Selection of design S-N curves
2.2.1 S-N curves (see Fig. 2.2.1) are composed of Curves B, C, D, E, F, F
2
, G, W and each shows a
kind of relationship of structural details bearing alternating stress range values S and the number of
stress cycles N, which may be represented by:
) log( ) log( ) log( S m K N =
where: minverse slope of the S-N curve, taken as 3;
Kfactors for S-N curves. See Table 2.5.1(2).
B
C
D
E
F
F
2
G
W
S
t
r
e
s
s

r
a
n
g
e

S
(N/mm
2
)
Number of stress cycles N
1000
100
10
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
8
10
7
Number of stress cyeles N
Fig. 2.2.1
-6-
2.2.2 A general principle for selecting S-N curves is shown in Table 2.2.2.
Table 2.2.2
Types Description of joints Sketches S-N curves
1 Plates and sections with no fame-cut edges and free from
cracks and cut
B
2 Plates with fame-cut edges but free from cracks and cut
C
3 Two-sided full penetration butt welds (perpendicular to
the direction of load)
E
4 Continuous fillet welds parallel to the direction of load
based on stress range of face plate adjacent to the weld
D
5 Intermittent fillet welds parallel to the direction of load
based on stress range of face plate adjacent to the weld
ends
E
6 Butt, fillet or intermittent fillet welds with cope holes,
parallel to the direction of load based on stress range of
face plate adjacent to the weld ends
F
7 Fillet welded bracket with load direction parallel to the
welds:
l 150 mm
l 150 mm
l
F
F
2
8 Bracket with smooth transitions (scarfing or circular)
welded to the face plates of beams, c 2 t, maximum is
25 mm:
r 0.5 h
r 0.5 h or 20
if 20, see Type 7
c
r
(t)
h
F
F
2
-7-
Types Description of joints Sketches S-N curves
9 Fillet welded bracket with load perpendicular to the welds
E
10 Stiffeners welded on girder webs based on principle stress
range of girder webs in way of weld ends
E
11 Stiffeners welded on girder webs based on principle stress
range of face plates of girders in way of weld toes
F
12 Cross or T joints, full penetration welded
F
13 Cross or T joints, fllet welded
F
2
2.2.3 When calculating the fatigue strength of hull structural details, suitable S-N curves are
to be selected in accordance with the general principles and types, directions of bearing forces
and construction workmanship of structural details given in 2.2.2. Table 2.2.3 shows S-N curves
applicable to typical hull structural details.
2.2.4 When hot spot stress method is used in fatigue assessment, E curves are selected for welded
details and C curves for non-welded details in hull structures.
-8-
Table 2.2.3
Locations Types of Joints Remarks
Frame ends in holds of
bulk carriers
E
F2
When E curve is selected, hot spot
stress is to be used.
E
F2
E
F2
E
F2
E
G
E
F
2
-9-
Joints of longitudinals
t o t r a ns ve r s e r i ng
frames
F
2
F
2
F
E
E
E
E
Joints of vertical web
frames of transverse
bulkheads in oil tankers
t o d o u b l e b o t t o m
girders
E
E
Joints of vertical web
frames of transverse
bulkheads in oil tankers
to deck girders
E
E
-0-
Joints of horizontal
girders in oil tankers
to side longitudinals or
longitudinal stiffeners
o f l o n g i t u d i n a l
bulkheads
E
E
Rounded hatch corners
C
When C curve is selected, hot spot
Elliptical hatch corners
C
When C curve is selected, hot spot
2.3 Weibull distribution of stress ranges in hull structures
2.3.1 Long-term distribution of stress range of hull structures is assumed as a 2-parameter Weibull
distribution, shape parameter of Weibull distribution is determined by the following formula:
1.45 - 0.036f
L
where: L length of ship, in m;
f = 1-0.08z/d
1
for z d1;
f = 0.92 + 0.08(z - d
1
)/(D - d
1
) for z d
1
;
where the calculated points are on transverse bulkheads, f = 0.92;
D moulded depth, in m;
d
1
draught at calculated working condition, in m;
z height from calculated points to the base line, in m.
2.4 Allowable stress ranges
2.4.1 Allowable stress ranges may be applied for the check of hull structural fatigue strength with
design stress ranges at full load conditions. Where the requirements in 2.4.4 are not complied with,
further check is to be carried out by calculating the fatigue cumulative damage level of the structures
in accordance with the requirements in 2.5.
--
2.4.2 Shape parameter of Weibull distribution is to be calculated in accordance with the
requirements of 2.3.1.
2.4.3 S-N curves adopted in the check are to be selected in accordance with the requirements of 2.2
and the joint classifcation.
2.4.4 Fatigue strength of hull structures is to comply with the requirements of following formula:
S
L
[S
L
]
where: S
L
design stress ranges under full load conditions, in N/mm
2
, to be calculated in accordance
with the requirements of Chapter 4;
[S
L
] allowable stress ranges, in N/mm
2
, to be obtained from Table 2.4.1 based upon the
selected S-N curves and .
Allowable stress ranges [S
L
], in N/mm
2
Table 2.4.1
S-N Curve
B C D E F F
2
G W
.60 1253.57 1055.68 802.21 703.69 598.72 527.84 438.42 315.86
.61 1214.51 1022.78 777.21 681.77 580.06 511.40 424.76 306.02
.62 1177.47 991.59 753.51 660.97 562.37 495.80 411.80 296.69
.63 1142.30 961.97 731.00 641.23 545.57 480.99 399.50 287.83
.64 1108.89 933.83 709.62 622.48 529.61 466.92 387.82 279.41
.65 1077.13 907.08 689.29 604.64 514.44 453.55 376.71 271.40
.66 1046.90 881.62 669.95 587.67 500.00 440.82 366.13 263.79
.67 1018.11 857.38 651.53 571.51 486.25 428.70 356.07 256.53
.68 990.67 834.27 633.97 556.11 473.15 417.14 346.47 249.62
.69 964.50 812.24 617.22 541.42 460.65 406.13 337.32 243.02
.70 939.52 791.20 601.24 527.40 448.72 395.61 328.58 236.73
.71 915.67 771.11 585.97 514.01 437.33 385.56 320.24 230.72
.72 892.87 751.91 571.38 501.21 426.44 375.96 312.27 224.97
.73 871.06 733.54 557.42 488.96 416.02 366.78 304.64 219.48
.74 850.18 715.97 544.06 477.25 406.05 357.99 297.34 214.22
.75 830.19 699.13 531.27 466.03 396.51 349.57 290.35 209.18
.76 811.04 683.00 519.01 455.27 387.36 341.51 283.65 204.35
.77 792.67 667.53 507.26 444.96 378.58 333.77 277.22 199.73
.78 775.05 652.69 495.98 435.07 370.17 326.35 271.06 195.29
.79 758.13 638.44 485.15 425.57 362.09 319.23 265.14 191.02
.80 741.88 624.76 474.75 416.45 354.32 312.38 259.46 186.93
.81 726.26 611.60 464.76 407.68 346.86 305.81 254.00 182.99
.82 711.23 598.95 455.15 399.25 339.69 299.48 248.74 179.21
.83 696.78 586.78 445.90 391.13 332.79 293.40 243.69 175.57
.84 682.87 575.06 436.99 383.32 326.14 287.54 238.82 172.06
.85 669.47 563.78 428.42 375.80 319.74 281.90 234.14 168.68
.86 656.56 552.90 420.15 368.55 313.57 276.46 229.62 165.43
.87 644.11 542.42 412.19 361.56 307.63 271.22 225.27 162.29
--
Allowable stress ranges [S
L
], in N/mm
2
Table 2.4.1(continued)
S-N Curve
B C D E F F
2
G W
.88 632.10 532.31 404.50 354.82 301.89 266.16 221.07 159.27
.89 620.51 522.55 397.09 348.32 296.36 261.28 217.01 156.35
.90 609.32 513.13 389.93 342.04 291.01 256.57 213.10 153.53
.91 598.51 504.03 383.01 335.97 285.85 252.02 209.32 150.80
.92 588.07 495.23 376.33 330.11 280.86 247.62 205.67 148.17
.93 577.98 486.73 369.87 324.44 276.04 243.37 202.14 145.63
.94 568.21 478.51 363.62 318.96 271.38 239.26 198.72 143.17
.95 558.76 470.55 357.57 313.66 266.87 235.28 195.42 140.79
.96 549.62 462.85 351.72 308.52 262.50 231.43 192.22 138.48
.97 540.77 455.39 346.06 303.55 258.27 227.70 189.13 136.25
.98 532.19 448.17 340.57 298.74 254.18 224.09 186.13 134.09
.99 523.88 441.17 335.25 294.07 250.21 220.59 183.22 132.00
1.00 515.82 434.39 330.09 289.55 246.36 217.20 180.40 129.97
1.01 508.01 427.80 325.09 285.16 242.62 213.91 177.67 128.00
1.02 500.42 421.42 320.24 280.91 239.00 210.72 175.02 126.09
1.03 493.07 415.23 315.53 276.78 235.49 207.62 172.44 124.23
1.04 485.93 409.21 310.96 272.77 232.08 204.61 169.95 122.44
1.05 478.99 403.37 306.52 268.88 228.77 201.69 167.52 120.69
1.06 472.25 397.70 302.21 265.09 225.55 198.86 165.16 118.99
1.07 465.71 392.18 298.02 261.42 222.42 196.10 162.87 117.34
1.08 459.34 386.82 293.95 257.85 219.38 193.42 160.65 115.74
1.09 453.15 381.61 289.99 254.37 216.43 190.81 158.48 114.18
1.10 447.14 376.54 286.14 250.99 213.55 188.28 156.38 112.66
1.11 441.28 371.61 282.39 247.71 210.76 185.81 154.33 111.19
1.12 435.58 366.81 278.74 244.51 208.03 183.41 152.34 109.75
1.13 430.03 362.14 275.19 241.39 205.38 181.08 150.40 108.35
1.14 424.63 357.59 271.74 238.36 202.80 178.80 148.51 106.99
1.15 419.37 353.16 268.37 235.40 200.29 176.59 146.67 105.66
1.16 414.24 348.84 265.09 232.53 197.84 174.43 144.87 104.37
1.17 409.24 344.63 261.89 229.72 195.45 172.32 143.13 103.11
1.18 404.37 340.53 258.77 226.99 193.13 170.27 141.42 101.89
1.19 399.62 336.53 255.73 224.32 190.86 168.27 139.76 100.69
1.20 394.99 332.63 252.77 221.72 188.65 166.32 138.14 99.52
Note: Intermediate values may be obtained by linear interpolation.
--
2.5 Calculation of cumulative damage
2.5.1 Cumulative damage D of hull structures is to be obtained by the following formula:
8
/ 3
3
10 ) 1 (
42 . 18
6 . 0

i
i
i
Li i i
i
m
K f
S
D
i
where:
i
time distribution factor in corresponding calculated conditions, to be obtained from
Table 2.5.1(1), i =1 for full load conditions, and i = 2 for ballast calculated conditions;
K factors for S-N curves to be obtained from Table 2.5.1(2);
S
Li
design stress ranges in corresponding calculated conditions, in N/mm
2
, to be calculated
in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 4 and Chapter 5;

i
shape parameter in corresponding calculated conditions, to be calculated according to
the requirements of 2.3.1;
) 1 (
,
2
1 ) , 1 (
0 . 1
/ 2
i
i
i
i i
i
i
m
m m
i
v v
+ I
)
`
|
|
.
|
\
| +
+ +
=
i
L
q i
i
S
S f

v
|
|
.
|
\
|
= 42 . 18
f
i
plate thickness correction factors to be obtained from the following formulae:
f
i
= 1.0 for t 22
f
i
=
22
3 4
t
|
\
|
.
|
/
for t 22
where: t plate thickness in way of calculated point, in mm;
(a,x) incomplete GAMMA function values, to be taken from Tables GAMMA functions
of Appendix 1;
complete GAMMA function values, to be taken from Tables GAMMA functions of
Appendix 1;
where: S
q
stress amplitude values at intersection point of two-slope S-N curves to be taken from
Table 2.5.1(2).
Time distribution factor Table 2.5.1(1)
Full load Ballast
Bulk carriers 0.6 0.4
Oil tankers 0.5 0.5
Container ships 0.75 0.25
--
K and S
q
of S-N curves Table 2.5.1(2)
S-N curves K S
q
B 5.800 x 10
12
83.3955
C 3.464 x 10
12
70.2305
D 1.520 x 10
12
53.3680
E 1.026 x 10
12
46.8147
F 6.319 x 10
11
39.8305
F
2
4.330 x 10
11
35.1153
G 2.481 x 10
11
29.1659
W 9.279 x 10
10
21.0136
2.5.2 Cumulative damage D in design service life is to be determined according to the following
formula:
=
=
2
1 i
i
D D
where:
i
D cumulative damage of structures in corresponding calculated conditions is to be
calculated in accordance with 2.5.1.

2.5.3 Cumulative damage D of structures in design service life is to be determined as follows:
D 1.0
--
CHAPTER 3 FATIGUE LOAD
3.1 General requirements
3.1.1 In the Guidelines only the following wave induced loads are considered as external loads of
fatigue analysis:
(1) load of hull girder (wave bending moment and torsional moment);
(2) sea water dynamic pressure;
(3) cargo pressure in holds resulting from acceleration of hull movement.
3.1.2 External loads of fatigue may be calculated by methods from 3.2 to 3.5 of this Chapter, or by
direct calculations specifed in relevant CCS guidelines for direct calculations.
3.1.3 For ships navigating in restricted services, the wave bending moment in 3.2 of this Chapter
may be reduced by:
(1) 5% for ships intended for service category 1;
(2) 10% for ships intended for service category 2;
(3) 15% for ships intended for service category 3.
3.2 Wave bending moment and torsional moment
3.2.1 Wave hogging bending moment M
W
(+) and wave sagging bending moment M
W
(-) in various
transverse sections along the ship length are to be determined in accordance with the following
formulae:
( ) M MCL BC
W b
+ =
190 10
2 3
kN m
( ) ( ) M MCL B C
W b
= +
110 0 7 10
2 3
. kN m
where: Llength of ship, in m;

C
bblock coeffcient, but not to be less than 0.6;
Mdistribution factor of bending moments along the ship length, see Fig. 3.2.1;
Ccoeffcient to be calculated in accordance with the following formulae respectively:

( )
C
L
=

(
10 75
300
100
1 5
.
.
for 90 m L 300 m;
C = 10 75 . for 300 m L 350 m;

( )
C
L
=

(
10 75
350
150
1 5
.
.
for 350 m L 500 m.
-6-
M
1.0
0.0 L
0.0 0.4L 0.65L
Fig. 3.2.1
3.2.2 Horizontal wave bending moment M
H
in various transverse sections along the ship length are
to be determined in accordance with the following formula:
m kN )
2000
3 . 0 (
1
2
+ =
b H
C d MCL
L
M
kNm
d
1
draught under calculated conditions, in m;

C
b
block coeffcient;
Ccoeffcient, same as 3.2.1;
Mdistribution factor of bending moments along the ship length, to be obtained from
Fig. 3.2.1.
3.2.3 Wave torsional moment
( ) M x
T
in various transverse sections along the ship length are to be
determined in accordance with the following two formulae:
(1) Wave torsional moment ( ) M x
T
in bowing quartering condition is to be calculated in accordance
with the following formula:
( ) M e LB C
x
L
L Bd C
d
x
L
T
L
T
b

=
|
\
|
.
|
(
+
|
\
|
.
|
|
\
|
.
|

0 00123 1
2
113 1 143
2
0 00295 3
1 25
1
3
1
. cos
. . sin
.
.
kN m
1
d
C
b
block coeffcient;
distance from shearing centre under ship base line to the ship base line, in m;
x distance from calculated section to aft perpendicular, in m;
C C C
T W W
= + 132 434 78 9
2
. . .
where: C
W
waterline plane coeffcient.
-7-
(2) Wave torsional moment ( ) M x
T
in quarter following sea is to be calculated in accordance with
the following formula:
( ) M e LB C
x
L
L Bd C
d
x
L
T
L
T
b

=
|
\
|
.
|
(
+ +
|
\
|
.
|
|
\
|
.
|

0 00123 1
2
113 1 143
2
0 00295 3
1 25
1
3
1
. cos
. . sin
.
.
kN m
where: L, B, d
1
, C
b
, , x, C
T
see 3.2.3(1).
3.2.4 Where calculating the hull bimoment B
caused by bow quartering and quarter following sea

by means of direct calculation method, the greater value is to be taken.
3.2.5 The wave bending moment and bimoment ranges are to be determined by the following
formulae.
(1) The vertical wave bending moment range M
W
is to be determined as follows:
( ) ( ) M M M
w w w
= + kN m
where: ( ) M
w
+ wave hogging bending moment, in kNm, calculated according to 3.2.1;
( ) M
w
wave sagging bending moment, in kNm, calculated according to 3.2.1.
(2) The horizontal wave bending moment range M
H
M M
H H
= 2 kN m
where: M
H
horizontal wave bending moment, in kNm, calculated according to 3.2.2.
(3) Bimoment range
B
B B

= 2 kN m
2
where:
B
bimoment, in kNm
2
, calculated according to 3.2.4.
3.3 Sea water dynamic pressure
3.3.1 The sea water dynamic pressure values around hull cross sections within 0.2 to 0.7L are to be
determined by the following formulae:
(1) Sea water dynamic pressure p
WL
in way of water line at side is to be calculated by the following
two formulae and the greater value is to be taken:
p B CC d
WL b 1
0 66
1
2 3 0 4 = + +
.
. kN m
2
kN/m
2
p p B
WL WL m 2 1
05 5 = + . kN m
2
kN/m
2
where: B breadth of ship, in m;
1
d draught under calculated conditions, in m;
-8-
C
b
block coeffcient;
C coeffcient, same as 3.2.1;
m
maximum roll angle, in rad, calculated according to 3.4.1(2).
BS
in way of bottom side (the bilge) is to be calculated by the
following two formulae, the greater value is to be taken:
p p d
BS WL 1 1 1
12 = . kN m
2
p p d B e
BS WL m
d
L
2 1 1
3 14
05 0 6 5
1
= +

|
\
|
.
|
. .
.
kN m
2
where: p
WL1
, d
1
, B,
m
see 3.3.1(1);
Llength of ship, in m.
BC
at bottom centreline is to be calculated as follows:
p p d
BC WL
=
1 1
12 . kN m
2
where: p
WL1
,
d
1
see 3.3.1(1).
hd
at any point around hull cross section is to be determined as
follows:
p p
z d
h
hd WL
=
|
\
|
.
| 1
1
1
kN m
2
for d
1
+ h
1
z d
1
;
( ) ( ) p p p p
z
d
p p
y
B
hd WL BS WL BC BS
= +
|
\
|
.
| +
|
\
|
.
|
1 1
2
1
kN m
2
for z d
1
;
p
hd
= 0 kN/mm
2
for z d
1
+ h
1
where: p
WL
to be calculated according to 3.3.1(1) above;
p
BS
p
BC

B
breadth of ship, in m;

1
d

y
distance from calculated point to longitudinal central section, in m;
z vertical distance from calculated point to base line, in m;
h
1
sea water dynamic pressure acting height (see Fig. 3.3.1) above waterline at side is to
be calculated by the following two formulae and the lesser value is taken:
m
p
h
WL
10
11

m d D h
1 12

where: Dmoulded depth, in m.
m
m
-9-
The distribution of sea water dynamic pressure p
hd
around the hull cross section may be referred in
Fig. 3.3.1.

p
WL
p
BS
p
BC
z
h
1
y
Fig. 3.3.1
3.3.2 The sea water dynamic pressure range p around hull cross sections within 0.2 to 0.7 L are to
be determined by the following formulae:
p p
hd
= 2
1
kN m
2
for d
1
z d
1
+ h
1
;
( ) { }
2
1
1
m kN 10 2 d z p p
hd
=

hd
- 10(z - d
1
)} kN/m
2
for d
1
- h
2
z d
1
;
p p
hd
= 2 2
1
kN m
2
for 0 z d
1
- h
2
;
where: shape parameter of Weibull distribution calculated according to 2.3.1;
p
hd
calculated according to 3.3.1(4);
h
1
sea water dynamic pressure acting height above waterline at side, in m, calculated
according to 3.3.1(4);
z vertical distance from calculated point to base line, in m;

1
d draught under calculated conditions, in m;

h
2
vertical distance between maximum value point of sea water dynamic pressure at side
and waterline (see Fig. 3.3.2) is to be calculated according to the following formula,
but not greater than d
1
:
h
p d
p p d
WL
WL BS
2
1
1
10
=
+
m
where: p
WL
to be calculated according to 3.3.1(1);
p
BS
to be calculated according to 3.3.1(2).
The distribution of sea water dynamic pressure range p around the hull cross section may be
referred in Fig. 3.3.2.
-0-
h
h

p = 2p
BC BC
p = 2p
p = 2p
WL WL
BS BS
Fig. 3.3.2
3.3.3 The mean values p
m
of sea water dynamic pressure range around hull cross sections within
0.2 to 0.7 L are to be determined by the following formulae:
(1) The mean values p
m
of sea water dynamic pressure range at side are to be determined as follows:

p
p d
D
m
= 2
1
1
( )
max
kN m
2
d
1
Dmoulded depth, in m;
pmaxmaximum value referred to in Fig.3.3.2 of sea water dynamic pressure range in d
1
h
2

at side are to be determined by the following two formulae:
p h
max
= 20
2
kN m
2
for h d
2 1
< ;
p d p
BS max
= + 10
1
kN m
2
for h d
2 1
= ;
where: h
2
vertical distance between maximum value point of sea water dynamic pressure at side
and waterline is to be determined according to 3.3.2;
p
BS
to be determined according to 3.3.1(2).
(2) The mean values p
m
of sea water dynamic pressure range at bottom are to be determined by
the following two formulae:
p p p
m BS BC
= + 2
1
( ) kN m
2
for
h d
2 1
<
;
p d p p
m BS BC
= + +
(
2 10
1
2
1
1
( ) kN m
2
for
h d
2 1
=
;
p
BS
p
BC
d
1
draught under calculated conditions, in m.
--
3.4 Ship motions and accelerations
3.4.1 Roll periods and amplitude under ship relative motions are to be obtained from the following
formulae:
(1) Roll period T
R
T k GM
R r
= 2 sec
where: k
r
roll rotation radius, in m, when no actual values found, assumption may be made by
the following formulae:
k
r
= 0.35B, for oil tankers under ballasting conditions;
k
r
= 0.25B, for ships carrying ores between longitudinal bulkheads;
k
r
= 0.39B, for other cases;
where: Bbreadth of ship, in m;
GMinitial metacentric height at calculated conditions, in m, when no actual values found,
assumption may be made by the following formulae:
GM = 0.12B, for oil tankers and bulk carriers;
GM = 0.07B, for other kinds of ships.
where: Bbreadth of ship, in m.
(2) Maximum roll amplitude
m
is to be determined from the following formula, but not exceed 0.523:
m
R
k
T
B
=

+
62 5 125
75
. .
rad
where: T
R
see 3.4.1(1);
Bbreadth of ship, in m;
kcoeffcient to be determined by the following formulae:
k = 1.2 for ships with no bilge keels;
k = 1.0 for ships with bilge keels;
k = 0.8 for ships with anti-rolling stabilizers.
(3) Pitch period T
P
T L
P
= 180 10 . sec
where: L length of ship, in m.
(4) Maximum pitch amplitude
m
is to be determined by the following formula, but not to exceed 0.14:
m b
a C = 0 25
0
. rad
where: C
b
block coeffcient;
a
0
acceleration factor, to be calculated according to the following formula:
a C L C V L
V 0
3 = +
where:
C L
V
= 50
, to be taken not greater than 0.2;
L length of ship, in m;
V ship velocity, in kn;
C coeffcient to be calculated according to 3.2.1 above.
--
3.4.2 Accelerations of ship motions are to be determined by the following formulae:
(1) Surge acceleration a
x
a a C
x b
= 2
0
m s
2
where: C
b
coeffcient of block;
a
0
acceleration factor referred to 3.4.1 (4) above.
(2) Sway acceleration a
y
a a
y
= 3
0
m s
2
where: a
0
see 3.4.2 (1) above.
(3) Heave acceleration a
z
a a C
z b
= 7
0
m s
2
where: a
0
, C
b
see 3.4.2 (1) above.
(4) Roll acceleration a
r
a
r
=
( ) a T
r m R
= 6 28
2
. rad s
2
where: T
R
roll period, in s, to be determined according to 3.4.1 (1) above;

m
maximum roll amplitude, in rad, to be determined according to 3.4.1 (2) above.
(5) Pitch acceleration a
p
a
p
=
( )
a T
p m p
= 6 28
2
. rad s
2
where: T
p
pitch period, in s, to be determined according to 3.4.1 (3) above;

m
maximum pitch amplitude, in rad, to be determined according to 3.4.1 (4).
(6) Transverse combined acceleration a
t

a a a z z
t y r rp m

2
2
10sin m s
2
where: a
y
sway acceleration, see 3.4.2 (2);
a
r
roll acceleration, 3.4.2 (4);

m
maximum roll amplitude, in rad, see 3.4.1 (2);
z vertical distance from cargo centroid to base line, in m;
z
rp
vertical distance from roll rotary axial and pitch rotary axial to base line, in m, to be
calculated according to the following two formulae, whichever the lesser is to be taken:
z
rp1
m
d D
z
rp
2 4
1
+ = m;
z
rp2
m
D
z
rp
2
2
=
m;
--
where: D moulded depth of ship, in m;
d draught, in m.
(7) Longitudinal combined acceleration a
l

a a a z z
l x p rp m

2
2
10sin m s
2
where: z
rp
, z see 3.4.2 (6);
a
x
surge acceleration, see 3.4.2 (1);
a
p
pitch acceleration, see 3.4.2 (5);

m
maximum pitch amplitude, see 3.4.1 (4).
(8) Vertical combined acceleration a
v
is to be determined by the following two formulae, whichever
the greater is to be taken:
2 2 2 2
1
s m y a a a
r z v
+ =

2 2 2 2
2
s m 45 . 0 L x a a a
p z v

where: a
z
heave acceleration, see 3.4.2 (3);
a
r
roll acceleration, see 3.4.2 (4);
a
p
pitch acceleration, see 3.4.2 (5);
x longitudinal distance from cargo centroid to after perpendicular, in m;
y transverse distance from cargo centroid to central line section, in m;
L length of ship, in m.
3.5 Cargo pressure in holds
3.5.1 The pressure acting on ship sides, bottom and bulkheads due to liquid cargoes is to be
determined by the following formulae respectively:
(1) The pressure p acting on ship sides, inner bottom and only one bulkhead due to liquid cargoes is
to be determined by the following three formulae, whichever the greatest is to be taken:

p
1
a z
v
kN m
2

p
2
a y
t
kN m
2

p
3
a x
l
kN m
2

where: cargo mass density, in t/m
3
;
x longitudinal distance, in m, from calculated point to free surface centre in holds;
y transverse distance, in m, from calculated point to free surface centre in holds;
z vertical distance, in m, from calculated point to free surface centre in holds;
a
t
transverse combined acceleration, in m/s
2
, to be calculated according to 3.4.2 (6);
a
l
longitudinal combined acceleration, in m/s
2
, to be calculated according to 3.4.2 (7);
a
v
vertical combined acceleration, in m/s
2
, to be calculated according to 3.4.2 (8).
--
(2) Liquid pressure p on the transverse bulkheads of fore and aft tanks carrying the same liquid is
to be determined by the following formula:
p = 2a
l
x kN/m
2
where: , a
l
, x see 3.5.1 (1) above.
(3) Liquid pressure p on the longitudinal bulkheads of tanks at sides carrying the same liquid is to
be determined by the following formula:
p = 2a
t
y kN/m
2
where: , a
t
, y see 3.5.1 (1) above.
3.5.2 The pressure acting on ship sides, bottom and bulkheads due to dry cargoes is to be determined
by the following formulae respectively:
(1) Cargo pressure p on ship-side or longitudinal bulkheads is to be determined by the following
formula:
p = 0.7a
t
b kN/m
2
3
;
b cargo breadth, in m, in horizontal plane inner holds at calculated point;
a
t
2
, see 3.5.1 (1) above.
(2) Cargo pressure p on the transverse bulkheads is to be determined by the following formula:
p = 0.7a
l
l kN/m
2
3
;
l cargo length, in m, in horizontal plane inner holds at calculated point;
a
l
longitudinal combined acceleration, in m/s
2
, see 3.5.1 (1) above.
(3) Cargo pressure p on the horizontal inner bottoms is to be determined by the following formula:
p = a
v
h kN/m
2
3
;
h vertical distance, in m, from calculated point to cargo upper surface in holds;
a
v
2
, see 3.5.1 (1) above.
(4) Cargo pressure p on the sloping inner bottoms is to be determined by the following two formulae,
whichever the greater is to be taken:

p
1
a h
v
cos
2
kN m
2

p
2
0 7
2
. sin a b
t
kN m
2

3
;
b cargo breadth, in m, in horizontal plane inner holds at calculated point;
h vertical distance, in m, from calculated point to cargo upper surface in holds;
--
a
t
2
, see 3.5.1 (1) above;
a
v
2
, see 3.5.1 (1) above;
angle of sloping inner bottom to horizontal plane, in degrees.
3.5.3 Cargo pressure ranges and mean values of pressure range are to be determined by the
following formulae respectively:
(1) Liquid cargo pressure range p is to be determined as follows:
p = 2p kN/m
2
where: p liquid cargo pressure, in kN/m
2
, to be calculated as required in 3.5.1.
(2) The cargo pressure range p effected by dry cargoes on ship sides and only one bulkhead in
holds is to be determined as follows:
p = p kN/m
2
where: p dry cargo pressure, in kN/m
2
(3) The cargo pressure range p effected by dry cargoes on inner bottoms and bulkheads in holds
at side is to be determined as follows:
p = 2p kN/m
2
where: p dry cargo pressure, in kN/m
2
(4) The mean value of dry cargo pressure ranges on ship sides, inner bottoms and bulkheads is
generally to be taken as that in way of central point of grillage.
(5) The mean value p
m
of liquid cargo pressure ranges on ship sides and bulkheads is to be
determined as follows:
p p
h
D
m h
=
2
where: h height of liquid cargo in holds, in m;
p
h/2
liquid cargo pressure range at
z
h
=
2
, in kN/m
2
, to be calculated as required in 3.5.3 (1);

D moulded depth of ship, in m.
-6-
CHAPTER 4 CALCULATION OF NOMINAL STRESS RANGES
4.1 General requirements
4.1.1 A simplifed calculation method for nominal stress ranges is provided from 4.2 to 4.4 of this
Chapter. However, the nominal stress ranges may be determined by direct calculations in accordance
with the requirements of 4.5.
4.1.2 In the process of calculating nominal stress ranges, the corrosion allowance required in Table
4.1.2 is to be deducted from actual hull structural scantlings.
Corrosion Allowance t
k
Values Table 4.1.2
Thickness t Corrosion allowance t
k
(mm)
10 0.75
10 0.05 t + 0.25, maximum 1.6
4.1.3 For boundaries of ballast tanks and liquid cargo tanks, their corrosion allowance is not to be
less than 1.25 mm.
4.1.4 For dry spaces (cargo spaces in bulk carriers exclusive), their corrosion allowance may be t
k
/2
in Table 4.1.2, but not less than 0.5 mm.
4.2 Simplifed calculations of stress ranges
4.2.1 The stress ranges S
V
of hull girders caused by vertical wave bending moment are to be determined
by the following formula:
S
M
W
V
W
V
=
10
3
N mm
2
where:
M
W
vertical wave bending moment range, in kNm, to be calculated as required in 3.2.5 (1);
W
V
vertical section modulus at calculated point, in cm
3
.
4.2.2 The stress ranges S
H
of hull girders caused by horizontal wave bending moment are to be
S
M
W
H
H
H
=
10
3
N mm
2
where:
M
H
horizontal wave bending moment range, in kNm, to be calculated as required in 3.2.5 (2);
W
H
horizontal section modulus at calculated point, in cm
3
.
4.2.3 The warping stress ranges S
of hull girders caused by wave torsional moment are to be

S
B
W
10
5
N mm
2
where:
B
bimoment ranges to be calculated in accordance with 3.2.5 (3);

-7-
W
I
= warping section modulus, in cm

4
;
I
segmental moment of inertia of calculated section, in cm

6
, by means of calculation
accepted by CCS;
segmental coordinate at calculated point, in cm
2
, by means of calculation accepted
by CCS.
4.2.4 The ship sides, bulkheads or ship bottoms between transverse bulkheads in one hold block to
be calculated as a grillage, the bending stress ranges of the grillage is to be determined as follows:
(1) The moment of inertia i
a
of grillage in a unit breadth is to be calculated as follows:
i
a
I
s
I I
b
na
a
a na
+

50
cm
3
where: b grillage breadth, in m, see Figs.4.2.4 (1) and 4.2.4 (2);
I
na
moment of inertia, in cm
4
, of primary structural members together with attached
plating distributed along the breadth of grillage, see Fig.4.2.4 (2);
I
a
moment of inertia, in cm4, of central primary structural members together with attached
plating distributed along the breadth of grillage, see Fig.4.2.4 (2);
S
a
spacing of primary structural members, in cm, distributed along the breadth of grillage,
see Fig.4.2.4 (2).
(2) The moment of inertia i
b
of grillage in a unit length is to be calculated as follows:
i
b
I
s
I I
a
nb
b
b nb
+

50
cm
3
where: a grillage length, in m, see Figs.4.2.4 (1) and 4.2.4 (2);
S
b
spacing of primary structural members , in cm, distributed along the length of grillage,
see Fig.4.2.4 (2);
I
nb
4
, of primary structural members together with attached
platings distributed along the length of grillage, see Fig.4.2.4 (2);
I
b
4
, of central primary structural members together with attached
platings distributed along the length of grillage, see Fig.4.2.4 (2).
(3) The equivalent aspect ratio is to be calculated as follows:

a
b
i
i
b
a
4
where: a, b, i
a
, i
b
see 4.2.4 (1) and 4.2.4 (2) above.
(4) The torsional stiffness factor is to be determined as follows:
I I
I I
pa pb
a b
-8-
where: I
a
, I
b
see 4.2.4 (1) and 4.2.4 (2) above;
I
pa
4
, of attached platings of central primary structural members
distributed along the grillage breadth to the neutral axis of the grillage;
I
pb
4
, of attached platings of central primary structural members
distributed along the grillage length to the neutral axis of the grillage.
(5) The bending stress ranges S
2e
on the grillage induced by sea water dynamic pressure is to be
S K K
p b r
i i
e s b
m a
a b
2
2
10
=

N mm
2
where: i
a
, i
b
, b see those in 4.2.4 (1) and 4.2.4 (2);
K
s
factor, K
s
= 1.0 for that in way of bottom plating or ship-side plating; K
s
= 0.91 for
that in way of web plating or free wing plating;
K
b
factor, to be taken from Table 4.2.4 according to , and boundary condition of the
grillage;
p
m
mean value of sea water dynamic pressure ranges acting on the grillage, in kN/m
2
,
to be calculated as required in 3.3.3;
r
a
distance, in m, from neutral axis of grillage to the calculated point.
2i
on the grillage induced by cargo pressure in holds is to be
S K K
p b r
i i
i s b
m a
a b
2
2
10
=

N mm
2
where: K
s
, K
b
, r
a
, i
a
, i
b
, b see those in 4.2.4 (1), 4.2.4 (2) and 4.2.4 (5);
p
m
mean value of cargo pressure ranges in holds acting on the grillage, in kN/m
2
, to
be calculated as required in 3.5.3.
b
b
a
Fig. 4.2.4(1)
-9-
s
a
s
b
I
b
I
a
I
nb
I
na
b
a
Fig. 4.2.4(2)
Factor K
b
Table 4.2.4
Rigidly fxed the four sides
a
b
Longitudinal side simply supported, transverse (vertical) side
rigidly fxed
a
b
= 0.0 = 0.5 = 1.0
0.20 0.0036 0.125 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014
0.30 0.0082 0.25 0.0057 0.0057 0.0057
0.40 0.0146 0.375 0.0129 0.0130 0.0130
0.50 0.0228 0.5 0.0243 0.0238 0.0232
0.60 0.0314 0.75 0.0577 0.0534 0.0494
0.70 0.0395 1.00 0.0952 0.0845 0.0762
0.80 0.0466 1.25 0.1243 0.1100 0.0994
0.90 0.0522 1.50 0.1413 0.1261 0.1152
1.00 0.0564 1.75 0.1455 0.1342 0.1251
1.10 0.0591 2.00 0.1439 0.1374 0.1300
1.20 0.0609 2.5 0.1388 0.1381 0.1356
1.30 0.0619 3.0 0.1371 0.1376 0.1369
1.40 0.0624 3.5 0.1371 0.1373 0.1373
1.50 0.0626 4.0 0.1373 0.1374 0.1373
1.60 0.0627 >4.0 0.1374 0.1374 0.1374
>1.60 0.0627
Note: Intermediate values may be obtained by interpolation.
-0-
4.2.5 Where the bending stress ranges of secondary structural members are calculated, the fatigue
load is to be calculated according to the requirements in Chapter 3 and based on the determined
boundary conditions of the structure (e.g. ends of longitudinals to be rigidly fixed), adopting
theoretical calculations for bending of a single span girder; and where the fatigue load is evenly
distributed on secondary members with the two ends rigidly fxed, they may be determined by the
following formulae.
3e
on the secondary members effected by sea water dynamic pressure
2 3
2
2
3
mm N 10 1 6 6
12

(
(
+ |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
| A
=
l
x
l
x
W
psl
S
s
e
where: s spacing of secondary members, in cm;
l span of secondary members, in cm, to be determined as required in 1.2.3, Chapter 1,
PART TWO of CCS Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships, see Fig. 4.2.5;
W
s
section modulus, in cm
3
, of secondary members with attached plating;
x distance from the end of secondary members to the calculated point, in cm, see Fig. 4.2.5;
p sea water dynamic pressure ranges acting on the secondary members, in kN/m
2
, to
be calculated as required in 3.3.2 above.

x
l
Calculated point
Fig. 4.2.5
3i
on the secondary members effected by cargo pressure in holds is
to be determined as follows:
S
psl
W
x
l
x
l
i
s
3
2
2
3
12
6 6 1 10 =
|
\
|
.
|

|
\
|
.
|
+
(
(

N mm
2
where: s, l, W
s
, x see those in 4.2.5 (1) above;
p cargo pressure ranges in holds acting on the secondary members, in kN/m
2
, to be
calculated as required in 3.5.3 above.
--
4.2.6 The bending stress ranges on rectangular plating are to be determined by the following
formulae respectively:
4e
on the plating effected by sea water dynamic pressure is to be
determined by either one of the following formulae:
S K ps t
e 4 1
2 2
= / N mm
2
( bending stress ranges on mid-point of short sides)
S K ps t
e 4 2
2 2
= / N mm
2
(bending stress ranges on mid-point of long sides)
where: s length of short sides, in cm, see Fig 4.2.6;
t thickness of plating, in mm;
K
1
, K
2
factors, to be taken from Table 4.2.6;
p sea water dynamic pressure ranges, in kN/m
2,
acting on the centre of rectangular
plating, to be calculated as required in 3.3.2.
Factors K
1
and K
2
Table 4.2.6
l/s 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0
K
1
0.0308 0.0323 0.0332 0.0338 0.0341 0.0342 0.0343 0.0343 0.0343
K
2
0.0308 0.0349 0.0383 0.0412 0.0436 0.0454 0.0480 0.0493 0.0500
Note: l length of long side of rectangular plating, in cm, see Fig. 4.2.6; intermediate values may be obtained by
interpolation.
s
l
Fig. 4.2.6
4i
on the plating effected by cargo pressure in holds is to be
determined by either of the following two formulae:
S K ps t
i 4 1
2 2
= / N mm
2
( bending stress ranges on mid-point of short sides)
S K ps t
i 4 2
2 2
= / N mm
2
(bending stress ranges on mid-point of long sides)
where: s, t, K
1
, K
2
see those in 4.2.6 (1) above;
p cargo pressure ranges in holds, in kN/m
2
, acting on the centre of rectangular plating,
to be calculated as required in 3.5.3.
4.3 Combined global stress ranges
4.3.1 The global stress ranges S
g
are to be calculated by the following formulae respectively.
--
(1) The global stress ranges S
g
of ships with large openings are to be calculated as follows:
S S S S
g V H
= + + 0 6 .

N mm
2
where: S
V
stress ranges, in N/mm
2
, of hull girder induced by vertical wave bending moment, to
be calculated as in 4.2.1;
S
H
2
, of hull girder induced by horizontal wave bending moment,
to be calculated as in 4.2.2;
S

warping stress ranges, in N/mm
2
, of hull girder induced by wave torque, to be
calculated as in 4.2.3. It may also be calculated by means of other methods.
(2) The global stress ranges S
g
of other ships are to be calculated as follows:
S S S S S
g V H V H
= + +
2 2
0 2 . N mm
2
where: S
V
2
, of hull girder induced by vertical wave bending moment, to
be calculated as in 4.2.1;
S
H
2
, of hull girder induced by horizontal wave bending moment,
to be calculated as in 4.2.2.
4.3.2 The positive and negative symbols are to be taken into account when combining stress ranges
induced by sea water pressure and cargo pressure in holds. Where stress calculated is tensile one,
the positive value is taken for the corresponding stress ranges and where the stress at the calculated
point is compressive one, the negative value is taken for the corresponding stress ranges. Local stress
ranges Sl are to be determined by the following formulae:
(1) The local stress range S
e
induced by sea water dynamic pressure is to be determined by the
following formula:
S
e
= S
2e
+ S
3e
+ S
4e
N/mm
2
where: S
2e
bending stress ranges of grillage, in N/mm
2
, taking into account of symbols, the
value calculated as required in 4.2.4(5);
S
3e
bending stress ranges of beams, in N/mm
2
, taking into account of symbols, the value
calculated as required in 4.2.5(1);
S
4e
bending stress ranges of plating, in N/mm
2
calculated as required in 4.2.6(1).
(2) The local stress range S
i
induced by cargo pressure in holds is to be determined by the following
formula:
S
i
= S
2i
+ S
3i
+ S
4i
N/mm
2
where: S
2i
bending stress ranges of grillage, in N/mm
2
, taking into account of symbols, the
value calculated as required in 4.2.4(6);
S
3i
bending stress ranges of girders, in N/mm
2
calculated as required in 4.2.5(2);
S
4i
bending stress ranges of plating, in N/mm
2
calculated as required in 4.2.6(2).
--
(3) The local stress ranges S
l
are to be determined by the following formula:
S S S S S
l e i p e i

2 2
2 N mm
2
where: S
e
the local stress range, in N/mm
2
, induced by sea water dynamic pressure, see 4.3.2 (1);
S
i
the local stress range, in N/mm
2
, induced by cargo pressure in holds, see 4.3.2 (1);

p
mean corresponding factor between S
e
and S
i
to be determined by the following two
formulae:
( )
p
z
d
x L
L
y
B
z x L
Ld
= +

05 0 2 0 6
05
0 2 0 4
05
1 1
. . .
.
. .
.
for z d
1

p
x L
L
y
B
= +

0 3 0 2
05
0 2 . .
.
. for z d
1
where: L length of ship, in m;
d
1
draught at calculated condition, in m;
x distance from calculated point to aft perpendicular, in m;
y distance from calculated point to longitudinal central section, in m;
z vertical distance from calculated point to base line, in m.
4.4 Nominal stress range calculations
4.4.1 The nominal stress range S
L
of structural members being not taken account into the
longitudinal bending is to be determined by the following formula:
S
L
= KS
l
N/mm
2
where: S
l
local stress range, in N/mm
2
, to be calculated according to 4.3.2(3);
K stress concentrating factor, to be taken as 1 in this Chapter.
4.4.2 The nominal stress range S
L
of structural members being taken account into the longitudinal
bending is to be determined by the following two formulae, whichever is the greater:
( )
2
1
/ 6 . 0 9 . 0 mm N S S K S
l g L
+ =
N/mm
2
( )
S K S S N mm
L g l 2
2
0 9 0 6 = + . . / N/mm
2
where: K, S
l
see 4.4.1 above;
S
g
global stress range, in N/mm
2
, to be determined as required in 4.3.1.
4.5 Direct calculations of local nominal stress ranges
--
The 3-D FE analysis may be applied for direct calculations of local nominal stress ranges. The
net scantling model is applied in FE calculations and the corrosion allowance is to be deducted in
accordance with 4.1.2.
4.5.1 Structural FE model
(1) The extent of the 3-D FE model is to include 1/2 hold length forward and 1 hold length in the
middle and 1/2 hold length aft within mid-ship cargo area in longitudinal direction, and full depth of
the ship in vertical direction. In general, the results of the middle hold are applied for assessment (see
Fig. 4.5.1).
(2) While both primary members and loads are symmetrical to longitudinal centerline plane, only
half breadth, port or starboard side, of the hull structure is required to be modeled.
(3) The meshing of the 3-D FE model of hull structure is to be carried out as the longitudinal
spacing or similar spacing transversely along the hull envelop, and the frame spacing or similar
spacing along hull length. The meshes are to be as square as possible.
(4) In general, all areas of shell plates, deep webs of transverse rings, stringers, plane bulkhead web
stiffeners, frames, other members as well as corrugation bulkheads and bulkhead stools are to be
modeled by 4-node plate (shell) elements. Triangular elements are to be minimized. In high stress
areas and areas of signifcant stress changes, such as lightening holes, manholes, connection of stool
to bulkhead, positions adjacent to brackets or structural discontinuities, triangular elements are to be
avoided as practicable as possible.
(5) All stiffeners of plates, which are subject to external sea pressure and cargo pressure, are
modeled by eccentric beam elements. The stiffeners and/or face plates of web transverses, frames,
foors, girders and brackets may be modeled by rod elements. In view of diffculty in meshing, one
line element may represent more than one beam or rod elements.
(6) Not less than 3 plate elements are to be arranged in vertical direction for bottom girders and
foors. In general, the elements at the lowest end of bulkhead are to be divided as square as possible.
(7) The web of side frame may be modeled by plate element or beam element. In case the ratio of
web height of frame against size of grid at side is less than 1/3, beam element may be applied.
(8) Corrugated bulkhead and bulkhead stools: each fange plate or web plate is to be taken at least
as a plate element; for the plate elements at the lower end of corrugated bulkhead in the vicinity of
lower stool and for the elements adjacent to stool plate, the aspect ratio of sides of grid is to be close
to 1.
(9) For lightening holes and manholes of primary members, in particular the openings on girders
adjacent to bulkhead and bracket foors adjacent to lower stool in double bottom, plate elements of
equivalent plate thickness may be used to consider the effect of these openings.
(10) One independent point is set respectively in way of intersection of neutral axis with longitudinal
centerline in fore and aft end planes, and the degree of freedom
x
,
z
,
y
,
z
for nodes of longitudinal
members in end planes are related to the relevant independent points.
--
l
1 l
1
l
2 l
2
extent of FE model
Fig. 4.5.1 Extent of 3D FE model
4.5.2 Boundary conditions
(1) The displacements in transverse direction of nodes on longitudinal centerline plane are
constrained, and the rotations about the two coordinate axes on longitudinal centerline plane are
constrained, i.e.
y
=
x
=
z
= 0.
(2) Constraint of end planes: the independent point at one end constraint
x
,
y
,
z
,
x
,
z
, and the
independent point at the other end constraint
y
,
z
,
x
,
z
, as indicated in Table 4.5.2.
Application of boundary conditions (boundary with symmetrical load) Table 4.5.2
Position
displacement constraint rotation constraint
z
Longitudinal centerline section - Cons. - Cons. - Cons.
End plane A Link - Link - Link Link
End plane B Link - Link - Link Link
Rigid point A Cons. Cons. Cons. Cons. BM Cons.
Rigid point B - Cons. Cons. Cons. BM Cons.
Notes: Cons. constraint corresponding to displacement;
Link displacement of relevant nodes within end plane linked to independent node;
BM global bending moment applied on end plane.
4.5.3 Selection of local nominal stress
For plate elements, the principal stress perpendicular to crack propagation direction within 45
range on the checking element surface is to be selected. For beam element, the principal stress
perpendicular to crack propagation direction within 45 range on the face plate or free edge of the
checking element is to be selected.
4.5.4 Calculation of local nominal stress ranges
Where direct calculation is applied for fatigue strength stress, the following two calculated conditions
are to be included:
(1) full load calculated condition;
(2) ballast calculated condition.
Direct calculation of nominal stress ranges in any condition is to be carried out in accordance with
the table below:
-6-

Direct calculation of nominal stress components Table 4.5.4
Load cases Stress ranges Applied loads
L1 S
e
Ext er nal hydr odynami c pr essur e r anges
corresponding to full load or ballast condition, to
be calculated in accordance with 3.3
L2 S
i
I nt er nal cargo dynami c pr essur e r anges
corresponding to full load or ballast condition, to
be calculated in accordance with 3.5
The combination of local stress ranges are to be carried out in accordance with steps specifed in 4.3.
-7-
CHAPTER 5 CALCULATION OF HOT SPOT STRESS
5.1 Hot spot stress assessment method
5.1.1 The hot spot stress is to be determined by the following formula:
h
=
n
K
where:
h
hot spot stress, in N/mm
2
, to be determined in accordance with 5.3.3.

n
nominal stress, in N/mm
2
, to be determined in accordance with Chapter 4.
K stress concentration factor to be determined in accordance with 5.2 or 5.3. It may also
be determined by means of testing.
5.2 Stress concentration factors of typical detail
5.2.1 The stress concentration factors of round hatch corners may be taken from Fig. 5.2.1, where a
is the length, b the breadth of the hatch and r the radius of the corner.
Fig. 5.2.1
5.2.2 The stress concentration factors of elliptic hatch corners may be determined by means of fnite
element calculations. The stress concentration factors of elliptic hatch corners may be estimated by
means of approximate calculation according to 5.2.1, where radius r of the corner is the one of short
axis of ellipse.
-8-
5.2.3 The stress concentration factors of actual hull longitudinal member details may be calculated
in accordance with 5.3. The approximate values of stress concentration factors of partial joints are
given in Table 5.2.3.
Stress concentration factors Table 5.2.3
Joint type Stress concentration factors
1.30
1.40
1.60
1.50
1.80
1.35
t1
t2
1224 1
160
2
1
. ( ) +
t
t

1.00 (slope 1:5)
1.13 (slope 1:3)
1.27 (slope 1:2)
1.00 (slope 1:5)
1.13 (slope 1:3)
1.27 (slope 1:2)
-9-
5.3 Calculation method of stress concentration factors
5.3.1 Where the stress concentration factors of welded joints are calculated, the calculated points are
to be taken from the place of structure where cracks may likely occur. The stress concentration factor
K is to be determined by the following formula:
K =
h
/
n
where:
n
stress, in N/mm
2
, to be determined according to the requirements in 5.3.2.

h
stress, in N/mm
2
, to be determined according to the requirements in 5.3.3.
5.3.2 Stress n is the maximum principal stress obtained at calculated points by means of coarse
mesh finite element analysis, when calculating a unit load is to be added on the force bearing
direction of the structural detail. The following principles are to be complied with in calculation:
(1) The general geometry of joints (such as the changes of openings, scarfngs, bevels, brackets and
scantlings) are to be taken into account but that of welds is not included.
(2) When fnite element mesh is developed, uniform change of mesh is to be ensured and abrupt
change of mesh is avoided.
(3) The fnite element mesh in the vicinity of calculated points is to be fne enough as to refect the
change of stress gradient. The mesh size is not to be greater than the plate thickness t of the force
bearing structural members.
(4) The aspect ratio of fnite element mesh is not to exceed 3.
5.3.3 Stress h is the maximum principal stress obtained at calculated points of structural details by
means of fne mesh fnite element analysis, when calculating a unit load is to be added on the force
bearing direction of the structural detail. For detailed calculation of stress h, see 5.4.6.
5.3.4 The hot spot stress is obtained by interpolation method given in 5.4.6.
5.4 Direct calculation of hot spot stress
5.4.1 General requirements
Fatigue strength assessment of complicated structure requires the use of fatigue hot spot stress
method. The fatigue hot spot stress is to be determined by means of fine finite element direct
calculation. The model is based on principles given in 5.4.2.
5.4.2 Structural modelling
The fne fnite element model is to be based on the following principles:
(1) The fatigue hot spot stress may be calculated by means of a separate fne fnite element model,
with boundary conditions being obtained from analysis of a coarse mesh finite element model;
alternatively, direct calculation may be performed via a fne fnite element model ftted into a coarse
mesh fnite element model.
(2) The corrosion allowance required in Table 4.1.2 is to be deducted from actual hull structural
scantlings in the fne fnite element model.
-0-
(3) The fne fnite element zone is to be such that the hot spot stress will not be affected by the boundary
conditions of displacement and those of forces. The fine finite element model is to be such that its
refned edges are supported by primary members, e.g. girders, horizontal girders and foors in cargo area.
(4) The fnite element mesh in the vicinity of calculated points is to be fne enough as to refect the
change of stress gradient. The mesh size is not to be greater than the plate thickness t of the force
bearing structural members. The fne mesh zone is to be such as to extend over at least 10 t in all
directions leading to the fatigue hot spot position. 4-node or 8-node shell elements are to be used and
the use of any triangular element is to be prevented. The weld geometry and structural alignment are
not taken into account. Frames inside the fne mesh zone are to be modeled using shell elements.
(5) The following principles of structural modelling are mainly applicable to hopper knuckles:
(a) Special fatigue strength assessment is at least to be carried out for the knuckle joint between
inner bottom and hopper tank sloping plate in the cargo tank region. The assessment
position may be selected in the midship cargo tank region. Alternatively, it may be
determined via coarse mesh fnite element analysis.
(b) The refned zone is to be such as to ensure at lest 2 foor spaces along the direction of ship
length, 4 longitudinal spaces at knuckle line along the direction of molded depth and 4
longitudinal spaces at the side of knuckle line along the direction of ship breadth.
(c) Scarfng brackets on the foor adjoining the inner bottom plating, the longitudinals adjacent
to knuckles and lapped brackets further away from transverse rings are to be modeled using
shell element. Longitudinals adjacent to knuckles and other brackets are to be modeled by
shell element, where the openings are to be considered on a case by case basis.
A typical knuckle fne fnite element mesh is shown in Fig. 5.4.2.
Fig. 5.4.2
5.4.3 Load calculations
Where the fatigue strength stress is determined by means of direct calculations, the following
calculated loads are to be included:
(1) global wave bending moment and range, to be calculated in accordance with 3.2;
(2) external hydrodynamic pressure ranges, to be calculated in accordance with 3.3;
(3) internal cargo dynamic pressure ranges, to be calculated in accordance with 3.5.
--
5.4.4 Boundary conditions
Boundary conditions of model are to be simply supported in accordance with Tables 5.4.4(1) and
5.4.4(2).
Rigid-link of both ends Table 5.4.4(1)
Nodes on longitudinal members at both
ends of the model
Translational Rotational
Dx Dy Dz Rx Ry Rz
All longitudinal members RL RL RL - - -
RL means rigidly linked to the relevant degrees of freedom of the independent point
Support condition of the independent point Table 5.4.4(2)
Location of the independent point
Translational Rotational
Dx Dy Dz Rx Ry Rz
Independent point on aft end of model - Fix Fix - - -
Independent point on fore end of model Fix Fix Fix Fix - -
5.4.5 Calculated condition
Where direct calculation is applied for fatigue strength stress, the following two calculated conditions
are to be included:
(1) full load calculated condition;
(2) ballast calculated condition.
Direct calculation of hot spot stress ranges in any condition is to be carried out in accordance with
the table below:
Direct calculation of hot spot stress components Table 5.4.5
Load cases Stress ranges Applied loads
L1 S
v
Global vertical wave bending moment ranges in full load or ballast
condition, to be calculated in accordance with 3.2
L2 S
h
Global horizontal wave bending moment ranges in full load or
ballast condition, to be calculated in accordance with 3.2
L3 S
e
External hydrodynamic pressure ranges corresponding to full load
or ballast condition, to be calculated in accordance with 3.3
L4 S
i
Internal cargo dynamic pressure ranges corresponding to full load or
ballast condition, to be calculated in accordance with 3.5
The local stress ranges are to be combined in accordance with steps specifed in 4.3 of the Guidelines.
5.4.6 Interpolation of hot spot stress
Stress
h

h
t t
3
2
2 3 2 / /
where:
t/2
maximum principal stress, in N/mm
2
, at the place with a distance of t/2 from weld
toe calculated in accordance with 5.4.7, where t being the plate thickness, in mm;
--
3t/2
maximum principal stress, in N/mm
2
, at the place with a distance of 3t/2 from weld
toe calculated in accordance with 5.4.7, where t being the plate thickness, in mm.
5.4.7 Four fnite element nodes (see Fig. 5.4.7) are selected on the member surface bearing force
in way of welds, the maximum principal stress in way of interpolated point is to be obtained
by Lagrange interpolation based upon the maximum principal stress in way of finite element
nodes selected. But the interpolated point is to be located between the 4 fnite element nodes. The
maximum principal stress is to be determined as follows:
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
C C C C
where:
1
the maximum principal stress, in N/mm
2
, in way of fnite element node 1;

2
2

3
2

4
2
C
1
, C
2
, C
3
, and C
4
are to be calculated as follows respectively:
C
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
1
2 3 4
1 2 1 3 1 4
=

( )( )( )
( )( )( )
C
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
2
1 3 4
2 1 2 3 2 4
=

( )( )( )
( )( )( )
C
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
3
1 2 4
3 1 3 2 3 4
=

( )( )( )
( )( )( )
C
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
4
1 2 3
4 1 4 2 4 3
=

( )( )( )
( )( )( )

where: x the distance from interpolated point to weld toe, in mm;
x
1
the distance of fnite element node 1 to weld toe, in mm;
x
2
x
3
x
4
the distance of fnite element node 4 to weld toe, in mm.
h
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
t
1.5 t
0.5 t
Fig. 5.4.7
--
Appendix 1 GAMMA FUNCTION TABLES
x= u
x
1
0
e
u
du x,= u
x
1
0
e
u
du Table 1
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
x
3.4 2.9812064 0.0190124 0.1381650 0.3811613 0.7117815 1.0789950
3.6 3.7170238 0.0155505 0.1290610 0.3836591 0.7535631 1.1853485
3.8 4.6941742 0.0127638 0.1210418 0.3879346 0.8019018 1.3096973
4.0 6.0000000 0.0105097 0.1139289 0.3938547 0.8572592 1.4545432
4.2 7.7566895 0.0086783 0.1075803 0.4013258 0.9202110 1.6228694
4.4 10.136101 0.0071845 0.1018817 0.4102855 0.9914495 1.8182081
4.6 13.381285 0.0059617 0.0967402 0.4206966 1.0717878 2.0447238
4.8 17.837861 0.0049576 0.0920794 0.4325421 1.1621682 2.3073136
5.0 24.000000 0.0041307 0.0878363 0.4458224 1.2636724 2.6117275
5.2 32.578096 0.0034479 0.0839580 0.4605528 1.3775355 2.9647117
5.4 44.598848 0.0028828 0.0804003 0.4767617 1.5051620 3.3741776
5.6 61.553915 0.0024140 0.0771256 0.4944895 1.6481451 3.8494023
5.8 85.621737 0.0020243 0.0741020 0.5137876 1.8082888 4.4012647
6.0 120.00000 0.0016997 0.0713021 0.5347176 1.9876330 5.0425245
6.2 169.40609 0.0014290 0.0687024 0.5573517 2.1884833 5.7881516
6.4 240.83377 0.0012028 0.0662823 0.5817716 2.4134438 6.6557137
6.6 344.70192 0.0010134 0.0640242 0.6080692 2.6654553 7.6658343
6.8 496.60607 0.0008548 0.0619125 0.6363460 2.9478378 8.8427335
7.0 720.00000 0.0007217 0.0599336 0.6667141 3.2643399 10.214864
7.2 1050.3178 0.0006098 0.0580755 0.6992962 3.6191938 11.815666
7.4 1541.3361 0.0005157 0.0563276 0.7342258 4.0171782 13.684453
7.6 2275.0326 0.0004365 0.0546804 0.7716479 4.4636896 15.867460
7.8 3376.9213 0.0003698 0.0531257 0.8117197 4.9648230 18.419083
8.0 5040.0000 0.0003134 0.0516559 0.8546112 5.5274635 21.403345
8.2 7562.2882 0.0002659 0.0502643 0.9005059 6.1593903 24.895617
8.4 11405.887 0.0002256 0.0489449 0.9496015 6.8693938 28.984669
8.6 17290.248 0.0001916 0.0476922 1.0021112 7.6674099 33.775079
8.8 26339.986 0.0001629 0.0465015 1.0582645 8.5646706 39.390092
9.0 40320.000 0.0001385 0.0453681 1.1183082 9.5738762 45.974994
9.2 62010.763 0.0001178 0.0442882 1.1825077 10.709389 53.701106
9.4 95809.457 0.0001003 0.0432580 1.2511485 11.987458 62.770511
9.6 148696.13 0.0000854 0.0422742 1.3245373 13.426463 73.421645
9.8 231791.87 0.0000727 0.0413338 1.4030034 15.047203 85.935914
10.0 362879.99 0.0000620 0.0404340 1.4869011 16.873221 100.64552
--
Table 2
3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
x
3.4 1.4401492 1.7677242 2.0481720 2.2781069 2.4603952 2.6010785
3.6 1.6273063 2.0417582 2.4068759 2.7138190 2.9626345 3.1585466
3.8 1.8505973 2.3750080 2.8503873 3.2601479 3.5997824 3.8726130
4.0 2.1166086 2.7802039 3.3991792 3.9462242 4.4098445 4.7898048
4.2 2.4333315 3.2731189 4.0791134 4.8094715 5.4423626 5.9715340
4.4 2.8104382 3.8732825 4.9228649 5.8980088 6.7620044 7.4990046
4.6 3.2596216 4.6048754 5.9717440 7.2737758 8.4533090 9.4797923
4.8 3.7950117 5.4978485 7.2780236 9.0166030 10.626969 12.056684
5.0 4.4336821 6.5893211 8.9079135 11.229514 13.428161 15.419567
5.2 5.1962679 7.9253287 10.945362 14.045640 17.047581 19.821436
5.4 6.1077189 9.5630095 13.496924 17.637241 21.736119 25.599972
5.6 7.1982149 11.573335 16.697980 22.227490 27.824342 33.206676
5.8 8.5042824 14.044535 20.720719 28.105875 35.748433 43.246230
6.0 10.070153 17.086373 25.784353 35.648347 46.084721 56.529757
6.2 11.949419 20.835512 32.168233 45.343697 59.595720 74.146938
6.4 14.207054 25.462234 40.228666 57.828112 77.291547 97.563791
6.6 16.921869 31.178861 50.420523 73.930492 100.51192 128.75535
6.8 20.189515 38.250326 63.324992 94.731894 131.03580 170.38593
7.0 24.126145 47.007429 79.685264 121.64358 171.22790 226.05409
7.2 28.872880 57.863486 100.45243 156.50958 224.23494 300.62609
7.4 34.601266 71.335237 126.84456 201.74147 294.24841 400.68993
7.6 41.519933 88.069117 160.42278 260.49571 386.85677 535.17423
7.8 49.882736 108.87428 203.18923 336.90704 509.51793 716.19226
8.0 59.998699 134.76416 257.71342 436.39581 672.19323 960.19417
8.2 72.244178 167.00868 327.29506 566.07295 888.19902 1289.5407
8.4 87.077727 207.20004 416.17422 735.27386 1175.3508 1734.6547
8.6 105.05828 257.33550 529.80250 956.26251 1557.5017 2336.9628
8.8 126.86743 319.92168 675.19321 1245.1607 2066.6121 3152.9230
9.0 153.33663 398.10589 861.37367 1623.1748 2745.5353 4259.5387
9.2 185.48057 495.84174 1099.9696 2118.2161 3651.7689 5761.9154
9.4 224.53797 618.09784 1405.9610 2767.0418 4862.5095 7803.6205
9.6 272.02164 771.12108 1798.6588 3618.0854 6481.4660 10580.893
9.8 329.77974 962.76861 2302.9689 4735.2001 8648.0483 14362.151
10.0 400.07089 1202.9269 2951.0282 6202.6109 11549.765 19514.768
--
Table 3
6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
x
3.4 2.7072930 2.7860296 2.8435006 2.8848968 2.9143737 2.9351534
3.6 3.3091769 3.4227189 3.5068819 3.5683780 3.6127563 3.6444349
3.8 4.0862382 4.2499746 4.3732287 4.4645858 4.5313993 4.5796937
4.0 5.0927767 5.3289023 5.5094075 5.6451272 5.7457193 5.8193455
4.2 6.4012324 6.7417582 7.0061121 7.2077401 7.3591901 7.4714367
4.4 8.1084515 8.5995478 8.9867072 9.2862545 9.5142785 9.6854058
4.6 10.344201 11.052460 11.619485 12.064512 12.407831 12.668729
4.8 13.282749 14.304222 15.134688 15.795861 16.312779 16.710545
5.0 17.158643 18.631876 19.848201 20.830515 21.608822 22.215264
5.2 22.288240 24.413072 26.194570 27.654031 28.825920 29.750526
5.4 29.099114 32.163810 34.773141 36.941551 38.706076 40.115784
5.6 38.170308 42.590684 46.412597 49.634387 52.291288 54.440638
5.8 50.287460 56.663344 62.261441 67.048402 71.049036 74.326142
6.0 66.518443 75.715117 83.915006 91.027625 97.051672 102.04832
6.2 88.317240 101.58295 113.59407 124.16239 133.23336 140.85192
6.4 117.66679 136.80227 154.39636 170.09961 183.75881 195.37522
6.6 157.27562 184.87871 210.65131 233.98479 254.55331 272.26567
6.8 210.84884 250.66737 288.42090 323.09273 354.06597 381.07358
7.0 283.46199 340.90299 396.20803 447.72862 494.37052 535.55193
7.2 382.07723 464.94162 545.95933 622.51752 692.75548 755.54999
7.4 516.25687 635.79962 754.48660 868.25179 974.02448 1069.7763
7.6 699.15048 871.61023 1045.4840 1214.5413 1373.8287 1519.8373
7.8 948.86164 1197.6680 1452.3939 1703.6205 1943.5010 2166.1470
8.0 1290.3420 1649.3007 2022.4822 2395.8218 2757.0775 3096.5906
8.2 1758.0181 2275.9073 2822.6399 3377.4563 3921.5084 4439.2386
8.4 2399.4373 3146.6400 3947.6497 4772.1702 5591.5255 6381.0322
8.6 3280.3319 4358.4074 5531.9762 6757.3273 7991.3128 9195.2766
8.8 4491.6576 6047.1549 7766.5956 9587.6650 11446.127 13282.143
9.0 6159.3842 8403.7753 10923.040 13629.485 16428.491 19228.404
9.2 8458.1208 11696.569 15387.776 19410.118 23625.720 27895.625
9.4 11630.092 16302.974 21711.399 27689.533 34038.769 40550.509
9.6 16011.583 22754.407 30679.078 39564.111 49127.006 59057.738
9.8 22069.808 31799.700 43411.500 56617.137 71020.482 86165.532
10.0 30454.347 44494.876 61509.634 81137.205 102831.38 125928.91
-6-
Table 4
9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5
x
3.4 2.9496727 2.9597381 2.9666677 2.9714072 2.9746306 2.9768115
3.6 3.6668319 3.6825323 3.6934546 3.7010008 3.7061822 3.7097208
3.8 4.6142429 4.6387330 4.6559507 4.6679662 4.6762954 4.6820343
4.0 5.8726410 5.9108421 5.9379836 5.9571154 5.9705047 5.9798145
4.2 7.5536510 7.6132396 7.6560255 7.6864881 7.7080118 7.7231141
4.4 9.8122320 9.9051832 9.9726312 10.021136 10.055735 10.080235
4.6 12.864377 13.009371 13.115698 13.192931 13.248551 13.288295
4.8 17.012363 17.238542 17.406159 17.529137 17.618549 17.683023
5.0 22.680872 23.033695 23.297935 23.493754 23.637489 23.742082
5.2 30.468817 31.019201 31.435766 31.747572 31.978637 32.148313
5.4 41.223900 42.082477 42.739182 43.235679 43.607136 43.882398
5.6 56.150160 57.489518 58.524808 59.315406 59.912555 60.359108
5.8 76.963499 79.052883 80.685022 81.943939 82.903917 83.628358
6.0 106.11713 109.37658 111.94968 113.95434 115.49762 116.67288
6.2 147.12920 152.21400 156.27058 159.46277 161.94378 163.85043
6.4 205.05978 212.99226 219.38763 224.47086 228.45944 231.55265
6.6 287.20713 299.58218 309.66488 317.75946 324.17170 329.18993
6.8 404.12569 423.43159 439.32771 452.21768 462.52639 470.66772
7.0 571.11779 601.23654 626.29817 646.82459 663.39765 676.60579
7.2 810.42322 857.41135 896.92356 929.61079 956.25504 977.68354
7.4 1154.4391 1227.7458 1290.0414 1342.0944 1384.9303 1419.6955
7.6 1650.4631 1764.8308 1863.0478 1945.9408 2014.8085 2071.2112
7.8 2367.6913 2546.1210 2700.9742 2832.9800 2943.6999 3035.2077
8.0 3407.5592 3685.9375 3930.0879 4140.3067 4318.3146 4466.7780
8.2 4919.0466 5353.3645 5738.3092 6073.0846 6359.2757 6600.1462
8.4 7121.3583 7798.9753 8405.9118 8939.0488 9399.1741 9789.9704
8.6 10337.585 11394.804 12351.760 13200.799 13940.573 14574.618
8.8 15044.721 16694.213 18203.057 19555.192 20744.584 21773.294
9.0 21948.086 24521.677 26900.710 29054.065 30966.359 32635.405
9.2 32092.177 36107.615 39858.732 43288.106 46362.694 49070.683
9.4 47025.987 53291.125 59205.712 64667.282 69610.645 74004.321
9.6 69049.815 78825.171 88151.099 96849.183 104797.24 111925.97
9.8 101584.11 116836.53 131541.48 145394.14 158173.32 169739.74
10.0 149721.29 173519.77 196706.46 218768.52 239315.49 258082.23
-7-
Table 5
12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5
x
3.4 2.9782800 2.9792645 2.9799219 2.9803593 2.9806492 2.9808408
3.6 3.7121238 3.7137484 3.7148419 3.7155750 3.7160647 3.7163906
3.8 4.6859665 4.6886472 4.6904660 4.6916948 4.6925224 4.6930767
4.0 5.9862492 5.9906726 5.9936982 5.9957580 5.9971545 5.9980974
4.2 7.7336439 7.7409430 7.7459757 7.7494370 7.7517868 7.7533906
4.4 10.097466 10.109510 10.117881 10.123669 10.127651 10.130378
4.6 13.316492 13.336366 13.350291 13.359993 13.366717 13.371357
4.8 17.729165 17.761960 17.785122 17.801385 17.812742 17.820632
5.0 23.817590 23.871707 23.910235 23.937495 23.956674 23.970094
5.2 32.271879 32.361180 32.425268 32.470963 32.503350 32.526177
5.4 44.084607 44.231969 44.338573 44.415172 44.469865 44.508691
5.6 60.690015 60.933177 61.110516 61.238917 61.331281 61.397319
5.8 84.169879 84.571154 84.866130 85.081368 85.237350 85.349672
6.0 117.55907 118.22125 118.71193 119.07273 119.33615 119.52720
6.2 165.30067 166.39340 167.20962 167.81444 168.25929 168.58424
6.4 233.92597 235.72919 237.08695 238.10081 238.85208 239.40479
6.6 333.07390 336.04959 338.30819 340.00776 341.27649 342.21659
6.8 477.02393 481.93447 485.69160 488.54065 490.68328 492.28232
7.0 687.00793 695.11147 701.36142 706.13739 709.75589 712.47574
7.2 994.70708 1008.0798 1018.4766 1026.4828 1032.5938 1037.2200
7.4 1447.5554 1469.6238 1486.9189 1500.3402 1510.6606 1518.5295
7.6 2116.8056 2153.2242 2181.9949 2204.4938 2221.9232 2235.3079
7.8 3109.8263 3169.9267 3217.7875 3255.5040 3284.9395 3307.7061
8.0 4588.8973 4688.0796 4767.6976 4830.9249 4880.6369 4919.3619
8.2 6800.0054 6963.6846 7096.1324 7202.1259 7286.0823 7351.9521
8.4 10117.060 10387.179 10607.512 10785.199 10926.990 11039.033
8.6 15109.937 15555.715 15922.253 16220.128 16459.594 16650.176
8.8 22649.408 23385.082 23994.842 24494.204 24898.632 25222.809
9.0 34069.279 35283.378 36297.760 37134.901 37817.934 38369.356
9.2 51417.418 53421.084 55108.594 56512.001 57665.569 58603.536
9.4 77845.106 81151.838 83959.166 86311.888 88260.148 89855.635
9.6 118212.03 123669.29 128339.57 132283.77 135574.20 138288.14
9.8 180027.94 189034.39 196803.90 203416.18 208973.42 213589.89
10.0 274920.73 289784.68 302710.18 313795.40 323181.15 331033.88
-8-
Table 6
15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5
x
3.4 2.9809671 2.9810500 2.9811043 2.9811399 2.9811630 2.9811780
3.6 3.7166068 3.7167499 3.7168442 3.7169063 3.7169470 3.7169737
3.8 4.6934471 4.6936938 4.6938575 4.6939659 4.6940375 4.6940847
4.0 5.9987317 5.9991569 5.9994411 5.9996304 5.9997562 5.9998395
4.2 7.7544770 7.7552096 7.7557027 7.7560333 7.7562543 7.7564015
4.4 10.132239 10.133503 10.134359 10.134936 10.135324 10.135584
4.6 13.374543 13.376722 13.378207 13.379215 13.379897 13.380357
4.8 17.826089 17.829846 17.832423 17.834183 17.835381 17.836193
5.0 23.979440 23.985918 23.990389 23.993462 23.995567 23.997003
5.2 32.542183 32.553352 32.561110 32.566476 32.570173 32.572711
5.4 44.536103 44.555360 44.568822 44.578193 44.584688 44.589172
5.6 61.444266 61.477466 61.500828 61.517190 61.528601 61.536525
5.8 85.430077 85.487318 85.527857 85.556429 85.576475 85.590479
6.0 119.66490 119.76359 119.83394 119.88383 119.91905 119.94380
6.2 168.82009 168.99024 169.11232 169.19944 169.26131 169.30504
6.4 239.80872 240.10209 240.31392 240.46605 240.57475 240.65203
6.6 342.90840 343.41421 343.78182 344.04747 344.23842 344.37500
6.8 493.46717 494.33927 494.97718 495.44106 495.77653 496.01790
7.0 714.50503 716.00867 717.11564 717.92567 718.51504 718.94158
7.2 1040.6956 1043.2881 1045.2091 1046.6236 1047.6590 1048.4128
7.4 1524.4822 1528.9521 1532.2857 1534.7557 1536.5748 1537.9068
7.6 2245.5031 2253.2101 2258.9949 2263.3081 2266.5039 2268.8580
7.8 3325.1677 3338.4560 3348.4946 3356.0264 3361.6411 3365.8013
8.0 4949.2689 4972.1805 4989.6011 5002.7534 5012.6175 5019.9695
8.2 7403.1749 7442.6789 7472.9099 7495.8771 7513.2070 7526.1996
8.4 11126.764 11194.877 11247.339 11287.445 11317.892 11340.853
8.6 16800.438 16917.879 17008.920 17078.956 17132.446 17173.024
8.8 25480.172 25682.665 25840.655 25962.956 26056.932 26128.643
9.0 38810.157 39159.300 39433.473 39647.043 39812.148 39938.879
9.2 59358.527 59960.529 60436.326 60809.277 61099.348 61323.313
9.4 91148.765 92186.758 93012.454 93663.728 94173.352 94569.156
9.6 140502.99 142292.74 143725.66 144862.96 145758.32 146457.81
9.8 217383.47 220469.43 222956.12 224942.18 226515.24 227751.43
10.0 337531.50 342852.48 347167.90 350636.15 353399.87 355584.56
-9-
Table 7
18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 20.5
x
3.4 2.9811878 2.9811941 2.9811981 2.9812007 2.9812023 2.9812034
3.6 3.7169911 3.7170024 3.7170097 3.7170145 3.7170176 3.7170195
3.8 4.6941156 4.6941359 4.6941492 4.6941579 4.6941635 4.6941671
4.0 5.9998946 5.9999309 5.9999548 5.9999704 5.9999807 5.9999874
4.2 7.7564994 7.7565643 7.7566072 7.7566355 7.7566542 7.7566665
4.4 10.135758 10.135874 10.135951 10.136002 10.136036 10.136059
4.6 13.380666 13.380873 13.381012 13.381104 13.381166 13.381206
4.8 17.836743 17.837113 17.837362 17.837529 17.837641 17.837715
5.0 23.997979 23.998641 23.999089 23.999390 23.999593 23.999729
5.2 32.574446 32.575630 32.576434 32.576979 32.577347 32.577594
5.4 44.592257 44.594371 44.595816 44.596800 44.597466 44.597918
5.6 61.542008 61.545787 61.548383 61.550160 61.551373 61.552198
5.8 85.600223 85.606977 85.611641 85.614852 85.617054 85.618560
6.0 119.96112 119.97319 119.98157 119.98737 119.99137 119.99411
6.2 169.33582 169.35739 169.37246 169.38293 169.39019 169.39521
6.4 240.70674 240.74529 240.77236 240.79128 240.80446 240.81362
6.6 344.47223 344.54113 344.58976 344.62395 344.64789 344.66459
6.8 496.19070 496.31386 496.40124 496.46299 496.50645 496.53693
7.0 719.24871 719.46882 719.62584 719.73739 719.81631 719.87193
7.2 1048.9587 1049.3521 1049.6342 1049.8357 1049.9790 1050.0805
7.4 1538.8771 1539.5801 1540.0872 1540.4511 1540.7113 1540.8965
7.6 2270.5824 2271.8390 2272.7501 2273.4076 2273.8800 2274.2180
7.8 3368.8662 3371.1119 3372.7492 3373.9369 3374.7947 3375.4115
8.0 5025.4169 5029.4307 5032.3727 5034.5184 5036.0759 5037.2013
8.2 7535.8816 7543.0554 7548.3420 7552.2181 7555.0460 7557.0999
8.4 11358.061 11370.883 11380.383 11387.384 11392.519 11396.267
8.6 17203.610 17226.525 17243.596 17256.245 17265.568 17272.408
8.8 26183.005 26223.961 26254.637 26277.486 26294.416 26306.896
9.0 40035.501 40108.702 40163.826 40205.102 40235.841 40258.617
9.2 61495.048 61625.879 61724.936 61799.499 61855.314 61896.877
9.4 94874.397 95108.230 95286.234 95420.929 95522.276 95598.122
9.6 147000.34 147418.27 147738.14 147981.47 148165.49 148303.90
9.8 228715.72 229462.69 230037.50 230477.05 230811.20 231063.77
10.0 357298.50 358633.56 359666.48 360460.53 361067.26 361528.18
-0-
Table 8
21.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5
x
3.4 2.9812040 2.9812043 2.9812045 2.9812046 2.9812046 2.9812046
3.6 3.7170208 3.7170215 3.7170220 3.7170223 3.7170224 3.7170225
3.8 4.6941695 4.6941710 4.6941720 4.6941726 4.6941730 4.6941733
4.0 5.9999918 5.9999947 5.9999965 5.9999977 5.9999985 5.9999990
4.2 7.7566745 7.7566798 7.7566832 7.7566855 7.7566870 7.7566879
4.4 10.136073 10.136083 10.136090 10.136094 10.136096 10.136098
4.6 13.381233 13.381251 13.381263 13.381271 13.381276 13.381279
4.8 17.837765 17.837798 17.837819 17.837834 17.837843 17.837850
5.0 23.999820 23.999880 23.999921 23.999947 23.999965 23.999977
5.2 32.577761 32.577873 32.577947 32.577997 32.578030 32.578052
5.4 44.598223 44.598429 44.598570 44.598663 44.598725 44.598766
5.6 61.552758 61.553138 61.553394 61.553566 61.553682 61.553759
5.8 85.619588 85.620286 85.620760 85.621081 85.621297 85.621442
6.0 119.99600 119.99729 119.99816 119.99876 119.99916 119.99944
6.2 169.39866 169.40103 169.40266 169.40376 169.40452 169.40503
6.4 240.81995 240.82432 240.82733 240.82939 240.83080 240.83176
6.6 344.67620 344.68425 344.68982 344.69365 344.69628 344.69809
6.8 496.55823 496.57307 496.58336 496.59049 496.59541 496.59879
7.0 719.91098 719.93831 719.95737 719.97062 719.97981 719.98616
7.2 1050.1521 1050.2025 1050.2378 1050.2624 1050.2796 1050.2915
7.4 1541.0279 1541.1207 1541.1860 1541.2318 1541.2638 1541.2862
7.6 2274.4589 2274.6298 2274.7507 2274.8359 2274.8958 2274.9377
7.8 3375.8531 3376.1681 3376.3919 3376.5503 3376.6621 3376.7407
8.0 5038.0112 5038.5915 5039.0058 5039.3004 5039.5092 5039.6567
8.2 7558.5849 7559.6542 7560.4211 7560.9690 7561.3590 7561.6357
8.4 11398.990 11400.961 11402.380 11403.399 11404.128 11404.647
8.6 17277.402 17281.032 17283.660 17285.554 17286.915 17287.889
8.8 26316.054 26322.743 26327.607 26331.130 26333.672 26335.499
9.0 40275.410 40287.734 40296.739 40303.290 40308.038 40311.464
9.2 61927.672 61950.380 61967.048 61979.231 61988.099 61994.527
9.4 95654.593 95696.434 95727.290 95749.945 95766.508 95778.568
9.6 148407.46 148484.55 148541.67 148583.80 148614.73 148637.36
9.8 231253.67 231395.72 231501.46 231579.80 231637.59 231680.03
10.0 361876.42 362138.15 362333.89 362479.57 362587.51 362667.13
--
Note: Intermediate values may be obtained by linear interpolation.
Table 9
24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5
x
3.4 2.9812045 2.9812044 2.9812043 2.9812041 2.9812062 2.9812061
3.6 3.7170225 3.7170225 3.7170224 3.7170223 3.7170222 3.7170221
3.8 4.6941734 4.6941735 4.6941735 4.6941735 4.6941735 4.6941734
4.0 5.9999994 5.9999996 5.9999997 5.9999998 5.9999998 5.9999999
4.2 7.7566886 7.7566890 7.7566893 7.7566895 7.7566896 7.7566974
4.4 10.136099 10.136100 10.136101 10.136101 10.136101 10.136102
4.6 13.381281 13.381283 13.381284 13.381284 13.381285 13.381285
4.8 17.837854 17.837856 17.837858 17.837859 17.837860 17.837861
5.0 23.999985 23.999990 23.999993 23.999995 23.999997 23.999998
5.2 32.578067 32.578077 32.578083 32.578087 32.578090 32.578092
5.4 44.598793 44.598812 44.598824 44.598832 44.598837 44.598841
5.6 61.553811 61.553846 61.553860 61.553884 61.553895 61.553901
5.8 85.621540 85.621606 85.621650 85.621679 85.621699 85.621711
6.0 119.99962 119.99974 119.99983 119.99988 119.99992 119.99995
6.2 169.40538 169.40561 169.40577 169.40588 169.40595 169.40600
6.4 240.83241 240.83286 240.83316 240.83336 240.83350 240.83359
6.6 344.69932 344.70016 344.70073 344.70112 344.70138 344.70156
6.8 496.60111 496.60270 496.60379 496.60452 496.60503 496.60537
7.0 719.99053 719.99354 719.99560 719.99701 719.99797 719.99863
7.2 1050.2997 1050.3054 1050.3093 1050.3120 1050.3138 1050.3151
7.4 1541.3017 1541.3125 1541.3199 1541.3250 1541.3285 1541.3310
7.6 2274.9669 2274.9873 2275.0014 2275.0112 2275.0179 2275.0226
7.8 3376.7958 3376.8344 3376.8612 3376.8799 3376.8928 3376.9017
8.0 5039.7606 5039.8334 5039.8844 5039.9200 5039.9447 5039.9619
8.2 7561.8313 7561.9692 7562.0660 7562.1339 7562.1813 7562.2143
8.4 11405.015 11405.276 11405.460 11405.589 11405.680 11405.744
8.6 17288.583 17289.076 17289.426 17289.673 17289.846 17289.968
8.8 26336.807 26337.740 26338.404 26338.875 26339.207 26339.442
9.0 40313.929 40315.695 40316.956 40317.854 40318.491 40318.942
9.2 61999.170 62002.511 62004.907 62006.619 62007.839 62008.706
9.4 95787.315 95793.636 95798.187 95801.453 95803.789 95805.454
9.6 148653.84 148665.80 148674.44 148680.67 148685.14 148688.34
9.8 231711.08 231733.70 231750.13 231762.00 231770.57 231776.72
10.0 362725.63 362768.43 362799.63 362822.28 362838.68 362850.50
--
Appendix 2 EXAMPLE CALCULATION FOR STRUCTURE
FATIGUE STRENGTH
(1) Description
The example calculation is carried out for a large bulk carrier, by checking the fatigue strength
of joint of bottom longitudinal and floor based upon the Guidelines and calculation location and
structure type of the joint is shown in Fig. 1.
A
A
A-A
B
B
B-B
F
2
258cm
Bottom longitudinal
L3009011.1515.9
Fig.1 Checked joint location and structure
--
(2) Hull main dimensions and other principle parameters may be referred to in Table 1.
Table 1
Item Unit
Data
Full load
Ballasting
condition
Length of ship L m 214.000
Breadth of ship B m 32.260
Moulded depth D m 19.200
Block coeffcient C
b
- 0.86
Velocity of navigation V kn 15
Height of hull transverse sectional neutral axis to base line e m 7.486
Vertical moment of inertia of hull transverse section I
V
cm
4
20214000000.0
Horizontal moment of inertia of hull transverse section I
H
cm
4
457160000.0
Cargo mass density t/m
3
3.0
Draught d m 14.000
Draught at calculated condition d
1
m 14.000 6.182
Calculated point position x m 132.250
Calculated point position y m 10.920
Calculated point position z m 0.300
(3) Grillage calculation parameters may be referred to in Table 2.
Table 2
Item Unit Data
Grillage calculation length a m 25.800
Grillage calculation breadth b m 23.400
Spacing of girders (bottom longitudinals) S
a
cm 234.0
Spacing of foors S
b
cm 258.0
Moment of inertial for attached plating of girder I
na
cm
4
7976462.6
Moment of inertial for attached plating of foor I
nb
cm
4
7281300.0
Moment of inertial for attached plating of girder to neutral
axis I
pa
cm
4
7141636.0
Moment of inertial for attached plating of foor to neutral axis
I
pb
cm
4
6692335.0
Moment of inertial for attached plating of central girder I
n
cm
4
7976462.6
Moment of inertial for attached plating of central foor I
b
cm
4
7281300.0
Distance from calculated point to neutral axis of girder r
a
cm 62.7
--
(4) Bottom longitudinal calculation parameters may be referred to in Table 3.
Table 3
Item Unit Data
Distance from calculated point to end of bottom longitudinal x cm 15.0
Section modulus of bottom longitudinal (with attached plating) W
s
cm
3
748.3
Spacing of bottom longitudinals s cm 78.0
Span of bottom longitudinals l cm 258.0
(5) The acceleration of ship motion is to be calculated in accordance with the requirements in 3.4
and the calculated results may be referred to in Table 4.
Table 4
Item Unit
Calculated results
Full load
Ballasting
condition
Roll rotation radius K
r
m 12.581
Initial metacentric height GM m 2.470 6.260
Acceleration factor a
o
- 0.345
Roll period T
R
s 16.0 10.1
Maximum roll amplitude
m
rad 0.396 0.466
Pitch period T
p
s 8.3
Maximum pitch amplitude
m
rad 0.100
Surge acceleration a
x
m/s
2
0.639
Sway acceleration a
y
m/s
2
1.034
Heave acceleration a
z
m/s
2
2.601
Roll acceleration a
r
rad/s
2
0.061 0.182
Pitch acceleration a
p
rad/s
2
0.057
Vertical distance from roll/pitch rotary axial to base line z
rp
m 9.600 9.600
Transverse combined acceleration a
t
m/s
2
3.776 3.220
Longitudinal combined acceleration a
l
m/s
2
1.015 0.842
Vertical combined acceleration a
v
m/s
2
3.312
(6) The wave bending moments are to be calculated in accordance with the requirements in 3.2 and
the calculated results are shown in Table 5.
Table 5
Item Unit
Calculated results
Full load
Ballasting
condition
Wave hogging bending moment M
W
(+) kNm 2402563.000
Wave sagging bending moment M
W
(-) kNm -2523132.000
Wave Horizontal bending moment M
H
kNm 809927.500 538203.600
--
(7) Sea water dynamic pressures and their ranges are to be calculated in accordance with the
requirements of 3.3 and the calculated results may be referred to in Table 6.
Table 6
Item Unit
Calculated results
Full load
Ballasting
condition
Sea water dynamic pressure in way of water line at side P
WL
kN/m
2
89.433 99.061
Sea water dynamic pressure in way of bilge P
BS
kN/m
2
69.163 88.838
Sea water dynamic pressure at bottom centreline P
BC
kN/m
2
34.281 40.536
Sea water dynamic pressure acting height above waterline at
side h
1
m 5.200 9.906
Pressure distribution on cross section P
hd
kN/m
2
57.896 73.236
Distance from maximum sea water dynamic pressure at side to
waterline h
2
M 7.812 6.182
Shape parameter of Weibull distribution - 0.924 0.925
Sea water dynamic pressure ranges around bottom p kN/m
2
245.118 309.776
Mean value of sea water dynamic pressure ranges p
m
kN/m
2
218.979 267.551
(8) Cargo mean pressure in holds and their ranges are to be calculated in accordance with the
requirements in 3.5 and their calculated results are shown in Table 7.
Table 7
Item Unit
Calculated results
Full load
Ballasting
condition
Mean height of cargo in holds h m 8.409 0.0
Mean pressure cargo p N/mm
2
83.55 0.0
Mean pressure range of cargo p N/mm
2
167.10 0.0
(9) The wave induced stress ranges are to be calculated in accordance with the requirements of
4.2.1 and 4.2.2 and their results are shown in Table 8.
Table 8
Item Unit
Calculated results
Full load
Ballasting
condition
Vertical stress range S
V
N/mm
2
175.11
Horizontal stress range S
H
N/mm
2
38.69 25.71
(10) The local stress ranges are to be calculated in accordance with the requirements of 4.2.4 and
4.2.5 and their results are shown in Table 9.
-6-
Table 9
Item Unit
Calculated results
Full load
Ballasting
condition
Grillage bending stress ranges S
2e
N/mm
2
182.26 222.69
Grillage bending stress ranges S
2i
N/mm
2
139.08 0.0
Bottom longitudinal bending stress ranges S
3e
N/mm
2
95.17 120.27
Bottom longitudinal bending stress ranges S
3i
N/mm
2
0.0 0.0
(11) The combined stress ranges are to be carried out in accordance with the requirements in 4.3
and the calculated results are shown in Table 10.
Table 10
Item Unit
Calculated results
Full load
Ballasting
condition
General stress ranges S
g
N/mm
2
183.07 179.51
Stress ranges effected by sea water dynamic pressure S
e
N/mm
2
87.09 102.41
Stress ranges effected by cargo pressure in holds S
i
N/mm
2
-139.08 0.0
Relating factor of S
e
and S
i
- 0.498 0.491
Local stress ranges S
l
N/mm
2
121.94 102.41
Design stress ranges S
L
N/mm
2
230.61 216.86
(12) Based upon the structure type and bearing direction of the calculated joints, for S-N curves, F
2

curve is to be selected.
(13) Allowable stress range of F
2
curve obtained from Table 2.4.1 based upon the shape parameter
of Weibull distribution is [S
L
] = 246.17 N/mm
2
, however the design stress in full load condition S
L
=
230.61 N/mm
2
is less than the allowable, such that it is not necessary to carry out further calculation
for the cumulative damage of the joint (the cumulative damage D = 0.64).
-7-
Appendix 3 HULL STRUCTURAL DETAILS
Structural details of bulk carriers Table 1
Area: Double bottom
Critical location: Floor vertical fat bar stiffener connection to inner bottom and bottom longitudinals
Critical areas Structural details
Bottom
Girder
Bottom
Longitudinal
Transverse
Floor
Stiffener
Transverse
Floor
Critical
Detail
Outer
Bottom
(A) Soft heel
55mm
d
75mm
r =30mm
Max 15mm
(B) Soft toe and soft heel
55mm
75mm
r=30mm
t >d/18
r >0.75d
Max 15mm
d
d/2
(C) Soft toe and soft backing bracket
d
t >d/18
t >d/18
r >0.75d
r >2.0d
r >400mm
Max 15 mm Max 15 mm
Max 300 mm
Max 1.5d
Min d/2
Critical locations
A
A
d d = 180 - 300 mm
Cirtical
Locations
Transverse
Floor
Transverse Floor
stiffener
Cirtical
locations
Inner
Bottom
Longitudinal
Outer
Bottom
Cirtical
Locations
A-A Section
Inner Bottom
Longitudinal
Transverse Floor
Stiffener
Outer Bottom
Longitudinal
Transverse
Floor
Structural
details
Applicable structures Explanations
Interconnected double bottom and topside
tanks and asymmetrical longitudinals
All longitudinals are to be ftted with (C) soft toe
and soft backing bracket.
tanks and symmetrical longitudinals
All longitudinals are to be ftted with (B) soft toe
and soft heel.
Non-interconnected double bottom and
topside tanks and asymmetrical longitudinals
and soft heel.
topside tanks and symmetrical longitudinals
All longitudinals are to be fitted with (A) soft
heel.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between longitudinal stiffener web and floor stiffener and backing
bracket, if ftted. See relevant requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation
of Sea-going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the stiffener/backing bracket
heel and toe. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to cause
stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc., around the heel and toe connections of the
stiffener and backing bracket connection to longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO
of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for other requirements.
-8-
Area: Hopper tank
Critical location: Welded knuckle connection of hopper tank sloping plating to inner bottom plating
Critical area Structural details
Side Shell
Hopper Tank
Critical Detail
Side Shell Frame
Inner Bottom
Outer Bottom
C
No scallop, full
penetration weld, not
less than one frame
spacing
Scarfing
bracket
C
Scarfing bracket arrangement
(Section C-C)
Longitudinal girder
Inner
bottom
Floor
Hopper
transverse
ring web
Scarfing brackets
(Gusset plate)
Inner
Bottom
Longidutindal
Girder
Intermediate Brakcets
Between Floors if
Spacing >2.5m
Critical location
Hopper
transverse
ring web
frame
Critical location
Inner bottom Longitudinal
girder
Floor
Structural
details
Ballast holds
Deep penetration weld: no scallops or close scallops with
collars; scarfing bracket; weld connection between hopper,
tanktop and girder.
Full penetration weld: weld connection between foor/hopper
web and inner bottom/hopper plate/girder. Intermediate
bracket: intermediate bracket is fitted if floor spacing is
greater than 2.5 m.
Dry holds
Deep penetration weld: close scallops or scarfing bracket;
weld connection between hopper, tanktop and girder.
Full penetration weld: weld connection between foor/hopper
web and inner bottom/hopper plate/girder.
Floor spacing is greater than 3.0 m Hot spot stress fatigue assessment is to be carried out.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between foor and hopper transverse ring web and between sloping plating
and hopper side girder. Maximum misalignment is to be not greater than (t/3) where t is the thinner
of the webs to be aligned. Relevant requirements are specifed in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules
for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
The weld sequence is to be such as to avoid lamellar tearing. Smooth transition from welds
completed on sides of ballast holds to the inner bottom plating is to be achieved. See Section 4,
Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for other requirements.
-9-
Area: Hopper tank
Critical location: Transverse ring web, fat bar stiffener connection to longitudinal on hopper sloping plate, bottom
shell and side shell plating
Side Shell
Hopper Tank
Critical Detail
Side Shell Frame
Inner Bottom
Outer Bottom
(A) Soft heel
55mm
d
r=30mm
Max15mm
75mm
55mm
d
d/2
t>d/18
r>0.75d
r=30mm
Max15mm
75mm
Min 1.5d
d
Min d/2
t>d/18
t>d/18
r>0.75d
r>2.0d
r>400mm
Max15mm Max15mm
Min 300mm
Critical locations
A
A
A
A
A
A
d
Transverse section through hopper tank
Critical
locations
Section A-A
Bottom shell
Structural
details
All longitudinals are to be fitted with (C) soft toe
All longitudinals are to be fitted with (B) soft toe
and soft heel.
All longitudinals are to be fitted with (B) soft toe
and soft heel.
All longitudinals are to be ftted with (A) soft heel.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between longitudinal stiffener web and foor stiffener and backing bracket,
if ftted. See relevant requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-
going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc., around the heel and toe connections of the
stiffener and backing bracket connection to longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of
Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for other requirements.
-60-
Area: Hopper tank
Critical location: Transverse ring web, tripping bracket connection to longitudinal on hopper sloping plate, bottom
shell and side shell plating
Side Shell
Hopper Tank
Critical Detail
Side Shell Frame
Inner Bottom
Outer Bottom
(A) Soft heel
55mm
r=30mm
Max15mm
75mm
55mm
r=30mm
R>300mm
Max15mm
Max15mm
X
75mm
Min X/2
d d
X
R>400mm
R>2X/3
R>300mm
Max15mm
Max15mm
Min 300mm
Critical locations
A
A
A A
A
A
Section A-A
Critical
locations
Bottom shell
Structural
details
All longitudinals are to be ftted with (C) soft toe and
soft backing bracket.
All longitudinals are to be ftted with (B) soft toe and
soft heel.
soft heel.
All longitudinals are to be ftted with (A) soft heel.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between longitudinal stiffener web, transverse ring web tripping brackets
and backing bracket, if ftted. See relevant requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for
Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc., around the heel and toe connections of the tripping
bracket and backing bracket connection to longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of
-6-
Area: Hopper tank
Critical location: Upper intermediate brackets below hold side shell frame lower brackets
Side Shell
Side Shell
Frame
Hopper Tank
Sloping Plating
Critical Detail
Side Shell Frame
End Bracket
(A) A longitudinal is ftted in way of the frame lower bracket
toe.
S
S
Frame lower
bracket
Intermediate
bracket
Hopper
No scallop
(B) A longitudinal is not fitted in way of the frame lower
bracket toe.
Hopper
Additional
longitudinal
Intermediate bracket
Frame lower
bracket
Full collar
Critical locations
S
S
Frame lower bracket
Critical location
Hopper
Hopper tank
Structural
details
Connection of hopper side upper
intermediate brackets below side
shell frame lower brackets
Where the frame lower brackets are not positioned directly
above a ring web, supporting brackets are to be provided. In
the design ensure that if a hopper tank sloping longitudinal
is positioned below the end of the frame lower bracket, the
stiffener cut-out is avoided or closed with a full collar.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between lower frame bracket and intermediate bracket. Maximum
misalignment is to be not greater than (t/3) where t is the thinner of the webs to be aligned. See
relevant requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the unsupported edge corners
in the supporting brackets. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects
liable to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc., in way of frame lower bracket ends.
Finally the longitudinal scallop is closed by full penetration welding using full collar of the same
material and thickness. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-
going Steel Ships for other requirements.
-6-
Area: Hold frames
Critical location: Connection of side shell frames to hopper and topside tank sloping plating
Side Shell
Critical Detail
Side Shell Frame
End Bracket
Side Shell
Frame
Hopper Tank
Sloping Plating
(A) Soft toe
X
Max Taper
Recommended
Chamfer Chamfer
r=10t
w
t
w
y
x
r
x=2/3r
y=1/2r
10mm
15-25 mm
when HT steel
is used
Ring Web
Below Hopper
Face Plate
Weld factor
of 0.44
Frame Bracket
Web
(B) Extended toe
Weld factor
of 0.44
Frame
Bracket
Web
Face Plate
Taper
Chamfer
Chamfer
y=5t
w
t
w
y
x
ymax=80mm
x3y
10mm
15-25 mm
Ring Web
Below Hopper
Note: Where the thickness of face plate is less than 25
mm, the taper may be increased adequately.
Critical locations
Transverse section through side shell
Critical location
Topside
tank
Side shell
Frame lower bracket
Critical location
Hopper tank
S
S
Structural details Applicable structures Explanations
Toe connection of side shell frame lower
brackets to the hopper tank sloping plates
Soft toe or extended toe is to be ftted and ensure that
a long enough leg length is used to allow adequate
tapering down to the toe end of the frame end brackets
Toe connection of side shell frame upper
brackets to the topside tank sloping plates
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between side shell frame lower and upper bracket and transverse ring
webs or intermediate brackets. Maximum misalignment is to be not greater than (t/3) where t
is the thinner of the webs to be aligned. See relevant requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of
Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
Frames and brackets are connected to side shell plates, hopper tank and topside tank sloping
plates by continuous fllet welds, where the thickness of weld throat is to be: 0.44t in (a), 0.40t in
(b), where t is thickness of the thinner of two connected members.
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the toe of the frame brackets. A
wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to cause stress concentration,
i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the toe of the end bracket connections to hopper plating.
-6-
Area: Topside tanks
Critical location: Lower intermediate brackets in topside tanks
Frame upper bracket
Topside tank
sloping plating
Frame
Critical detail
Side shell
(A) A longitudinal is fitted in way of the side shell frame
bracket toe.
S
Fit a full collar at the

intersection with the
transverse ring webs
Intermediate
bracket
No scallops
Frame upper bracket
(B) A longitudinal is not ftted in way of the side shell frame
bracket toe.
Intermediate
bracket
Frame upper bracket
S
S
Topside tank
Intermediate
bracket
Critical locations
S
S
Transverse section through topside tank
Topside tank
Critical location
Frame upper bracket
Structural
details
Connection of topside lower
intermediate brackets above side
shell frame upper bracket
Where the frames upper brackets are not positioned directly
below a topside ring web, supporting brackets are to be
provided. Where a longitudinal stiffener in the topside tank
is positioned directly above the end of the side shell frame
upper bracket, the stiffener cut-out is avoided or closed with
a full collar.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between side shell frame upper bracket and supporting bracket. Maximum
relevant requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel
Ships.
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the unsupported edge corners
in the supporting brackets. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects
liable to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the end of frame upper
bracket. Finally the scallop (if any) is closed by full penetration welding using full collar of the
same material and thickness. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of
Sea-going Steel Ships for other requirements.
-6-
Area: Topside tanks
Critical location: Heel and toe connection of the topside tank transverse ring web stiffeners to the side shell
longitudinals
Topside tank
Transverse
ring web
Topside tank sloping
plating longitudinal
Side shell
Critical detail
(A) Soft heel
55mm
r=30mm
d
r
15mm
max
75mm
55mm
t>d/18
r=30mm
R0.75d
d
2
d
r
15mm
max
75mm
min 1.5d
d
min d/2
t>d/18
t>d/18
R2.0d
R400mm
R0.75d
max 15mm max15mm
min 300mm
Critical locations
A A
d
Deck
Topside tank
Section A-A
Critical locations
Topside
transverse
ring web
Side shell
Structural
details
For hi gh t ensi l e st eel asymmet ri cal
longitudinals
and soft backing bracket
For hi gh t ensi l e st eel symmet r i cal
longitudinals
and soft heel
For mild steel asymmetrical longitudinals
and soft heel
For mild steel symmetrical longitudinals
heel
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between longitudinal stiffener web, topside ring web stiffener and
backing bracket, if fitted. See relevant requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the heel and toe. A
wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to cause stress
concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the toe and heel connection of the stiffener
and bracket to longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of
-6-
Area: Topside tanks
Critical location: Heel and toe connection of the topside tank transverse ring web tripping brackets to the side shell
longitudinals
Topside tank
Transverse
ring web
Side shell
Critical detail
(A) Soft heel
55mm
r=30mm
15mm
max
75mm
55mm
r=30mm
15mm
15mm
max
max
75mm
X
R300mm
min X/2
X
R2X/3
R400mm
R300mm
max 15mm max15mm
min 300mm
Critical locations
A A
Deck
Topside tank
Section A-A
Critical locations
Topside
transverse
ring web
Side shell
Structural
details
For high tensile steel asymmetrical
longitudinals
soft backing bracket
For hi gh t ensi l e st eel symmet ri cal
longitudinals
soft heel
soft heel
For mild steel symmetrical longitudinals All longitudinals are to be ftted with (A) soft heel
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between longitudinal stiffener web, topside transverse ring web bracket
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the heel and toe. A wraparound
weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to cause stress concentration, i.e.
undercuts, notches etc, around the toe and heel connection of the tripping bracket and backing
bracket to longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-
-66-
Area: Topside tanks
Critical location: Heel and toe connection of the topside tank transverse ring web stiffeners to the topside tank
sloping plate longitudinals
Topside tank
Transverse
ring web
Side shell
Critical detail
(A) Soft heel
55mm
r=30mm
d
r
15mm
max
75mm
55mm
t>d/18
r=30mm
R0.75d
d
2
d
r
15mm
max
75mm
min 1.5d
d
min d/2
t>d/18
t>d/18
R2.0d
R400mm
R0.75d
max 15mm max15mm
min 300mm
Critical locations
A
A
d
Deck
Topside tank
Section A-A
Critical locations
Topside
transverse
ring web
Topside tank sloping plating
Structural
details
longitudinals
For high tensile steel symmetrical
longitudinals
soft heel.
soft heel.
For mild steel symmetrical longitudinals All longitudinals are to be ftted with (A) soft heel.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between longitudinal stiffener web, topside ring web stiffener and backing
bracket, if ftted. See relevant requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation
of Sea-going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to cause stress concentration,
i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the toe and heel connection of the stiffener and bracket to
longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel
Ships for other requirements.
-67-
Area: Topside tanks
Critical location: Heel and toe connection of the topside tank transverse ring web tripping brackets to the topside
tank sloping plate longitudinals
Topside tank
Transverse
ring web
Side shell
Critical detail
(A) Soft heel
55mm
r=30mm
15mm
max
75mm
55mm
r=30mm
15mm
15mm
max
max
75mm
X
R300mm
min X/2
X
R2X/3
R400mm
R300mm
max 15mm max15mm
min 300mm
Critical locations
A
A
Deck
Topside tank
Section A-A
Critical locations
Topside tank sloping plating
Structural
details
longitudinals
longitudinals
soft heel.
F o r mi l d s t e e l a s y mme t r i c a l
longitudinals
soft heel.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between longitudinal stiffener web, topside ring web tripping bracket
Welding
requirements
undercuts, notches etc, around the toe and heel connection of the tripping bracket and backing
bracket to longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-
-68-
Area: Deck outside line of openings
Critical location: Deck transverses, stiffener connection to longitudinals on upper deck
Deck
Critical detail
Deck
longitudinal
Topside
transverse
ring web
(A) Soft heel
55mm
r=30mm
Max15mm
75mm
55mm
d
d/2
t>d/18
R>0.75d
r=30mm
Max15mm
75mm
min d/2
min 1.5d
min 300mm
max 15 mm
max 15 mm
d
t >d/18
t >d/18
R 0.75d
R 2.0d
R 400mm
Critical locations
A
A
d
Deck longitudinal
Deck
Critical locatins
Topside tank
Section A-A
Deck
Deck
logitudinal
Topside transverse
ring web Critical locations
Structural
details
longitudinals
longitudinals
soft heel.
F o r mi l d s t e e l a s y mme t r i c a l
longitudinals
soft heel.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between longitudinal stiffener web, topside transverse ring web stiffener
Welding
requirements
undercuts, notches etc, around the toe and heel connection of the stiffener to longitudinal. See
Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for other
requirements.
-69-
Area: Deck outside line of openings
Critical location: Deck transverses, tripping bracket connection to longitudinals on upper deck
Deck
Critical detail
Deck
longitudinal
Topside
transverse
ring web
(A) Soft heel
55mm
r=30mm
15mm
max
r
75mm
55mm
r=30mm
15mm
15mm
max
max
r
75mm
X
R300mm
min X/2
X
R2X/3
R400mm
R300mm
max 15mm
max15mm
min 300mm
Critical locations
A
A
Deck
Section A-A
Deck
Critical
locations
Structural
details
longitudinals
For hi gh t ensi l e st eel symmet ri cal
longitudinals
and soft heel.
and soft heel.
For mild steel symmetrical longitudinals
heel.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between longitudinal stiffener web, topside transverse ring web bracket
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the heel and toe. A
wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects, i.e. unsolder, unfilled
crater etc, around the toe and heel connection of the tripping bracket and backing bracket to
longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going
Steel Ships for other requirements.
-70-
Area: Deck between hatches
Critical location: Hatch corners and hatch end beam connection to topside tank transverse ring web
Deck
Topside
transverse
ring web
Critical detail
Plan view of deck
Transverse
ring web
Steel of enhanced
grade and increased
thickness
Radiused corner
Plate of
intermediate
thickness
Hatch
coaming
longitudinal
brckets
Hatch coaming
transverse
brackets
Hatch end beam improvement
Transver hatch(end)
coaming
Hatch coaming
transverse bracket
with soft toe
Transverse
ring web
Hatch end beam
Avoid scallops
alternatively
fit collars
BHD
S
S
r
H
c
Critical locations
Transverse
ring web
Hatch end beam
Section A-A
Critical locations
Critical locations
Elliptical
Hatch coaming
longitudinal brackets
Under deck cantilever
support brackets
Hatch end
beam
Hatch coaming
transverse
brackets
Transverse hatch
(end)coaming
Hatch end beam
Hatch coaming
transverse bracket H
c
A
A
BHD
Plan view of deck
Transverse
ring web
Critical
locations
Transverse
ring web
Structural
details
Deck plating in way of the hatch
corners
Radiused hatch corner insert plates are to be fitted in
accordance with relevant requirements of Chapters 1 and 2,
PART TWO of Rules for Classification of Sea-going Steel
Ships. Use insert plates of enhanced steel grade and thickness.
Any welding or fttings is to be kept clear of the deck plating
in way of hatch corners and the corner free edge is to be
ground smooth.
Connection of hatch end beam to
topside tank ring web
Ensure that hatch end beam is in line with a topside transverse
ring web. Avoid scallops and ftting collars.
Coaming transverse bracket in
way of hatch corners
Bracket with soft toe is to be ftted.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between hatch end beam and support in the topside tank. Maximum
relevant requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the toes of brackets or corners.
A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to cause stress
concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the toe connection of the bracket to upper deck.
See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for
other requirements.
-7-
Area: Deck between hatches
Critical location: Hatch coaming longitudinal end brackets
Transverse
ring web
Topside tank
Hatch coaming
Critical detail
Side shell
(A) Soft toe
B
B
S
H
c
0.7 H
c
S
Longitudinal
hatch coaming
Section B-B
Topside tank
longitudinal boundary
(Vertical strake)
Hatch
end
beam Brackets
(B) Soft bracket ftted with soft toe
Chamfer 13
Max taper 13
Taper 14
C
C
D
H
c
R=500mm
7mm
15-25mm
Soft toe detail D
View D
Section C-C
(b) Further detail improvement
Longitudinal
hatch coaming
Topside tank
(Vertical strake)
Deck
between
hatches
Hatch
end
beam Brackets
Symmetrical
flange
Critical locations
Critical location
Deck between
hatches
Brackets
Hatch
end
beam
Longitudinal
hatch coaming
Topside tank
(Vertical strake)
Topside tank longitudinal
Topside ring web
A
H
c
H
c
A
Transverse section through hatch corner
Transverse hatch
(end) coaming
Hatch coaming
transverse bracket
with soft toe
Deck
Hatch end
beam
Topside
tank
Transverse
ring web
Longitudinal Section A-A
Hatch coaming
longitudinal end
brackets
Structural
details
Toe connection of longitudinal hatch
coaming end bracket to the deck
plating
As a minimum, the soft toe is to be ftted in accordance
with (A). To ensure smooth transition of stresses from
the deck, the soft bracket ftted with soft toe is to be used
in accordance with (B).
Longitudinal hatch coaming end
bracket
Any piping holes are to be avoided in the end bracket as
far as possible and, if any, suitable reinforcement is to be
provided.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between hatch coaming end bracket and supporting structure. Maximum
Ships.
Welding
requirements
Use full penetration welding for a distance of 0.15Hc from the bracket toe end ensuring start and
stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the toes of brackets. A wraparound weld, with
smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts,
notches etc, around the toe connection of the bracket to the deck plating. See Section 4, Chapter 1,
PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for other requirements.
-7-
Area: Transverse bulkheads (ballast tank)
Critical location: Connections of bottom and inner bottom longitudinals below lower stool
Lower stool
Inner bottom
Outer bottom
Critical detail
Symmetrical soft toe and soft backing bracket
d
d d
1.5d 1.5d
1.5d 1.5d 1.0d
1.0d
1.0d
1.0d
1.0d
1.0d
Lower
stool Brackets in line
with stiffener web Inner bottom
Floor
Bottom shell
A single plate
can be used
incorporating
integral brackets
Floor
min 1.5d
d
min 1.0d
t>d/18
t>d/18 R2.0d
R400mm R1.5d
max 15mm max15mm
min 300mm
min 400mm
Floor
Stiffener
or plate
Critical locations
A
A
d d
Longitudinal sectioin
Critical
locations
Inner bottom
Critical
locations
Full collars
WT floor
Full collars
Floor
Bottom shell
Section A-A
Slpoing stool plate
Inner
bottom
Ring
web
Floor
Longitudinal
girder
Bottom
shell
Structural
details
Connections of foor vertical stiffeners
t o t he bot t om and i nner bot t om
longitudinals below lower stool
Symmetrical soft toe and soft backing bracket are to
be ftted.
Connections of lower stool to the inner
bottom plate
Bracket in line with stiffener web is to be ftted.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between brackets and stiffener webs. Maximum misalignment is to be
not greater than (t/3) where t is the thinner of the webs to be aligned. See relevant requirements
in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
Use fllet welding with a weld factor of 0.44 between inner bottom and foors ensuring start and
stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the toes of brackets or corners. A wraparound
weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to cause stress concentration,
i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the toe connection of stiffener and backing bracket to
longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going
-7-
Critical location: Connections of lower stool to inner bottom in way of double bottom girders
Lower stool
Critical detail
Inner bottom
B
B
Longitudinal section
Section B-B
Lower stool
Inner bottom
No scallops
full penetration
welding
No scallops
full penetration
welding
Longitudinal
girder
Floor
Bottom shell
Sloping stool plate
Ring
web
Floor Longitudinal
girder
Inner bottom
Critical locations

A
A
Lower stool
Inner bottom
Floor
Bottom shell
Longitudinal
girder
Section A-A
Sloping stool plate
Inner
bottom
Ring
web
Longitudinal
girder
Floor
Critical
locations
Critical
locations
Structural
details
Connections of stools to
the inner bottom plating
in way of double bottom
girders
Avoid the use of scallops on foors and lower stool ring webs near
the intersection with the inner bottom. Minimize the number and
size of manholes near the stool connections as far as practicable.
Avoid the use of scallops in stiffener cut-outs on foors in line with
stool plates and collars are to be ftted. Provision of access openings
in foors is to be avoided in the vicinity of double bottom girders.
Particular attention is to be given to the design and positioning of
bilge wells and suction intakes on the inner bottom plate.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between double bottom girders and lower stool webs and between foors
and stool plates as far as possible. See relevant requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules
for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
For ballast hold side, use full penetration welding between inner bottom and stool plates and near
the corner intersections of primary members, foor plates, girders and lower stool webs, see Figure
above. For dry cargo hold side, use deep penetration weld between inner bottom and stool plates
and between inner bottom and floor plates. Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as
practicable from the corners. The weld sequence is to be such as to avoid lamellar tearing. Smooth
transition from welds completed to inner bottom plating is to be achieved. See Section 4, Chapter
1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for other requirements.
-7-
Critical location: Connections in way of lower stool shelf plate
Transverse
bulkhead
Critical detail
Lower stool
Shelfplate
h=b/2
h
b
Shedder
plates Shedder
plates Shedder
plate
Shedder
plate
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Shelf
plate
Shelf
plate
Lower stool
Lower stool
Lower stool
Full penetration
welding
Section A-A
Critical locations
A
A
Transverse bulkhead
Critical locations
Lower stool
Hopper tank Inner bottom
Section A-A
Shedder plates
Critical
locations
Shelf plate
Lower stool
Structural
details
Connections of lower stool
shel f pl at e t o l ower st ool
and corrugat ed t ransverse
bulkheads, connections of
shedder plates to corrugated
transverse bulkhead.
Full penetration weld is to be incorporated at the connection
of the corrugated bulkhead and stool wall plate to shelf plate
of lower stool. Diaphragms are to be ftted to the shedder plate
in line with the face of the corrugation. The minimum height
of the diaphragm plate is to be taken as half the corrugated
bulkhead fange width. Avoid crossing of shedder plate as far
as possible. Where adjacent shedder plates cross, bracketed
stiffener is to be fitted at the crossing points underneath the
shedder plating facing a ballast hold.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between lower stool sloping plates and corrugation faces as far as
possible. See relevant requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-
going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
Use full penetration welding at the connections of the bulkhead corrugations, diaphragm and
the stool sloping plates to the lower stool shelf plate. Use one-side penetration welding or
other equivalent methods at the connections of the shedder plates to bulkhead corrugations and
diaphragm. The weld sequence is to be such as to avoid lamellar tearing. Ensure start and stop of
welding is as far away as practicable from the corners of the corrugations. Smooth transition from
welds completed to bulkhead corrugations, lower stool shelf plate and stool wall plate is to be
achieved. The lower stool shelf plate is recommended to be of grade Z steel.
-7-
Critical location: Connections in way of upper boundaries of corrugated bulkheads.
Deck
Topside tank
Critical detail
Bulkhead
b b
a a
Transverse section in way transverse bulkhead
Deck
Watertight division or ring web
in line with flange b of the
bulkhead corrugations
Upper
stool
Upper
stool
shelf
plate
Diaphragm
plates
Upper
stool
Further improvement
Transverse web reinforcement
in line with flange a of the
bulkhead corrugations
Full collars
and lugs
Upper
stool
shelf
plate
Diaphragm
plates
Critical locations
Transverse section in way of transverse bulkhead
Deck
Upper
stool
Upper
stool
shelf
Critical
locations
Watertight
division
Topside tank
Critical
locations
Structural
details
Connections of corrugated transverse
bulkhead to the topside tank sloping
plating and upper stool
Diaphragm plates between corrugations can be
used to increase attachment area of the transverse
bulkhead.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between transverse web and the flange of corrugations. Maximum
misalignment is to be not greater than (t/3) where t is the thinner of the plates to be aligned. See
Ships.
Welding
requirements
Use fllet welding with a weld factor of 0.44 for connections of transverse bulkhead to topside
tank and upper stool shelf plating. Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable
from the critical corners. The spacing of T joints is to be minimized. The welding sequence is to
be such as to minimize restraint.
-76-
Structural details of oil tankers Table 1
Area: Double side
Critical location: Asymmetrical higher tensile steel side longitudinal connection to transverse web fat-bar stiffener
(between the baseline and 0.8D above the baseline)
Transverse
web frame
Transverse
web frame
stiffener
Critical
detail
Side shell
Side stringer
Side longitudinal
(A) Soft heel
r=30mm
Max 15mm
55mm
d
75mm
55mm
d
d/2
t>d/18
r>0.75d
r=30mm
Max15mm
75mm
Min 1.5d
d
Min d/2
t>d/18
t>d/18
r>0.75d
r>2.0d
r>400mm
Max15mm
Max15mm
Min 300mm
Critical locations
d=180-300mm
Side shell
Side longitudinal
bulkhead
Side shell
longitudinal
Critical
locations
Transverse web
frame stiffener
Structural
details
Asymmet r i cal si de l ongi t udi nal
connection to transverse web flat-bar
stiffener
(C) Soft toe and soft backing bracket are to be ftted.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of the web stiffener, the backing bracket and the web of the side
longitudinal.
Welding
requirements
Fillet welding having minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connection of web stiffeners to face plates
of side longitudinals. Backing brackets to face plates of side longitudinals). A wraparound
undercuts, notches etc, around the heel and toe connections of stiffeners and backing bracket to
the longitudinal face plate. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of
-77-
Area: Double side
Critical location: Symmetrical higher tensile steel side longitudinal connection to transverse web fat-bar stiffener
Transverse
web frame
Transverse
web frame
stiffener
Critical
detail
Side shell
Side stringer
Side longitudinal
(A) Soft heel
55mm
d
r=30mm
Max15mm
75mm
55mm
d
d/2
t>d/18
r>0.75d
r=30mm
Max15mm
75mm
Min 1.5d
d
Min d/2
t>d/18
t>d/18
r>0.75d
r>2.0d
r>400mm
Max15mm
Max15mm
Min 300mm
Critical locations
d=180-300mm
Side shell
Side longitudinal
bulkhead
Side shell
longitudinal
Critical
locations
Transverse web
frame stiffener
Structural
details
Connections of two longitudinals above and
four longitudinals below the load waterline to
transverse web fat-bar stiffener
(C) Soft toe and soft backing bracket are to be
ftted.
Connections of four longitudinals above and
four longitudinals below the ballast waterline
to transverse web fat-bar stiffener
ftted.
Connections of all other longitudinals to
transverse web fat-bar stiffener
(B) Soft toe and soft heel are to be ftted.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of the web stiffener, and the web of the side longitudinal.
Welding
requirements
Fillet welding having minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connection of web stiffeners to face plates of
side longitudinals). Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the heels and
toes of stiffeners and soft backing brackets. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free
of weld defects liable to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the stiffener
and soft backing bracket heel and toe connections to the longitudinal face plate. See Section 4,
Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for other requirements.
-78-
Area: Double side
Critical location: Asymmetrical higher tensile steel side longitudinals to transverse web with parallel stiffeners
Transverse
web frame
Transverse
web frame
stiffener
Critical
detail
Side shell
Side stringer
Side longitudinal
(A) Soft heel and soft toe
55mm
d
r= 0.75d
X 0.5d
30mm
15mm
Max15mm
Max
75mm
(B) Soft toe and soft backing bracket
d
r= 2.0d
r= 0.75d
X 1.5d
X 0.5d
min 400mm
Max15mm
Max15mm
Note: Bracket thickness = Flat bar thickness = d/18
(minimum thickness = 12.0 mm)
Critical locations
d
A
A A
A
k
k=150-250mm
d=180-300mm
Stiffeners parallel to
side shell and
longitudinal bulkhead
Side
shell
Side
longitudinal
bulkhead
Critical locations
Section A-A (Anti-tripping stiffener)
Structural
details
Connections of asymmetrical side
longitudinal to transverse web anti-
tripping stiffeners
(B) Soft toe and soft backing bracket are to be ftted.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of the anti-tripping stiffener, the backing bracket and the web of the side
longitudinal
Welding
requirements
Fillet welding having minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connection of anti-tripping stiffeners
to face plates of side longitudinals. Backing brackets connecting to face plates of side
longitudinals). Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the heels
and toes of stiffeners and soft backing brackets. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition
and free of weld defects liable to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around
the anti-tripping stiffener and soft backing bracket heel and toe connections to the longitudinal
face plate. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel
-79-
Area: Double side
Critical location: Symmetrical higher tensile steel side longitudinals to transverse web with parallel stiffeners
Transverse
web frame
Transverse
web frame
stiffener
Critical
detail
Side shell
Side stringer
Side longitudinal
(A) Soft heel and soft toe
(B) Soft toe and soft backing bracket
d
r= 2.0d
r= 0.75d
X 1.5d
X 0.5d
min 400mm
Max15mm
Max15mm
Note: Bracket thickness = Flat bar thickness =
d/18 (minimum thickness = 12.0 mm)
Critical locations
d
A
A A
A
k
k=150-250mm
d=180-300mm
Side
shell
Stiffeners parallel to
side shell and
Side
longitudinal
bulkhead
Critical locations
Section A-A(Anti-tripping stiffener)
Structural details
Connections of symmetrical side
longitudinal to transverse web
anti-tripping stiffeners
(A) Soft toe and soft heel are to be ftted.
Building tolerances
Ensure good alignment of the anti-tripping stiffener, and the web of the side
longitudinal
Welding requirements
Fillet welding having minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connection of anti-tripping
stiffeners to face plates of side longitudinals). Ensure start and stop of welding is
as far away as practicable from the heels and toes of stiffeners and soft backing
brackets. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable
to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the anti-tripping
stiffener and soft backing bracket heel and toe connections to the longitudinal face
plate. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going
55mm
d
r= 0.75d
X 0.5d
30mm
15mm
Max15mm
Max
75mm
-80-
Area: Double side
Critical location: Higher tensile steel side longitudinal connections to watertight transverse web horizontal
stiffeners in double side tanks (between the upper turn of bilge and 0.8D above the base line)
Watertight
transverse
web frame
Transverse
web frame
stiffener
Critical
detail
Side shell
Side stringer
Side longitudinal
Soft toe and soft backing bracket
d
s
r >2.0d
r>1.5d
X >1.5d
X >1.0d
Min 400mm
Min 300mm
Max15mm
Max15mm
Note:
Bracket material = Higher tensile steel
Bracket thickness = d/22 (Minimum thickness = 12
mm)
Critical locations
d=150-360mm
d
s s
A A
Side shell
Side longitudinal
bulkhead
Transverse oiltight
bulkhead in cargo tank
Critical locations
section A-A
Watertight transverse
web frame
Structural
details
Higher tensile steel side longitudinal
connections to watertight transverse web
horizontal stiffeners in double side tanks
Soft toe and soft backing bracket are to be ftted.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of the web of bulkhead horizontal stiffener, the soft toe brackets and the
web of the side longitudinal.
Welding
requirements
Fillet welding having minimum weld factor of 0.34 (Connection of soft toe brackets to face
plates of side longitudinals and to webs of horizontal stiffeners). Ensure start and stop of
welding is as far away as practicable from the heels and toes of stiffeners and soft backing
brackets. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to cause
stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the heel connections of bulkhead
stiffener and the toe connection of brackets to longitudinals. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART
TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for other requirements.
-8-
Area: Double side
Critical location: Higher tensile steel side longitudinal connections to transverse web stiffeners in way of transverse
bulkheads in double side tanks (between the upper turn of bilge and 0.8D above the base line)
Transverse web in
way of transverse
bulkheads
Transverse
web frame
stiffener
Critical
detail
Side shell
Side stringer
Side longitudinal
Soft toe and soft backing bracket
min 300mm
(min 400mm)
d
r 1.5d
r 2.0d
X 1.0d
X 1.5d
Max15mm
Max15mm
Note:
Bracket material = Higher tensile steel
Bracket thickness = Flat bar thickness = d/18
(Minimum thickness = 12 mm)
Critical locations
d=180-300mm
d
A A
Side shell
Side longitudinal
bulkhead
Transverse web Oiltight or non-oiltight
bulkhead
Critical locations
Section A-A
Structural
details
Connections of side longitudinals to
t ransverse web st i ffeners i n way of
transverse bulkheads in double side tanks
Soft toe and soft backing bracket are to be ftted.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of the stiffener, the backing bracket and the web of the side longitudinal.
Welding
requirements
Fillet welding having minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connection of web stiffeners to face plates
of side longitudinals. Soft toe bracket connections to face plates of side longitudinals). Ensure
start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the heels and toes of stiffeners and
soft backing brackets. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable
to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the heel and toe connections of
stiffener and bracket to longitudinal face plate. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules
for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for other requirements.
-8-
Area: Double bottom
Critical location: Asymmetrical higher tensile steel bottom longitudinals to foor fat-bar stiffeners
Transverse
floor stiffener
Critical
detail
Bottom
longitudinal
Inner bottom
Bottom girder
Outer bottom
(A) Soft heel
55mm
d
r=30mm
Max15mm
75mm
55mm
d
d/2
t>d/18
r>0.75d
r=30mm
Max15mm
75mm
Min 1.5d
d
Min d/2
t>d/18
t>d/18
r>0.75d
r>2.0d
r>400mm
Max15mm
Max15mm
Min 300mm
Critical locations
d=180-300mm
d
A
A
Inner Bottom
Transverse floor
Transverse floor
stiffener
Longitudinal
Outer bottom
Section A-A
Inner bottom
Transverse floor
Transverse floor
stiffener
Outer bottom
Longitudinal
Critical locations
Longitudinal
Structural
details
Connections of asymmetrical bottom
longitudinals to foor fat-bar stiffeners
in way of the double bottom
(B) Soft toe and soft heel are to be ftted.
Connections of asymmetrical bottom
longitudinals to foor fat-bar stiffeners
in way of the hopper tank
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of the foor stiffener, the backing bracket and the web of the bottom shell
longitudinal.
Welding
requirements
Fillet welding having minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connection of floor stiffeners to face
plates of bottom shell longitudinals. Backing bracket connections to face plates of bottom shell
longitudinals). A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to cause
stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the heel and toe connections of floor
stiffener and backing bracket to longitudinals. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for
Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for other requirements.
-8-
Area: Double bottom
Critical location: Higher tensile steel bottom shell and inner bottom longitudinal face plate connections at the toe
of the end brackets and the heel of the watertight foor stiffeners below plane oil tight transverse bulkhead
Watertight floor
stiffener
Inner bottom
Bottom girder
Outer bottom
Watertight
floor
Critical
detail
Bottom
longitudinal
Increased foor stiffener depth and symmetrical soft toe
brackets
d
s
s
d

Max15mm
Min 400mm
Min 400mm
Soft toe bracket
with edge stiffener
Note: Bracket material = Higher tensile steel
Bracket thickness = d/50 (Minimum thickness = 12.0
mm)
Critical locations
A
A
s
s
d
Oiltight
bulkhead
Inner
bottom
Flanged bracket
Critical
locations
Critical
locations
Watertight
floor
Bottom shell Section A-A
Structural
details
Bot t om shel l and i nner bot t om
longitudinal face plate connections at
the toe of the end brackets and the heel
of the watertight foor stiffeners below
plane oil tight transverse bulkhead
Increased web depth of the watertight floor stiffeners
up to the depth of the oiltight bulkhead vertical stiffener
and provision of symmetrical soft toe brackets
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of the foor stiffener, the soft toe bracket and the web of the longitudinal.
Welding
requirements
Fillet welding having minimum weld factor of 0.34 (Connection of soft toe brackets to face plates
of longitudinals and to face plates of watertight foor stiffeners). A wraparound weld, with smooth
transition and free of weld defects liable to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc,
around the foor stiffener heel connections to inner and outer bottom shell longitudinals, and the
fanged bracket toe connection to inner bottoms and stiffeners. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART
-8-
Area: Hopper tank
Critical location: Higher tensile steel side longitudinals and asymmetrical bottom longitudinals connections to
tripping brackets in way of hopper transverse ring in hopper side tank
Critical detail
Hopper tank
Bottom longitudinal
Transverse ring
web frame
(A) Soft heel
55mm
r=30mm
Max15mm
75mm
55mm
r=30mm
x
r >=300mm
Max15mm
75mm
x
r >=300mm
r >=400mm
r >=2x/3
Max15mm
Max15mm
Min 300mm
Min x/2
Note:
1. Where the free edge length of tripping bracket is
more than 40 times the bracket depth, face plate is
to be ftted at free edge to ensure suffcient stability.
2. Edge stiffener to stop away from abutting
member at a distance of the order of 50 mm.
Critical locations
A
A
s
s
Hopper ring
face plate
Flat bar
Tripping bracket
Section A-A
Tripping bracket
Tripping bracket flange
Critical locations
Structural
details
Connections of side longitudinals to
tripping brackets in way of hopper
transverse ring in hopper side tank
ftted.
Asymmetrical bottom shell longitudinal
connections to tripping brackets in way of
hopper transverse ring in hopper side tank
ftted.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of the tripping bracket, the backing bracket and the web of the side
longitudinal.
Welding
requirements
Fillet welding having minimum weld factor of 0.3 (Connection of tripping brackets to
face plates of side shell longitudinals. Backing bracket connections to face plates of shell
longitudinals). A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to
cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the heel and toe of the bracket
connection to the longitudinal face plate. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for
-8-
Area: Hopper tank
Critical location: Hopper sloping plating connections to inner bottom plating in way of foors. Floor connections
to inner bottom plating and side girders in way of hopper corners(Hopper corner connections employing welded
inner bottom and hopper sloping plating)
Critical detail
Side shell
Hopper tank
Inner
bottom
Outer
bottom
Elimination of scallops and extension of inner bottom
r
B B
Aframax
Product
150mm
100mm
200mm
250mm VLCC
Suczmax
Side girder
Increased
radius,
Floor
Elimination of scallops and
extension of inner bottom
Deep
penetratioin
welding
Section B-B
Weld between hopper plating and inner bottom plating
to be dressed and ground smooth. Visible undercuts are
to be removed.
Extent of dressing both sides of floor.
Weld between hopper plating and inner bottom plating
to be dressed and ground smooth. Visible undercuts are
to be removed.
Extent of dressing both sides of foor.
VLCC 250 mm
Suezmax 200 mm
Aframax 150 mm
Product 100 mm
Note: Grinding need not be applied in the No.1 hold in
which foor spans are reduced due to shape.
Grinding need not be applied for the knuckle joints at
transverse bulkhead positions, or at the foor adjacent to
the transverse bulkhead.
Critical locations
50mm
A A
Hopper
Critical location
Inner bottom
Bottom shell
Critical
locations
Section A-A
Structural
details
Hopper sloping plating connections to
inner bottom plating in way of foors.
Floor connections to inner bottom
plating and side girders in way of
hopper corners
Elimination of scallops and extension of inner bottom
Building
tolerances
The nominal distance between the centres of thickness of the two abutting members is not to
exceed 1/3 of the table member thickness.
Welding
requirements
Deep penetration welding and weld dressing (hopper sloping plating to inner bottom plating).
Deep penetration weld (connection of floors to inner bottom plating and to side girders,
connection of hopper transverse webs to sloping plating, to inner bottom plating, connection of
hopper transverse webs to sloping plating, to inner bottom plating and to side girders in way of
hopper corners).
The weld sequence is to be such as to avoid lamellar tearing. Smooth transition from fllet welds
of sloping bottom plating and inner bottom plating to inner bottoms is to be achieved. See
Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for other
requirements.
-86-
Area: Hopper tank
Critical location: Side longitudinal bulkhead connections to side stringers, transverse connections to side
longitudinal bulkhead and side stringers in way of welded hopper corner transverse webs
Transverse
web frame Side shell
Side stringer
Hopper tank
Critical detail
Elimination of scallops and addition of transverse
brackets
800mm
A
Full penetration
welding
No scallop
Deep penetration
welding
Transverse
web
Side stringer
Transverse
brackets
Section A
Critical locations
A
A
Side longitudinal
bulkhead
Critical location
Hopper tank
Transverse web
Critical location
Side stringer
Hopper tank
transverse ring
Structural
details
Side longitudinal bulkhead connections
to side stringers, transverse connections
to side longitudinal bulkhead and side
stringers in way of welded hopper
corner transverse webs
Elimination of scallops and addition of transverse
brackets
Building
tolerances
Welding
requirements
Deep penetration welding (Connection of hopper sloping plating to side longitudinal bulkheads.
Connection of side stringers to side longitudinal bulkhead. Connection of transverse webs to side
longitudinal bulkhead and to side stringers. Connection of hopper transverse webs to sloping
plating, to side longitudinal bulkhead and to side stringers in way of hopper corners). Where
Z-direction material is not used in side stringers, it is recommended that the weld sequence is to
be such as to avoid lamellar tearing. Small scallops of suitable shape, which are to be closed by
welding after completion of the continuous welding of hopper sloping plating and side stringers
to longitudinal bulkhead, are to be provided where scallops are eliminated. Smooth transition
from welds completed to side stringers is to be achieved. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of
-87-
Area: Hopper tank
Critical location: Side longitudinal bulkhead connections to side stringers, transverse connections to side
longitudinal bulkhead and side stringers in way of knuckled hopper tank corner transverse webs
Transverse
web frame Side shell
Side stringer
Hopper tank
Critical detail
Elimination of scallops, closer knuckle distance from side
girder and additional longitudinal/ transverse brackets

50-70mm
180mm
800mm 800mm
B
D D
Deep penetration
welding
Knuckle radius not to be less
than 5t or 100mm, where
t is the plate thickness Longitudinal
bracket
Transverse
bracket
Tranverse web Longitudinal bracket
Knuckle ling
Section D-D
Longitudinal
bracket
Knuckle line
Transverse
brackets
Critical locations
100-150mm
A
Side longitudinal
bulkhead
Critical location
r = 100-150mm
Knuckle line
Side shell
Side stringer
Hopper tank
Transverse web
Side stringer
Critical location
Knuckle line
Hopper tank
transverse ring
Structural
details
Si de l ongi t udi nal bul khead
connections to side stringers,
transverse connections to side
longitudinal bulkhead and side
stringers in way of knuckled hopper
tank corner transverse webs
Elimination of scallops, closer knuckle distance from side
girder and additional longitudinal/ transverse brackets
Building
tolerances
Welding
requirements
Deep penetration welding (Connection of side stringers to side longitudinal bulkhead. Connection
of double side tank transverse webs to side longitudinal bulkhead and to side stringers.
Connection of hopper transverse webs to sloped side longitudinal bulkhead and to side stringers
in way of hopper corners). Small scallops of suitable shape, which are to be closed by welding
after completion of the continuous welding of side stringers to longitudinal bulkhead, are to be
provided where scallops are eliminated. Smooth transition from welds completed to side stringers
is to be achieved. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going
-88-
Area: Transverse bulkheads
Critical location: Toe connections of vertical brackets to double bottom girders on plane oiltight transverse
bulkhead
Transverse
bulkhead
Critical detail
Bottom
girder
Outer bottom
(A) Soft toe detail with full penetration welding
Deep penetration
welding with
root
1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
50-100 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

(B) Parallel toe detail with deep penetration welding
100-150 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
root
Deep penetration
welding with
Critical locations
Critical locations
Plane oiltight
bulkhead
Lowest horizontal
girder
Critical
locations
Critical
location
Inner bottom
Bottom shell
Structural
details
Toe connect i ons of ver t i cal
brackets to double bottom girders
on pl ane oi l t i ght t ransverse
bulkhead
(A) Soft toe detail with full penetration welding, or (B)
Parallel toe detail with deep penetration welding is to be
ftted.
Building
tolerances
The nominal distance between the centres of bracket toe thickness and bottom girder web
thickness is not to exceed 1/3 of the inner bottom thickness.
Welding
requirements
Deep penetration welding (Connection of bracket toes to inner bottom plating). Deep
penetration welding or fillet welding having minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connection of
double bottom girder webs in way of bracket toes to inner bottom plating). The extent of full
penetration is to be as required by the designer, or as agreed with the plan approval Surveyor.
concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, in way of bracket toe connections to the inner bottom
plating. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel
-89-
Critical location: Toe connections of vertical web end brackets to double bottom girders on corrugated transverse
oiltight bulkheads
Transverse
bulkhead
Critical detail
Bottom
girder
Outer bottom
Deep penetration
welding with
root
1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
50-100 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

100-150 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
root
Deep penetration
welding with
Critical locations
Bracket toes
Critical locations
Upper horizontal
girder
Corrugated oiltight
bulkhead
Lower horizontal
girder
Inner bottom
Bottom shell
Structural
details
Toe connections of vertical web end
brackets to double bottom girders
on corrugated transverse oiltight
bulkheads
Parallel toe detail with deep penetration welding is to
be ftted.
Building
tolerances
Welding
requirements
Deep penetration welding (Connection of bracket toes to inner bottom plating). Deep
penetration welding or fillet welding having minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connection of
double bottom girder webs in way of bracket toes to inner bottom plating). The extent of full
penetration is to be as required by the designer, or as agreed with the plan approval Surveyor.
concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, in way of bracket toe connections to the inner bottom
plating. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel
-90-
Critical location: Toe connections of vertical stiffener end brackets to bottom girders in double bottom tanks and
vertical stiffeners on plane oiltight transverse bulkheads
Transverse
bulkhead
Critical detail
Bottom
girder
Outer bottom
Integral soft toe bracket
13 Taper
in thickness
Integral soft
toe bracket
Increased web
thickness
No scallop
Critical locations
Critical locations
Plane oiltight
bulkhead
Inner bottom
Bottom shell
Structural
details
Toe connections of vertical stiffener
end brackets to bottom girders in
double bottom tanks and vertical
stiffeners on plane oiltight transverse
bulkheads
Integral soft toe bracket is to be ftted.
Building
tolerances
Welding
requirements
Fillet welding having minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connection of end brackets to inner
bottom plating). A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to
cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the bracket toe connection to the
inner bottom and the vertical stiffener. A small scallop of suitable shape, which is to be closed
by welding after completion of the continuous welding of bulkhead, is to be provided where
scallop is eliminated. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-
-9-
Critical location: Toe connection of horizontal girder end brackets to side stringers on plane oiltight transverse
bulkheads. Intersections of webs of horizontal girders and side stringers forming square corners
Plane transverse
bulkhead
Horizontal
girder
Side shell
Side stringer
Critical detail
Deep penetration
welding with
root
1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
50-100 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

100-150 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
root
Deep penetration
welding with
(C) Elimination of scallops and fitting of a localized D
grade steel insert plate
minium thickness of 7 mm in
addition to the Rule required
thickness
Critical locations
Side stringer
Critical location
Horizontal girder
Oiltight transverse
bulkhead
Critical location
Side lingitudinal
bulkhead
Side shell
Structural
details
Toe connection of horizontal girder
end brackets to side stringers on
plane oiltight transverse bulkheads
Parallel toe detail with deep penetration welding is to be
ftted.
Intersections of webs of horizontal
girders and side stringers forming
square corners
(C) Elimination of scallops and fitting of a localized D
grade steel insert plate
Building
tolerances
exceed 1/3 of the table member thickness
Welding
requirements
Deep penetration welding (Connection of bracket toes to side stringers). Fillet welding having
minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Side stringer webs in way of bracket toes and square corners). The
extent of full penetration is to be as required by the designer, or as agreed with the plan approval
Surveyor. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to cause
stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around toe connections of horizontal girder end
brackets to side longitudinal bulkheads. A small scallop of suitable shape, which is to be closed by
welding after completion of the continuous welding of bulkhead, is to be provided where scallop
is eliminated. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel
-9-
Critical location: Toe connection of horizontal girder end brackets to side stringers on corrugated oiltight transverse
bulkheads
Corrugated
transverse
bulkhead
Side shell
Side stringer
Critical detail
Horizontal girder
Deep penetration
welding with
root
1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
50-100 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

100-150 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
root
Deep penetration
welding with
Critical locations
Side stringer
Critical location
Horizontal girder
Corrugated oiltight
transverse bulkhead
Critical
location
Side
longitudinal
bulkhead
Side shell
Structural
details
Toe connection of horizontal
girder end brackets to side
s t r i nger s on cor r ugat ed
oiltight transverse bulkheads
Parallel toe detail with deep penetration welding
Building
tolerances
The nominal distance between the centres of bracket toe thickness and side stringer web
thickness is not to exceed 1/3 of side longitudinal bulkhead thickness.
Welding
requirements
Deep penetration welding (Connection of bracket toes to side longitudinal bulkheads). Fillet
welding having minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connections of side stringer webs in way of
bracket toes to side longitudinal bulkheads). The extent of full penetration is to be as required
by the designer, or as agreed with the plan approval Surveyor. A wraparound weld, with smooth
transition and free of weld defects liable to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches
etc, around toe connections of horizontal girder end brackets to side longitudinal bulkheads.
See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for
other requirements.
-9-
Area: Wing cargo tanks
Critical location: Toe connections of cross-tie end brackets to transverse webs in double side tanks (cross-ties in
wing cargo tanks).
Cross-ties in
wing cargo
tanks
Inner bottom
Side shell
Side stringer
Critical detail
Deep penetration
welding with
root
1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
50-100 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

100-150 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
root
Deep penetration
welding with
(C) Elimination of scallops and ftting of slit type collars
No
scallops
Soft toe or parallel
toe detail
Slit-type collars or
insert collars
Critical locations
Side
shell
plating
Transverse
web
Side longitudinal bulkhead
Side stringer
Critical locations
Cross-tie
Hopper sloping plating
Structural
details
Toe connections of cross-tie end
brackets to transverse webs in
double side tanks
Parallel toe detail with deep penetration welding is to be ftted.
(C) Elimination of scallops and ftting of slit type collars.
Building
tolerances
The nominal distance between the centres of bracket toe thickness and transverse web thickness
is not to exceed 1/3 of side longitudinal bulkhead thickness.
Welding
requirements
Deep penetration welding (Connection of bracket toes to side longitudinal bulkhead). Fillet
welding having minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connection of transverse webs in way of bracket
toes to side longitudinal bulkhead). The extent of full penetration is to be as required by the
designer, or as agreed with the plan approval Surveyor. A wraparound weld, with smooth
etc, around toe connections of cross-tie end brackets to side longitudinal bulkheads. Small
scallops of suitable shape, which are to be closed by welding after completion of the continuous
welding of longitudinal bulkhead stiffeners to longitudinal bulkhead, are to be provided where
scallops are eliminated. Full penetration welding is to be carried out in way of * as marked
in the Figure above using slit type collars or insert collars of the same material and thickness,
replacing fllet welding using lapped collars. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for
-9-
Area: Wing cargo tanks
Critical location: Toe connections of transverse swash bulkhead end brackets to transverse webs in double side
tanks (cross-ties in centre cargo tanks).
Transverse
swash
bulkhead
Side shell
Side stringer
Critical detail
Deep penetration
welding with
root
1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
50-100 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

100-150 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
root
Deep penetration
welding with
No
scallops
toe detail
insert collars
Critical locations
Side longitudinal
bulkhead
Side stringer
Transverse web
Critical location
Transverse swash
bulkhead
Side shell
Structural
details
Toe connections of transverse swash
bulkhead end brackets to transverse
webs in double side tanks
(C) Elimination of scallops and fitting of slit type collars.
Building
tolerances
The nominal distance between the centres of bracket toe thickness and transverse web thickness is
not to exceed 1/3 of side longitudinal bulkhead thickness.
Welding
requirements
etc, around toe connections of transverse swash bulkhead end brackets to side longitudinal
bulkheads. Small scallops of suitable shape, which are to be closed by welding after completion
of the continuous welding of longitudinal bulkhead stiffeners to longitudinal bulkhead, are to be
provided where scallops are eliminated. Full penetration welding is to be carried out in way of
* as marked in the Figure above using slit type collars or insert collars of the same material and
thickness, replacing fllet welding using lapped collars. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of
-9-
Area: Longitudinal bulkheads
Critical location: Toe connections of vertical web end brackets to foors in double bottom tanks on longitudinal
bulkheads
Vertical web
Longitudinal
bulkhead
Bottom girder
Critical detail
Floor in double
bottom tanks
Bottom shell
Deep penetration
welding with
root
1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
50-100 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

100-150 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
root
Deep penetration
welding with
toe detail
Slit type collars or
insert collars
No scallops
Critical locations
Inner longitudinal
bulkhead
Critical location
Inner bottom
Vertical web
Critical location
Bottom shell
Structural
details
Toe connections of vertical web end
brackets to foors in double bottom
tanks on longitudinal bulkheads
Parallel toe detail with deep penetration welding is to be fitted.
(C) Elimination of scallops and fitting of slit type collars.
Building
tolerances
The nominal distance between the centres of bracket toe thickness and foor thickness is not to
exceed 1/3 of inner bottom plating thickness.
Welding
requirements
Deep penetration welding (Connection of bracket toes to inner bottom plating). Fillet welding
having minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connection of foors in way of bracket toes to inner bottom
plating). The extent of full penetration is to be as required by the designer, or as agreed with the
plan approval Surveyor. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects
liable to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around toe connections of vertical
web end brackets to inner bottom plating. Small scallops of suitable shape, which are to be closed
by welding after completion of the continuous welding of inner bottom longitudinals to inner
bottom plating, are to be provided where scallops are eliminated. Full penetration welding is to be
carried out in way of * as marked in the Figure above using slit type collars or insert collars of the
same material and thickness, replacing fllet welding using lapped collars. See Section 4, Chapter
-96-
Area: Longitudinal bulkheads
Critical location: Toe connections of centreline vertical web end brackets to floors in double bottom tanks.
Connections of lowest strake of centreline bulkhead and inner bottom plating. Connections of double bottom
centre girder to inner bottom plating.
Vertical web
Critical detail
Floor in double
bottom tanks
Inner bottom
Bottom shell
Centreline bulkhead
Double bottom
centre girder
Critical detail
Deep penetration
welding with
root
1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
50-100 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

100-150 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
root
Deep penetration
welding with
(C) Deep penetration welding or fllet welding
R
t
1/3t
Deep penetration welding
(abutting member thickness
25 mm)
or
Fillet welding having minimum
weld factor of 0.44(abutting
member thickness <25 mm)
Critical locations
L
C
Vertical
web Oiltight or non-oiltight
bulkhead
Critical location 1
Inner bottom
Centreline bulkhead
Inner bottom
Critical
location 2
Bottom shell
Structural
details
Toe connections of centreline vertical
web end brackets to floors in double
bottom tanks (LOCATION 1).
(A) Soft toe detail with full penetration welding, or
(B) Parallel toe detail with deep penetration welding is
to be ftted.
Connections of lowest strake of centreline
bulkhead and inner bottom plating.
Connections of double bottom centre girder
to inner bottom plating (LOCATION 2).
(C) Deep penetration welding or fllet welding is to be
ftted.
Building
tolerances
exceed 1/3 of the table member thickness (LOCATION 1 and LOCATION 2).
Welding
requirements
Deep penetration welding (Connection of bracket toes in LOCATION 1 and where abutting
member thickness 25 mm in LOCATION 1). Fillet welding having minimum weld factor of
0.44 (Connection of foors in way of bracket toes in LOCATION 1 and where abutting member
thickness <25 mm in LOCATION 2). The extent of full penetration is to be as required by
the designer, or as agreed with the plan approval Surveyor. A wraparound weld, with smooth
etc, around toe connections of vertical web end brackets to inner bottom plating. Small scallops
of suitable shape, which are to be closed by welding after completion of the continuous welding
of inner bottom longitudinals to inner bottom plating, are to be provided where scallops are
eliminated. Full penetration welding is to be carried out in way of * as marked in the Figure above
using slit type collars or insert collars of the same material and thickness, replacing fllet welding
using lapped collars. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-
-97-
Area: Deck
Critical location: Toe connections of deck transverse end brackets to transverse webs in double side tanks (cross-
ties in centre cargo tanks or wing cargo tanks).
Deck
Transverse
bulkhead
Deck transverse
Critical detail
Deep penetration
welding with
root
1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
50-100 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

100-150 mm
R13t
R13t
t
15-25 mm

1:3 Chamfer
where face plate
thickness 25mm)
root
Deep penetration
welding with
insert collars
toe detail
No scallops
Critical locations
Deck
Deck transverse
Critical location
Side longitudinal
bulkhead
Side
shell Transverse
web frame
Critical locations
Structural
details
Toe connections of deck transverse
end brackets to transverse webs in
double side tanks
(C) Elimination of scallops and ftting of slit type collars.
Building
tolerances
The nominal distance between the centres of bracket toe thickness and transverse web thickness is
not to exceed 1/3 of side longitudinal bulkhead thickness.
Welding
requirements
etc, around toe connections of deck transverse end brackets to transverse webs in double side
tanks. Small scallops of suitable shape, which are to be closed by welding after completion of
the continuous welding of longitudinal bulkhead stiffeners to longitudinal bulkhead, are to be
provided where scallops are eliminated. Full penetration welding is to be carried out in way of
* as marked in the Figure above using slit type collars or insert collars of the same material and
thickness, replacing fllet welding using lapped collars. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of
-98-
Structural details of container ships Table 1
Area: Double bottom
Critical location: Floor vertical fat bar stiffener connection to bottom and inner bottom longitudinals
Transverse floor
Bottom
longitudinal
Outer bottom
Critical detail
(A) Soft heel
Max.15mm
r =30mm
d
55mm
75mm
r =30mm
t >d/18
r >0.75d
Max.15mm
55mm
75mm
d
d/2
t >d/18
r >0.75d
Max.15mm
Min.d/2
Min.1.5d
Min.300mm
t >d/18
r >2.0d
r >400mm
Max.15mm
d
Critical locations
A
d
d=180-300mm
A
Inner bottom
Lontigudinal
Transverse floor
Transverse floor
stiffener
Outer bottom
Section A-A
Inner bottom
Longitudinal
Transverse floor
Critical locations
Transverse floor
stiffener
Outer bottom
Longitudinal
Structural
details
Fl oor vert i cal fl at bar st i ffener
connection to bottom and inner bottom
longitudinals
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between web of longitudinal, foor stiffener and backing bracket, if ftted.
For stiffener and bracket alignment of structural details (B) and (C), see relevant requirements in
Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships. If soft heel is used,
the remaining cross-sectional area across the minimum width of the stiffener web is to be verifed
against the rule requirements.
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the stiffener/bracket heel and
toe. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable to cause stress
concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the heel and toe connections of the stiffener and
backing bracket connection to longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for
-99-
Area: Double bottom
Critical location: Intersection of bottom and inner bottom longitudinals with foor, including offset stiffener

Transverse floor
Critical
detail
Bottom
longitudinal
Outer
bottom
B
B
S
S
S
S
S
25 - 50m
50mm
10 - 15mm
max
Taper 1:3
S
Detail
Detail
Section B-B
Quality of wrap-around
weld important
Toe height
Critical locations
A
A
Inner bottom
Critical locations
Floor
Bottom shell
Transverse section A-A
Cticical locations
Structural
details
Intersection of bottom and inner
bottom longitudinals with floor,
including offset stiffener
Offset stiffener can be used to eliminate the stress
concentration in the connection between the longitudinal and
the foor stiffener. Scallops may be avoided by the provision
of 45 cut corners with suffcient clearance to allow closing
by weld. Offset stiffener can be applied to other double skin
structures, such as side tanks. Special consideration is to be
given if concentrated loads are applied.
Building
tolerances
The distance between the offset stiffener and the cut-out of the longitudinal member is not to be
less than 50 mm.
Welding
requirements
Special attention is to be drawn to the quality of the wraparound weld at the end of the offset
stiffener and at the web/foor connection. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free
of weld defects liable to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc. See Section
4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classification of Sea-going Steel Ships for other
requirements.
-00-
Area: Bilge tank
Critical location: Heel and toe connection of the bilge tank transverse web stiffeners to the bottom, bilge and side
shell longitudinals
Side shell
longitudinal
Critical detail
Bottom
longitudinal
(A) Soft heel
r =30mm
d
Max 15mm
55mm
75mm
55mm
d
d/2
t >d/18
r >0.75d
r =30mm
Max15mm
75mm
Min 1.5d
d
Min d/2
t >d/18
t >d/18
r>0.75d
r >2.0d
r >400mm
Max 15mm
Max 15mm
Min 300mm
Critical locations
Critical locations
Section A-A
Bottom shell
s
A
d
A
s
Structural
details
Heel and toe connection of the bilge tank
transverse web stiffeners to the bottom, bilge
and side shell longitudinals.
ftted.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between web of longitudinal, transverse web stiffener and backing
bracket, if ftted. For stiffener and bracket alignment of structural details (B) and (C), see relevant
requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships. If
soft heel is used, the remaining cross-sectional area across the minimum width of the stiffener
web is to be verifed against the rule requirements.
Welding
requirements
undercuts, notches etc, around the heel and toe connections of the stiffener and backing bracket
connection to longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of
-0-
Area: Bilge tank
Critical location: Heel and toe connection of the bilge tank transverse web tripping brackets to the bottom, bilge
and side shell longitudinals
Side shell
longitudinal
Critical detail
Bottom
longitudinal
(A) Soft heel
55mm
max.
75mm
15mm
15mm
Max
Max15mm
55mm
r =30mm
75mm
r 300mm
X
15mm
Max
Max 15mm
X min.X/2
min.300mm
r 2X/3
r 400mm
r 300mm
Critical locations
S
S
A
A
Critical locations
Bottom shell
Structural
details
Heel and toe connection of the bilge
tank transverse web tripping brackets
to the bottom, bilge and side shell
longitudinals
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between longitudinal stiffener web, transverse web tripping brackets
and backing bracket, if fitted. For recommended stiffener and bracket alignment, see relevant
requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
undercuts, notches etc, around the heel and toe connections of the transverse web tripping bracket
and backing bracket connection to longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules
for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships for other requirements.
-0-
Area: Bilge tank
Critical location: Side girder connections to inner bottom plating in way of foors
Bilge tank
transverse web
Critical detail
Side girder
Floor
Bilge tank
Bottom longitudinal
Elimination or closure
of scallops with
full/flush collars.
Enhanced welding
Inner bottom plate
extended into the
bilge tank
Floor
Scarfing bracket
Main transverse web
Inner
bottom
Toe height
R >400mm
15 - 25mm
Critical locations
Bottom shell
Section A-A
WT bulkhead
Critical locations
Main transverse web
Longitudinal plate or bulkhead
A A
longitudinal
plate or bulkhead
Critical
location
I
n
n
e
r

b
o
t
t
o
m
Structural
details
Side girder connections to inner
bottom plating in way of foors
Elimination of scallops in way of bilge tank corners
scarfng brackets in line with inner bottom extension to
reduce the fatigue hot spot stress
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between inner bottom plate and backing brackets.
Welding
requirements
Enhanced fllet welding with weld factor 0.44 (Connection of side girders to inner bottom plating.
Connection of foors to side girders. Connection of bilge transverse webs to side girders). Small
scallops of suitable shape are to be closed by full penetration welding after completion of the
continuous welding of side girders to inner bottom plating, using watertight collars of the same
-0-
Area: Bilge tank
Critical location: Side girder connections to inner bottom plating in way of foors.
Bilge tank
transverse web
Critical detail
Side girder
Floor
Bilge tank
Bottom longitudinal
View A-A
W.T.
bulkhead
Longitudinal
bulkhead
Support
bulkhead
Radius
I
n
n
e
r

b
o
t
t
o
m
Critical locations
Bottom shell
Section A-A
WT bulkhead
Critical locations
Main transverse web
Longitudinal plate or bulkhead
A A
longitudinal
plate or bulkhead
Critical
location
I
n
n
e
r

b
o
t
t
o
m
Structural
details
Side girder connections to inner
bottom plating in way of foors
Elimination of scallops in way of bilge tank corners
scarfing brackets in line with inner bottom extension to
reduce the fatigue hot spot stress
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between inner bottom plate and backing brackets.
Welding
requirements
Enhanced fllet welding with weld factor 0.44 (Connection of side girders to inner bottom plating.
Connection of foors to side girders. Connection of bilge transverse webs to side girders). Small
scallops of suitable shape are to be closed by full penetration welding after completion of the
continuous welding of side girders to inner bottom plating, using watertight collars of the same
-0-
Area: Bilge tank
Critical location: Side longitudinal bulkhead connections to bilge tanktop plate and transverse webs in way of
corner
Bilge tank
transverse web
Critical detail
Side girder
Floor
Bilge tank
Bottom longitudinal
A
A
s
min.1.5d
min.1.5d
min.300mm
min.300mm
min.d/2
min.d/2
max15mm
max15mm
max15mm
max15mm
t>d/18
t>d/18
R0.75d
R2.0d
R400mm
d
d
Avoid or close scallops
with full/flush collars
Section A-A
Vertical web
Use radiused
bracket
Use radiused
bracket
Longitudiinal bulkhead
Longitudiinal bulkhead
Use integral
bracket
Vertical
web
Critical locations
s
s
Critical
locations
Structural
details
to bilge tanktop plate and transverse
webs in way of corner
Elimination of scallops in way of corners and
enhanced support below side longitudinal bulkhead
provided by increased stiffener below and supporting
brackets to reduce peak and range of resultant
stresses arising from cyclic external hydrodynamic
pressure, cargo inertia loads and hull girder global
loading.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between longitudinal bulkhead and backing bracket. If soft heel is used,
Welding
requirements
Enhanced fllet welding with weld factor 0.44 (connection of longitudinal bulkheads and backing
bracket to bilge tanktop plating). Scallop cut-outs in way are to be closed by collars after
completion of the continuous welding of plating in the vicinity of knuckle. See Section 4, Chapter
-0-
Area: Bilge tank
Critical location: Side longitudinal bulkhead connections to bilge tanktop plate and transverse webs in way of
corner
Bilge tank
transverse web
Critical detail
Side girder
Floor
Bilge tank
Bottom longitudinal
Detail improvement without longituginal stiffener
View A-A
Bilge tank
top
Longitudinal
bulkhead
Stiffener
Radius Radius
Radius
Radius
Supporting
bracket
Bilge tank
top
Longitudinal
bulkhead
Detail improvement with longituginal stiffener fitted
View A-A
Critical locations
s
s
Critical
locations
Structural
details
to bilge tanktop plate and transverse
webs in way of corner
Elimination of scallops in way of corners and enhanced
support below side longitudinal bulkhead provided by
increased stiffener below and supporting brackets to
reduce the hot spot stress in critical locations
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between longitudinal bulkhead and backing bracket. If soft heel is used,
Welding
requirements
Enhanced fillet welding with weld factor 0.44 (connection of longitudinal bulkheads to bilge
tanktop plating). Scallop cut-outs in way are to be closed by collars after completion of the
continuous welding of plating in the vicinity of knuckle. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of
-06-
Area: Side tanks/underdeck passage
Critical location: Heel and toe connections of horizontal flat bar stiffeners on transverse webs to side shell
longitudinals in side tanks (connections from the base line to just above the load waterline)
Transverse
web frame
Critical
detail
Side
longitudinal
Side shell
(A) Soft heel
r =30mm
Max.15mm
55mm
75mm
d
r =30mm
t >d/18
r >0.75d
Max.15mm
d/2
55mm
75mm
d
t >d/18
d
t >d/18
r >0.75d
Max.15mm
Min.d/2
Min.1.5d
Min.300mm
Min.15mm
r >400mm
r >2.0d
Critical locations
A A
d
Side
longitudinal
Side shell
Side(wing) tank
Critical
locations
Side tank
stringer
Section A-A
Transverse
side webs
Longitudinal
bulkhead
Side shell
Structural
details
Heel and toe connections of horizontal
fat bar stiffeners on transverse webs to
side shell longitudinals in side tanks.
Soft heel or soft toe and heel detail or symmetrical
soft toe with soft backing bracket can be used to
reduce the fatigue hot spot stress in critical locations
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between web of longitudinal, transverse web stiffener and backing
bracket, if ftted. For recommended stiffener and bracket alignment, see relevant requirements in
Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel Ships. If soft heel is used,
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the heel and toe of stiffeners
and backing brackets. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects liable
to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the heel and toe connections
of horizontal flat bar stiffeners and backing bracket connection to longitudinal. See Section
4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classification of Sea-going Steel Ships for other
requirements.
-07-
Area: Side tanks/underdeck passage
Critical location: Heel and toe connections of horizontal tripping brackets on transverse webs to side shell
longitudinals (connections from the base line to just above the load waterline)
Transverse
web frame
Critical
detail
Side
longitudinal
Side shell
(A) Soft heel
55mm
75mm
15mm
max
r 300mm
x
Max.15mm
Max
15mm
55mm
r =30mm
75mm
r 300mm
r 2x/3
r 400mm
Max.15mm
15mm
Max
X min.X/2
min.300mm
Critical locations
A A
Side
longitudinals
Side shell
Transverse
side webs
Side(wing)
tank
Critical
locations
Side tank
stringer
Section A-A Critical
locations
Structural
details
He e l a nd t oe c onne c t i ons of
hori zont al t ri ppi ng bracket s on
t r ans ver s e webs t o s i de s hel l
longitudinals
Soft heel or soft toe and heel detail or symmetrical soft
toe with soft backing bracket can be used to reduce
peak and range of resultant stresses arising from cyclic
external hydrodynamic pressure and hull girder loading.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of the tripping brackets, the backing bracket and the web of the side
longitudinal. See relevant requirements in Section 11, PART TEN of Rules for Classifcation of
Sea-going Steel Ships.
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the heel and toe of tripping
brackets and backing brackets. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld
defects liable to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the heel and toe
connections of stiffeners and backing bracket connection to longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter
-08-
Area: Deck, hatch corners and between hatches
Critical location: Deck plating in way of the hatch corners of cargo region
Cross-Deck
strip
Longitudinal
coaming
Deck
Critical
detail
Transverse
bulkhead
Longitudinal
bulkhead
(A) Large radius deck corner insert plate
(Deck level)
Transverse
web
Use steel of enhanced
grade and thickness
Radius,use as large
as practicable
Butt welds clear
of radius. Grind
smooth all edges
Deck
longitudinal
Deck plate
Cross-deck
strip
(B) Extend insert plate to side shell
Cross-deck
strip
grade and thickness
Radius,use as large
as practicable
(Deck level)
Transverse
web
Deck
longitudinal
Deck plate
Critical locations
Underdeck
passage
Side shell
View A
(Deck level)
Transverse
web
Deck
longitudinal
Deck plate
Critical
location
Hatch end
beam
Critical
location
Cross deck
strip
Bulkhead
vertical
web
Critical
location
View A
Deck plate
Deck longitudinals
Sheer strake
Transverse web
Structural
details
corners of cargo region
Use insert plates of enhanced steel grade and thickness.
Attention is drawn to the transition of plating of different
thickness. See the requirements for hatch corners in Chapter
2, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going Steel
Ships.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between hatch end beam and support in the topside tank. Special attention
is drawn to taper details of the insert plate. Insert plates may be avoided by modifying the corner
detail to reduce stress levels and use EH grade plate.
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the corners of the insert plate.
Ensure smooth transition of welds between corner insert plates and upper deck plating. Attention
is drawn to the protection of corners. Ensure weld profles are ground smooth and free of notches
after ft-up in way of insert plate free edges. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for
-09-
Critical location: Deck plating in way of the hatch corners near superstructure, intersection of hatch coaming with
superstructure
Cross-Deck
strip
Longitudinal
coaming
Deck
Critical
detail
Transverse
bulkhead
Longitudinal
bulkhead
Extending deck corner insert plate to side shell, and/or
introduction of large radius corner
Transverse web
in line with engine
room bulkhead
Deck longitudinal
Deck plate
Superstrucuture
grade and thichness
Radius to be as
large as possible
(need not be circular)
Grind corner
smooth Plate edges
extended clear
of radius.Grind
all edges smooth
Critical locations
Transverse web
in line with engine
room bulkhead
Deck longitudinal
Deck plate
Critical
location
Bulkhead
vertical web
Superstrucuture
Structural
details
c or ne r s ne a r s upe r s t r uc t ur e ,
intersection of hatch coaming with
superstructure.
Use insert plates of enhanced steel grade and thickness.
A radiused corner is to be provided to reduce stress
concentration. Attention is drawn to the transition of
plating of different thickness. See the requirements
for hatch corners in Chapter 2, PART TWO of Rules
for Classification of Sea-going Steel Ships. Grind
edge smooth of the bracket to superstructure and use
enhanced steel grade and thickness in superstructure
side shell.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between main structure support members in the vicinity.
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the toes of brackets or
corners. A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects, i.e. undercuts,
notches etc, around connections of bracket toes to upper deck. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART
-0-
Critical location: Deck plating in way of the hatch corners near superstructure, intersection of hatch coaming with
superstructure.
Cross-Deck
strip
Longitudinal
coaming
Deck
Critical
detail
Transverse
bulkhead
Longitudinal
bulkhead

View C
Superstructure
Inset,Free edges to be
ground smooth and apply
full penetration welding
Soft termination of
hatch coaming face
plate
E
n
g
i
n
e

r
o
o
m
b
u
l
k
h
e
a
d
Hatch coaming
Cargo hold
Note:toe height of brackets,insert
plate or terminations to be 15-25mm
Improvement by continuous integration
with superstructure side
View C
Continuous hatch
side coaming and
deck house connection
Upper Deck
Critical locations
Underdeck passage
Side shell
Superstructure
Critical
locations
Engine room
bulkhead
A
A
B B
A
View C
Deck plate
Deck longitudinals
Sheer strake
Transverse web
Structural
details
De c k p l a t i n g i n wa y o f
t h e h a t c h c o r n e r s n e a r
superstructure, intersection
o f h a t c h c o a mi n g wi t h
superstructure.
Use insert plates of enhanced steel grade and thickness. A
radiused corner is to be provided to reduce stress concentration.
Ensure gradual transition or tapering to thinner plating as far
as practicable. Attention is drawn to the requirements for hatch
corners in Chapter 2, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation
of Sea-going Steel Ships. Grind edge smooth of the bracket to
superstructure and use enhanced steel grade and thickness in
superstructure side shell.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between main structure support members in the vicinity.
Welding
requirements
A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects, i.e. undercuts, notches
etc, around toe connections of bracket to upper deck and toe connections of insert plating to
superstructure. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-going
--
Critical location: Toe connection of continuous coaming stay bracket to the deck plating
Longitudinal
coaming stay
Cross-deck
strip
Critical
detail
Critical
detail
Critical
detail
Transverse
web frame
Deck
C
C
s
s
See welding note
Transverse
hatch coaming
Note:Continuous
hatch coaming
between hatch
openings
Long
BHD
Long
BHD
Hatch
end
beam
Section C-C
Critical locations
Underdeck passage
Side shell
Hatch end
beam
S S
Hatch coaming
bracket
Critical
locations
Deck plate
Shear strake
Deck longitudinals
Transverse web
Structural
details
Toe connection of continuous coaming
stay bracket to the deck plating
Extend the hatch coaming, the transverse bulkheads and
the transverse bracket to provide an integral soft toe for
smooth transition of stresses into the deck.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between stay brackets and supporting structure. Misalignment is to be
not greater than (t/3) where t is the thinner of the webs to be aligned (measured at the thickness
centre).
Welding
requirements
concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around toe connections of stay brackets to deck plating.
Full penetration or deep penetration fillet welding is to be incorporated in welding of hatch
coaming stay bracket and hatch coaming in way of transverse bulkheads. See Section 4, Chapter
--
Area: Hatch side coaming
Critical location: Termination of longitudinal hatch side coaming
Longitudinal hatch side
coaming
Critical detail
Deck
30
R100
max.50mm
max
25mm
Chamfering
Edge to be ground
Deep penetration weld
Critical locations
A A
Critical location
View A-A
Structural
details
Toe connection of the longitudinal
hatch side coaming fore and aft
termination
Continuous extended and radiused/reversed radiused
coaming with soft toe termination to reduce the stress
concentration in hot spot
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of termination plate with the underdeck longitudinal member (bulkhead
or girder).
Welding
requirements
Ensure start and stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the toe. A wraparound
undercuts, notches etc, around toe connection of the longitudinal hatch side coaming fore and
aft termination to deck plating. Use deep penetration welding or full penetration welding for a
distance of 300 mm from the toe termination. The deep penetration weld and the free edge of
the coamings termination are to be ground. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for
--
Area: Watertight and non-watertight bulkheads
Critical location: Connections of hatch end beam to the inner side shell (longitudinal bulkhead), including 2nd
deck transverse passageway
Cross-deck
strip
Longitudinal
hatch coaming
Deck
Hatch end
beam
Inner side shell
longitudinal
bulkhead
Critical detail

15-25mm
R
Elimination of scallops and ensure
alignment of horizontal web with
hatch end beam underside plate
2nd deck
Transverse
web in line
with WT
bulkhead
Watertight
bulkhead
Full penetration
welding
(no scallops)
2nd deck
2nd deck
plan view
See
welding
note
Hatch end
beam or
mid-hold
support
Underside
plate
See welding note
Transverse web
in line with
hatch end beam
radius as large
as possible
Slanted
Critical locations
Transverse
web in line
with watertight
bulkhead
Side(wing)
tank
Critical
location
Hatch end
beam
Hatch end
coaming Hatch coaming
bracket
Deck plate
Deck longitudinals
Sheer strake
Transverse web
Side shell
Structural
details
Connections of hatch end beam to
the inner side shell (longitudinal
bulkhead)
Full collars, elimination of scallops. Increase thickness of
hatch end beams and transverse webs in way.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between hatch end beam and side structure.
Welding
requirements
Enhanced fllet welds are to have a minimum weld factor of 0.44 (Connection of transverse webs
in way of hatch end beam and underside plate to side longitudinal bulkhead). Scallops are to be
closed after completion of continuous welding near the hatch end corner. See Section 4, Chapter
--
Critical location: Connections of face plate of horizontal bulkhead stringers to the longitudinal bulkhead
Cross-deck strip
Transverse
bulkhead
Longitudinal hatch
coaming
Horizontal bulkhead
stringer
Deck
Inner side shell
longitudinal
bulkhead
Critical detail
r(2/3)d
r(2/3)d
min. 200mm
min. 200mm
max. 15mm
max. 15mm
d
d
Separate Radiused Bracket Improvement
Horizontal(walkway)
stringer Side stringer
Side(wing)
tank
Transverse
side webs
Integral Radiused Faceplate Improvement
Horizontal(walkway)
stringer
Side(wing)
tank
Transverse
side webs
Full
collar
Section A-A
Side shell
Transverse
side webs
Horizontal(walkway)
stringer
Critical locations
A A
Side stringer
Side shell
Transverse
side webs
Side (wing)
tank
Horizontal(walkway)
stringer
Critical
locations
Longitudinal bulkhead
(inner shell)
Section A-A
Side(wing)
tank
Critical
locations
Side shell
Transverse
side webs
Horizontal(walkway)
stringer
Structural
details
Connect i ons of f ace pl at e of
horizontal bulkhead stringers to the
Symmetrical radiused or integral radiused brackets to
reduce stress concentration. Use full collars in longitudinal
web plates if toes of face plates end close to longitudinal
stiffener cut-outs. Further, side and inner shell longitudinals
in way of bulkhead structure is to be ftted with brackets.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of the side web and face plates of stringers and of horizontal side and
bulkhead stringers.
Welding
requirements
of stringers and to longitudinal bulkhead). A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of
weld defects liable to cause stress concentration, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around bracket toes.
Finally the longitudinal cut-out close to toes of face plates is closed by full penetration welding
using watertight collars. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of Rules for Classifcation of Sea-
--
Critical location: Connections of face plate of horizontal bulkhead stringers to the longitudinal bulkhead
Cross-deck strip
Transverse
bulkhead
Longitudinal hatch
coaming
Horizontal bulkhead
stringer
Deck
Inner side shell
longitudinal
bulkhead
Critical detail
Side stringer
Side stringer
Side transverse
Side shell
Weld factor
Weld factor
Weld factor
A
B
B
B
A
0.34
0.34
0.34
Horizontal stringer
Horizontal stringer
Critical locations
A A
Side stringer
Side shell
Transverse
side webs
Side (wing)
tank
Horizontal(walkway)
stringer
Critical
locations
Longitudinal bulkhead
(inner shell)
Section A-A
Side(wing)
tank
Critical
locations
Side shell
Transverse
side webs
Horizontal(walkway)
stringer
Structural
details
Connect i ons of face pl at e of
horizontal bulkhead stringers to
the longitudinal bulkhead
Symmetrical radiused or integral radiused brackets to
reduce stress concentration. Use full collars in longitudinal
web plates if toes of face plates end close to longitudinal
stiffener cut-outs. Further, side and inner shell longitudinals
in way of bulkhead structure is to be ftted with brackets.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of the side web and face plates of stringers and of horizontal side and
bulkhead stringers.
Welding
requirements
of stringers and to longitudinal bulkhead). A wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free
of weld defects, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around bracket toes. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART
-6-
Critical location: Connections of floor vertical stiffeners to the bottom and inner bottom longitudinals below
bulkhead
Bulkhead bottom box
Floor
Critical
detail
Inner bottom
Bottom
longitudinal
Bottom
shell
Inner bottom
Web in line with
longitudinal stiffener
Bottom shell
A single plate may be used
incorporating integral brackets
or a web plate
Floor
Symmetrical soft toe and soft backing bracket improvement
Floor
Stiffener
or plate
d
t >d/18
t >d/18 R2.0d
R 400mm
max 15mm max 15mm
min.300mm
min.400mm
min.1.5d
min.1.0d
R1.5d
1.0d
1.0d
1.0d
1.0d
1.0d
1.0d
1.5d 1.5d
1.5d 1.5d
d
d
d
Critical locations
Inner
bottom Alignment between
girder and web
Critical locations Bottom sell
Floor
Longitudinal
girder
A
A
Inner bottom
Web
Critical
locations
Bottom shell
Section A-A
Structural
details
Connections of floor vertical
stiffeners to the bottom and inner
bot t om l ongi t udi nal s bel ow
bulkhead
Fitting of soft brackets reduces stress concentration factor
in the vicinity near the connections of foor stiffeners to the
bottom and inner bottom longitudinals and the connections of
stool to inner bottom plate.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment between brackets and stiffener webs. If soft heel is used, the remaining
cross-sectional area across the minimum width of the stiffener web is to be verifed against the rule
requirements.
Welding
requirements
Use fllet welding with a weld factor of 0.44 between inner bottom and foors. Ensure start and
stop of welding is as far away as practicable from the toes of brackets or corners. A wraparound
weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects, i.e. undercuts, notches etc, around the toe
connections of the stiffeners and backing brackets to longitudinal. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART
-7-
Critical location: Connections of bulkhead vertical web face plates to the inner bottom structure and frst walkway/
stringer
Transverse
bulkhead
Inner side shell
longitudinal
bulkhead
Vertical web
Horizontal web
Critical detail
Inner bottom
15 - 25mm
View A
Horizontal face plate
much smaller than
the vertical
Alternative
1st walkway/stringer
Gusset plate
Radius as large
as practical
Inner bottom
Ensure good
alignment
Critical locations
S
S S
A
S S
S S
S
Vertical
web
1st walkway
(stringer)
Bulkhead
Critical
locations
Inner bottom
View A
Structural
details
Connect i ons of f l oor ver t i cal
stiffeners to the bottom and inner
bottom longitudinals below bulkhead
The face plate toes of the vertical webs are to be
terminated clear of a supporting stiffener. Gusset plate is
to be ftted at connection of horizontal and vertical webs.
Building
tolerances
Ensure good alignment of face plates and webs to foors or bulkheads below.
Welding
requirements
A minimum weld factor of 0.34 is to be adopted for the connection of web plate to inner bottom
and 0.44 for the face plate to inner bottom. All rounded edges are to be free of notches. A
wraparound weld, with smooth transition and free of weld defects, i.e. undercuts, notches etc,
around toes of face plates to inner bottom plating. See Section 4, Chapter 1, PART TWO of
-8-
Area: Intermediate decks in forward holds
Critical location: Corner detail in way of stepped longitudinal bulkhead to intermediate deck connection
Stepped longitudinal
bulkhead
Critical
detail
Bearing pad
Radius to be as
large as possible
FR
Critical locations
Bearing pad
Small radius
FR
Structural
details
Corner detail in way of stepped
longitudinal bulkhead to intermediate
deck connection
The corner detail design may vary with ship design,
but in general, the radii at the corner are to be as
large as practicable. In addition to the above, it may
be considered prudent to fit insert plates of 50%
greater thickness than the surrounding plate and of
enhanced material grade. See PART TWO of Rules for
Building
tolerances
None
Welding
requirements
Welding in way of radii is to be avoided.

Guidelines-No.19 Guidelines For Fatigue Strength of Ship Structure, 2007

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GUIDANCE NOTES

caused by bow quartering and quarter following sea

of hull girders caused by wave torsional moment are to be

bimoment ranges to be calculated in accordance with 3.2.5 (3);

= warping section modulus, in cm

segmental moment of inertia of calculated section, in cm

Fit a full collar at the

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