13.6 CLASSIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS.

Steel is employed as the st !"t! al # ame i$ %a io!s #o ms o# "o$st !"tio$ &' id(es) '!ildi$(s) et".*) as +ell as i$ ei$#o "ed po tla$d "eme$t "o$" ete st !"t! al mem'e s. The "ompositio$ a$d e$(i$ee i$( p ope ties o# the steels !sed i$ these di%e se appli"atio$s %a y s!'sta$tially. Altho!(h a detailed e,ami$atio$ o# all st !"t! al -!ality steels is 'eyo$d the s"ope o# this te,t) the mai$ ( ades) types) a$d "lasses o# these steels +ill 'e ' ie#ly des" i'ed. As $oted p e%io!sly) st !"t! al steels a e "lassi#ied o$ the 'asis o# st e$(th &"lass o ( ade* as +ell as "ompositio$ &type*. Fo e,ample) the "ompositio$ a$d sele"ted p ope ties o# some &1* st !"t! al "a 'o$ steels &AST. A/36.*) &0* hi(h/st e$(th) lo+/alloy ma$(a$ese %a$adi!m steels &AST. A/1112A/340.*) a$d &3* hi(h/yield st e$(th) -!e$"hed a$d tempe ed alloy steels &AST. A/311.* a e p o%ided i$ Ta'le 13.0 a$d Fi(. 13.13. The di##e e$"es i$ st e$(th a$d d!"tility amo$( the %a io!s types "a$ 'e si($i#i"a$t) a$d the sele"tio$ o# a$ app op iate steel sho!ld 'e 'ased o$ the e$d !se o# the st !"t! al eleme$t. Steels !sed as ei$#o "i$( eleme$ts i$ po tla$d "eme$t "o$" ete st !"t! al mem'e s a e a%aila'le i$ se%e al #o ms a$d +ith a %a iety o# p ope ties. Disti$"tio$ m!st 'e made 'et+ee$ &1* plai$ a$d de#o med ei$#o "i$( 'a s &Fi(. 13.16&a**) &0* +i e #o +elded +i e #a' i" &Fi(. 13.16&'**) a$d &3* 'a ) +i e) a$d st a$d &Fi(. 13.16&"**) #o p est essi$(. 5 adi$(s a$d sele"ted p ope ties a e p ese$ted i$ Ta'le 13.3) a$d typi"al st ess/st ai$ "! %es a e sho+$ i$ Fi(. 13.14. The time/depe$de$t 'eha%io o# steels is o# i$te est i$ p est essed mem'e s) +he e ela,atio$ o# the steel ed!"es its st ess le%el +ith time) as sho+$ i$ Fi(. 13.16. Note that the st ess loss is ( eate #o hi(he p est ess le%els &see Chapte 4*.

0 TA7LE 13.0 P ope ties a$d Compositio$ o# Sele"ted St !"t! al Steels Chemi"al Compositio$) 8 +t. .e"ha$i"al P ope ties C P S Si :.13/:.1: :.13/:.1:d :.13/:.6:d 9ield Te$sile St e$(h St e$(h &mi$*&.Pa*&.Pa* 03: 1::/33: 0:/ Elo$(atio$ Type &ma,* .$ &ma,* &ma,* &8* Ca 'o$a :.03/:.0;d :.6:/1.0:d :.:1 :.:3 d 03 <i(h st e$(th :.01/:.06d 1.33/1.63d :.:1 :.:3 d 01 lo+ alloy' =!e$"hed > :.1:/:.01d :.1:/1.3:d :.:3 :.:1 16 tempe ed alloy" a AST. A/36.. ' AST. A/340.. " AST. A/311.. d Ra$(e o# %al!es) depe$di$( o$ shape a$d si?e o# st !"t! al eleme$t.

0;:/13:d 113/33:d 13/ 60:/6;:d 6;:/6;3d

TA7LE 13.3 P ope ties o# Sele"ted Steels #o Co$" ete Rei$#o "eme$t Type o# 5 ade 9ield St e$(th &mi$* Rei$#o "eme$t .Pa 7a sa 3:: 3:: 1:: 1:: 3:: 3:: Steel +i e #o Smooth' 163 +elded +i e #a' i" De#o med" 163 P est essi$( 'a sd Plai$ 66: De#o med 603 Se%e$/+i e 03: st a$de 04: a AST. A/613.. ' AST. A/60. " AST. A/1;6. d AST. A/400. e AST. A/116.

Te$sile St e$(th &mi$* .Pa 3:: 6:: 4:: 33: 33: 1:33 1:33 1403 166:

Fi(! e 13.13 St ess/st ai$ "! %es o# sele"ted st !"t! al steels &# om S. E. Coope ) Designing Steel Structures, P e$ti"e <all) 1;63) p. 63) adapted # om Steel Design Manual, 1;61) U.S.Steel Co.*.

Fi(! e 13.16 Shape o# sele"ted steels !sed #o "o$" ete ei$#o "eme$t@ &a* de#o med 'a s) &'* +elded +i e #a' i" &Co! tesy o# T ee Isla$d I$d!st ies) Ne+ Aestmi$ste ) 7.C.* &"* +i e st a$d #o p est essi$(

Fi(! e 13.14 St ess/st ai$ "! %es #o sele"ted steels #o "o$" ete ei$#o "eme$t &a#te A. E. Naama$ , Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design, ."5 a+/<ill) 1;60) p. 31*. Fi(! e 13.16 St ess ela,atio$ i$ p ete$sio$ed steel #o p est essi$( &a#te A.E. Naama$) Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design, ."5 a+/<ill) 1;60) p. 31*. Atte$tio$ also sho!ld 'e (i%e$ to the 'eha%io o# st !"t! al steels i$ se %i"e. Co osio$ !$de (e$e al atmosphe i" "o$ditio$s +as dis"!ssed i$ Se"tio$ 13.3) a$d i$ po tla$d "eme$t "o$" ete i$ Se"tio$ 10.3. I$ additio$) pe #o ma$"e at hi(h tempe at! es +ith espe"t to #i e sa#ety is impo ta$t. A'o%e 3::BC the e is a te$de$"y #o some loss i$ st e$(th &Fi(. 13.1;* a$d sti##$ess) +hi"h may 'e"ome %e y si($i#i"a$t a'o%e 6::C.

Fi(! e 13.1; E##e"t o# tempe at! e o$ the st e$(th o# %a io!s types o# steels &a#te 7. C. 7a dha$/Roy) DFi e Resista$"e/Desi($ a$d Detaili$()D Chapte 11 i$ Handbook of Structural Concrete, F. C. Co$() R. <. E%a$s) E. Cohe$) a$d F. Roll) Eds.) Pitma$ Ad%a$"ed P!'lishi$( P o( am) 1;63) pp. 11/16* Altho!(h the st e$(th loss may 'e e"o%e ed &depe$di$( o$ the le%el o# tempe at! e* o$ "ooli$() o$e sho!ld "o$side the load/"a yi$( "apa"ity o# the steel i$ the hi(h/tempe at! e "o$ditio$ +ith espe"t to its a'ility to s!ppo t the loads imposed o$ the st !"t! e +itho!t #aili$( +hile the "o$ditio$s o# hi(h tempe at! e e,ist. E,"essi%e de#o matio$ i$ a steel st !"t! e e,posed to #i e may 'e a(( a%ated 'y the ed!"tio$ i$ mod!l!s o# elasti"ity at hi(h tempe at! e.

7I7LIO5RAP<9 D. T. LLEAELL9N) Steels: Metallurgy and Applications. 7!tte +o th/<ei$ema$$ Ltd.) 1;;0.

Manual of Steel Construction, &6th Editio$*) Ame i"a$ I$stit!te o# Steel Co$st !"tio$) 1;6:.

Metals Handbook Volume , Properties and Selection: !rons, Steels, and Hig"/Performance Alloys, &1:th Editio$*) AS. I$te $atio$al) 1;;:.

4 PRO7LE.S 1. Ahat is a st !"t! al steelE Ahat is the di##e e$"e 'et+ee$ a plai$ "a 'o$ a$d a lo+ alloy st !"t! al steelE 0. Ahat is the e##e"t o# a$ i$" ease i$ "a 'o$ "o$te$t # om : 8 to 1 8 o$ the &i* i o$ "a 'ide &"eme$tite) Fe3C* "o$te$t) &ii* st e$(th a$d &iii* to!(h$ess o# a$ a$$ealed) plai$ "a 'o$ steelE 3. Ide$ti#y a$d des" i'e the t+o mi" ost !"t! eF "o$stit!e$ts +hi"h maGe !p a typi"al st !"t! al steel. <o+ is ea"h o# these mi" o"o$stit!e$ts #o medE <o+ does ea"h a##e"t the me"ha$i"al p ope ties o# the steelE 1. Ahat is a DGilledD steel a$d ho+ is it p od!"edE 3. Ahat is the me"ha$ism 'y +hi"h "a 'o$ a$d $it o(e$ st e$(the$ lo+ alloy steelsE 6. 7 ie#ly des" i'e the st e$(the$i$( me"ha$ism es!lti$( # om +o G/ha de$i$( &st ai$/ha de$i$(*. Ahy is this method o# st e$(the$i$( $ot "ommo$ly !sed #o st !"t! al steelsE 4. <o+ a e 'ai$ite a$d ma te$site #o medE Ahat is the di##e e$"e i$ the p ope ties o# these t+o phasesE Ahy a e these phases $ot sho+$ o$ the i o$/i o$ "a 'ide phase dia( amE 6. Ahat di##e e$"es i$ mi" ost !"t! e a$d me"ha$i"al p ope ties a e p od!"ed 'y -!e$"hi$() $o mali?i$() o #!lly a$$eali$( a sample o# st !"t! al steelE ;. E,plai$ the di##e e$"es 'et+ee$ &i* elasti" a$d plasti" de#o matio$) &ii* p opo tio$al limit a$d yield st e$(th) a$d &iii* dis"o$ti$!o!s yieldi$( a$d st ai$/ha de$i$(. 1:. <o+ "a$ the ' ittle # a"t! e o# st !"t! al steel mem'e s 'e p e%e$tedE 11. Ahat is D+elda'ilityD a$d ho+ is it a##e"ted 'y i$" easi$( "a 'o$ a$d alloy "o$te$ts i$ a st !"t! al steelE 10. Ahat "o$ditio$s may es!lt i$ the #o matio$ o# a (al%a$i" mi" o"ell o$ the s! #a"e o# a st !"t! al steelE 13. Ide$ti#y a$d ' ie#ly des" i'e the most "ommo$ #o m o# steel "o osio$. 11. Ahat #a"to s i$#l!e$"e the !se#!l$ess o# ?i$" "oati$(s as a #o m o# "o osio$ p ote"tio$ #o st !"t! al steelsE