1

Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune

King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
Mechanical Engineering Department
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
2
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
3
6-9 Modifications of the Mohr Theory for
Brittle Materials
Brittle-Coulomb-Mohr (BCM) Theory
Modified I-Mohr Theory
Modified II-Mohr Theory
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
4
Modified II-Mohr Theory
Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM) Theory
Same as discussed before for Coulomb-Mohr Theory for ductile
materials. For
0
A A B
ut
n
S
=
A B

Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
5
0
1
0
0
A A B
A B
A B
B A B
n
n
ut uc
uc
n
S S
S




=
=
=
Graphically
0
1
0
A A B
A B
A B
ut
n
n
ut uc
S
S S



=
=
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
6
0
B A B
ut uc
uc
n
S
=
Figure 6-27
Biaxial fracture data of
gray cast iron compared
with various failure
criteria.
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
7
Modified I-Mohr (M1M) Theory
Observed experimental data resulted in modification of Brittle
Coulomb Mohr (BCM) Theory.
Similar to the Maximum-Normal-Stress (MNS) Theory and the
Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM) Theory in the First and Third
quadrants.
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
8
In the fourth quadrant, it is less conservative than the BCM
Theory but more conservative than the MNS theory.
: 0
0 1 and
A A B
B
A B

=

Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
9
1
0 1
0
and
A
B B
A B
A
B A B
n
uc ut uc
S S S

= >
=
Fail
Safe
Safety factor:
i. 1
st
and 4th Quad
above Pure Shear Line
ii. 4
th
Quad below Pure
Shear Line
1 & 0
0
| | > >
> > =
A
B
B A
B A
ut
A
n
S

Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
10
A B
uc
B
n
S
> >

= 0
Shear Line
n S S S
S S
uc
B
ut uc
A ut uc
1 ) (
=

1 & 0 | | > > >
A
B
B A

Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
11
Modified II-Mohr (M2M) Theory
Similar to the previous theories but different in the fourth
quadrant.
Data lying in the fourth quadrant were found to be outside the
extended region.
The Modified II-Mohr (M2M) extends the region in the fourth
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
12
ME 307 MACHINE DESIGN I
12
The Modified II-Mohr (M2M) extends the region in the fourth
quadrant where using a parabolic relation.
The parabola is of the form such that it
is tangent to the vertical at
1
A B

2
1
B B A
a b c + + =
A B ut
S = =
: 0
0 1 and
Case A
A A B
B
A B
A
ut
n
S

=

Similar to
previous case
(M1M)
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
13
2
1 0 1
0
an Case B:
Case C:
d

A
B
A B
A B
A
B A B
n
n
ut
ut ut uc
uc
n
S
S S S
S

| |
+
|
+ = >
|
\
=

Modified II-Mohr
(M2M) Theory
Safety factor:
4
th
Quad below Pure Shear
Line.
Safe
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
14
ME 307 MACHINE DESIGN I
14
Figure 6-28
Fourth quadrant
data for a grade 40 cast iron,
compared with a modified II
Mohr fracture locus.
( )
,
A B

Fail
6-10 Failure of Brittle Materials Summary
All theories agree in the first and third quadrant.
In the fourth quadrant:
MNS fails.
CM Conservative.
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
15
Mod. I Mohr less conservative.
Mod. II Mohr matches experimental data better.
Figure 6-29
A plot of experimental
data points obtained
from tests on Cast Iron.
Shown also are the
graphs of three failure
theories of possible
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
16
theories of possible
usefulness for brittle
materials. Notice points
A, B, C and D. To avoid
congestion in the first
quadrant, points have
been plotted for
As well as for the
opposite sense.
A B
>
6-11 Selection of Failure Criteria
For Ductile Materials:
The preferred criterion is the DE theory, although some
designers also apply the MSS theory because of its simplicity
and conservative Nature.
For Brittle behavior:
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
17
For Brittle behavior:
Refer to the flowchart of Figure 6-30
Ductile Materials and Brittle Material
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
18
Ductile Materials and Brittle Material
Slide # Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading 19
Figure 6-30
Failure Theory
selection flowchart.
6-12Static or Quasi Static Loading
on a Shaft
In machinery, the general
term shaft refers to a
member, usually of circular
cross-section, which
supports gears, sprockets,
wheels, rotors, etc., and
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
20
wheels, rotors, etc., and
which is subjected to
torsion and to transverse or
axial loads acting singly or
in combination.
An axle is a non-rotating
member that supports
wheels, pulleys, and
carries no torque.
Quasi static loading on a shaft means
shaft rotating at a very low speed.
6-12 Static or Quasi Static Loading
on a Shaft
The design of a shaft involves
the study of
1. Static and fatigue stress
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
21
1. Static and fatigue stress
and strength
2. Bending and Torsional
Deflection and rigidity
3. Critical Speed
6-12 Static or Quasi Static Loading
on a Shaft
The fundamental
kinematic component of
our mechanical universe
is the wheel and axle.
An essential part of this
revolute joint is the
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
22
revolute joint is the
shaft. It is a good
example of a static and
quasi-static loading, and
dynamically loaded
application.
chapter
6-12 Static or Quasi Static Loading
on a Shaft
The stress at an element located
on the surface of a solid round
shaft of diameter d subjected to
bending, axial loading, and
twisting is
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
23
3 2
32 4
x
M F
d d

= +
3
16
xy
T
d

=
Normal stress
Shear stress
Non-zero principal stresses
1 2
2
2
,
2 2
x y x y
A B xy


(
+
| | | |
= + (
| |
(
\ \

6-12 Static or Quasi Static Loading
on a Shaft
( )
1/ 2 1/2
2 2 2 2
1/ 2
2
2
3
' 3
4
' 8 48
A A B B x xy
M Fd T
d

( (
= + = +

(
= + +

Von Mises stress
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
24
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
max
1/ 2
2
2
max
3
1
4
2 2
2
8 64
A B
x xy
M Fd T
d

= = +
(
= + +

Maximum Shear
Stress Theory
6-12 Static or Quasi Static Loading
on a Shaft
( )
1/ 2 1/2
2 2 2 2
1/ 2
2
2
3
' 3
4
' 8 48
A A B B x xy
M Fd T
d

( (
= + = +

(
= + +

Von Mises stress (6-37)
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
25
( )
( )
1 2
2 2
max
1/ 2
2
2
max
3
1
4
2 2
2
8 64
A B
x xy
M Fd T
d

= = +
(
= + +

Maximum Shear
Stress Theory
(6-38)
The above equations permit an estimate of and when
diameter is given, or an estimate of when an allowable value
of or is given.
'
max

d d
'
max

6-12 Static or Quasi Static Loading

on a Shaft
(6-39)
For a design factor of ,the distortion energy theory of ductile failure
gives an allowable stress of
d
n
'
y
all
d
S
n
=
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
26
d
n
For a design factor of ,the maximum shear theory of ductile failure
gives an allowable shear stress of
d
n
2
sy y
ll
d d
S S
n n
= =
(6-40)
Static or Quasi Static Loading on a Shaft-bending
and Torsion
1/ 2
2 2
3
16
' 4 3 M T
d

(
= +

Von Mises stress (6-41)
Under many conditions, the axial force F in Eqs. (6-37) and (6-38) is
either zero or so small that its effect may be neglected. With F = 0,
Eqs. (6-37) and (6-38) become
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
27
d
1/ 2
2 2
max
3
16
M T
d

(
= +

Maximum Shear
Stress Theory
(6-42)
Static or Quasi Static Loading on a Shaft-bending
and Torsion
( )
( )
1/3
1/ 2
2 2
1/ 2
2 2
16
4 3
1 16
4 3
y
n
d M T
S
M T

(
= +
(
(

= +
Von Mises stress
(6-43)
(6-44)
Substitution of the allowable stresses from Eqs. 6-39 and 6-40 we find
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
28
( )
1/ 2
2 2
3
1 16
4 3
y
M T
n d S
= +
( )
( )
1/3
1/2
2 2
1/2
2 2
3
32
1 32
y
y
n
d M T
S
M T
n d S

(
= +
(
(

= +
Maximum Shear
Stress Theory
(6-44)
(6-45)
(6-46)
Example 6-5
Consider the wrench in Ex. 6-
3, Fig. 6-24, as made of cast
iron, machined to dimension.
The force F required to
fracture this part can be
regarded as the strength of
the component part. If the
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
29 29
the component part. If the
material is ASTM grade 30 cast
iron, find the force F with
a) Coulomb-Mohr failure
model
b) Mod. I-Mohr failure model
c) Mod. II-Mohr failure model
Figure. 6-24
Example 6-5
(Contd)
Assumptions:
1. Lever DC strong enough
and is not part of the
problem.
2. Since Grade Cast Iron is a
brittle material and cast
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
30 30
brittle material and cast
iron, the stress
concentration factors
and are set to unity.
3. Table A-24 =
Figure. 6-24
t
K
ts
K
31
109
Kpsi
Kpsi
ut
uc
S
S
=
=
Example 6-5
(Contd)
Assumptions:
4. Stresses on element at A
Tensile bending stress
Torsional stress.
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
31 31
5. The location at A is the
weakest location and it
governs the strength of
the assembly.
Figure. 6-24
Example 6-5 (Contd)
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3
32 14
32
1 142.6
1
x t t
F
M M
K K F
I C d

= = = =
Shear stress
Normal stress
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
32 32
( )
( )
( )
3 3
16 15
16
1 76.4
1
xy ts ts
F
T r T
K K F
J d

= = = =
1 2
2
2
,
2 2
x y x y
A B xy


(
+
| | | |
= + (
| |
(
\ \

Non-zero principal stresses
Example 6-5 (Contd)
Non-zero principal stresses
( )
1 2
2
142.6 0 142.6 0
, 76.4
2 2
175.8
32.2
A B
A
F F
F
F
F

(
+
| | | |
= +
(
| |
\ \
(

=
=
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
33 33
32.2
B
F =
Case II
It locates the principal stresses in
the fourth quadrant of the
plane
( )
,
A B

Example 6-5
(Contd)
a) Brittle Coulomb-
Mohr (BCM) Theory
1
0
A B
A B
n
ut uc
S S

=
Slide # 34 34
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
34
Fourth
Quadrant
( )
( )
( )
3 3
32.2
175.8
1
31 10 109 10
F
F

=
Solving for F yields
167 lbf F =
Example 6-5
(Contd)
b) Modified I Mohr
Theory
The slope of the load line is
32.2
0.189 1 = = <
Slide # 35 35
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
35
( )
3
175.8
1
31 10
A
F
ut
S

= =
Fourth
Quadrant
176 lbf F =
32.2
0.189 1
175.8
B A
= = <
Obviously, Eq. (6-32 a)
applies
Example 6-5 (Contd)
c) Modified II Mohr Theory
Again the slope of the load line is
32.2
0.189 1 = = <
Slide # 36 36
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
36
( )
3
175.8
1
31 10
A
F
ut
S

= =
176 lbf F =
Obviously, Eq. (6-32 a) applies

It is clear that Coulomb-Mohr Theory is more conservative.

0.189 1
175.8
B A
= = <
Example 6-6
(Textbook)
The integral pinion
shaft shown in Figure
6-31a is to be mounted
in bearings at the
locations shown and is
to have a gear (not
shown) mounted on the
Figure 6-31a
Slide # 37 37
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
37
shown) mounted on the
right-hand overhanging
end.
Figure 6-31a
The loading diagram
Figure (6-31b) shows
the pinion force at A
and the gear force at C
are in the same plane.
Example 6-6
(Cont.d)
Equal and opposite
torques T
A
and T
B
are represented as
concentrated at A
and C, as are the forces.
The bending moment
diagram of Fig. 6-31c
Slide # 38 38
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
38
The smaller diameter at B makes the location B the
critical location at the center of the right-hand
bearing.
diagram of Fig. 6-31c
shows an extreme at A
and B.
Since the shaft is used at intermittent emergencies, its use will not exceed
1000 revolution at full load, so the problem can be treated as quasi-static. The
material is heat-treated carbon steel with a mean yield strength of 66 Kpsi
Example 6-6(Cont.d)
In this circumstance the project engineer decides to use a design factor of
1.8.
What is the smallest right-hand bearing journal diameter determined
from Distortion-Energy Theory (DE) and by a Maximum-Shear-Stress (MSS)
approximation?
Solution
( )
1/3
16n
(
Slide # 39 39
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
39
Von Mises stress
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1/3
1/ 2
2 2
1/3
1/ 2
2 2
16
4 3
16 1.80
4 1925 3 3300
66000
0.986 in
y
n
d M T
S
d
d

(
= +
(
(

(
= +
(

=
( )
1/3
1/ 2
2 2
16
4 3
n
d M T
S
(
= +
(
(

Von Mises stress
Example 6-6(Cont.d)
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
40
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
40
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1/3
1/ 2
2 2
16 1.80
4 1925 3 3300
66000
0.986 in
y
S
d
d

(

(
= +
(

=
( )
1/3
1/2
2 2
32n
d M T
S
(
= +
(
(

Maximum Shear Stress Theory
Example 6-6(Cont.d)
Slide #
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
41
Chapter 16: Failure Resulting from Static Loading
41
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1/3
1/2
2 2
32 1.80
1925 3300
66000
1.02 in
y
S
d
d

(

(
= +
(

=