Notes by michelle, http://www.talkingpeople.

net/

ADVERBS AND ADVERBIALS Adverbs and adverbials may be one or several words that offer information on circumstances connected to the state or activity named by the verb. Adverbs are one-word items that modify verbs. Adverbials may be single words or else phrases that provide information about when, where, how, or why things happen. So adverbs fall into the category of adverbials. The difficulties around them have to do with where we should place adverbs. Adverbs and the wider category of adverbials belong to the predicate, and there they may be placed next to the verb or after the object (at the end . !ut they may be found at the beginning of a sentence , provided they do not separate the subject from the verb. A general idea which may be useful is this" elements in a sentence organi#e around the heart of the sentence, S $ %, in a hierarchical manner" the more important they are, the closer they are to the heart. &or instance, an object (' is more important than an adverbial of time because it is closer to the verb, so the adverbial of time can never interfere between the % and its ', and must be placed after. ('f course, adverbs are sometimes very close to the verb, see the case of &re(uency Adverbs. Another general idea is" when an element that usually comes before another is long, the shorter element may come before. !ut you needn)t thin* about this because you)ll probably do it intuitively. Do you go out with your friends EVERY WEEKEND? Do you go out EVERY WEEKEND with all of those really noisy friends of yours?! 1. Manner: How? Adverbs and adverbials of manner go after the verb or the object, if there is one. They are not placed between % and '. They worked HARD he dan!ed "EA#T$%#&&Y They did it VERY WE&& They worked $N A 'REAT R# H They did it W$TH A 'REAT DEA& (% N($ E The exception is when the object is long" +hen % $ prep $ ', the adverb could be placed before the preposition if the object is long. The little !hildren looked at e)eryone # *$+$(# &Y The little !hildren looked # *$+$(# &Y at e)eryone who ga)e out sweets +hen % $ ', the adverb could be placed before the verb if the object is long. They +ARE%#&&Y ,i!ked u, all the -its of -roken glass
Adverbs concerned with character and intelligence, li*e foolishly. kindly. generously. stu,idly, etc., may ta*e two positions, but meaning changes" He answered the /uestions %((&$ H&Y , -e answered in a foolish manner, his answers were foolish He %((&$ H&Y answered the /uestions , -is a!tion was foolish, it was foolish of him to answer at all He s,oke K$ND&Y , -is words were *ind He K$ND&Y waited for us , .t was *ind of him to wait for us +/00 can be an adverb of manner or of degree. "AD&Y He reads WE&& (manner as an adverb of manner goes also at the end. !ut as an They s,eak English WE&& (manner adverb of degree, it can precede the verb. They treated 0e WE&& (manner The door needs a !oat of ,aint "AD&Y he knows the town WE&& (degree The door "AD&Y needs a !oat of ,aint hake it well -efore o,ening it (degree $ need a drink "AD&Y The ,resents were well wra,,ed u, (degree $ "AD&Y need a drink 1ote" The difference between manner and degree depends !AS.2A003 on what you want to mean. .t)s unimportant.

2. Pla e: !"ere? 4lace adverbials are usually placed in end position. They li)ed HERE They found the dog (#T $N THE W((D Did you see 0y keys ANYWHERE? -owever, in descriptive writing and reports, we can move them to the front, to introduce the theme or to highlight where something happened. AT THE 1EET$N' we distri-uted this year2s (ffi!e Re,orts
1otice" if the verb following is !/, S-% inversion occurs. NE3T T( 1ARY was 4oe. laughing his head off (li*e 5there be6" Ne5t to 1ary there was a 0an6

Notes by michelle, http://www.talkingpeople.net/

!e careful" $N THE 'ARDEN ,eo,le were ,re,aring the ,arty This also happens in descriptive writing with intransitive verbs indicating position or movement to a position, li*e hang. lie. li)e. sit. stand7 !o0e. fly. go. 0ar!h. roll. run. swi0. walk8 "EY(ND THE H(# E lay an o,en field !ut we don)t do this if the intransitive verb is followed by a manner adverb (or with trans. %erbs, %$' " A"(VE H$ HEAD the sword hung 1ENA+$N'&Y 9 $N THE 'ARDEN 1ary -uilt a tree house6

#. $i%e: !"en? ( +e *now that T.7/ A8%/9!.A0S are placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. A%TERWARD we -u0,ed into 1uriel EVENT#A&&Y we found the station thank god! &ATE&Y $ ha)e had the strangest feeling: (Stevie +onder The weather will -e 0u!h !ooler T(1(RR(W You 0ust ha)e handed in your e5er!ises "Y N(VE1"ER : We2)e -een drea0ing a-out it %(R YEAR

1otice what happens when you move the time adverbial to the beginning in the last two examples.

!ut this is not always so, of course; 0oo* at these adverbs of time, which are placed in mid-position"

<. =>ST is placed before the main verb with perfect tenses when we want to express" 5acabar de6 $ hacer algo. $2)e 4# T finished8 We had 4# T finished when the tea!her asked so0eone out8 ?. ST.00 is placed before the verb, li*e fre(uency adverbs. Are you T$&& doing your e5er!ise? Yes. $ a0 T$&& doing it! /xception" $ a0 still here (if the main verb is !/ . 1otice" 5are, am6 in the first examples are au5iliary )er-s and notice 5am6 in the former example is a main verb. @. 3/T can only be placed at the end" $ ha)en2t finished 0y e5er!ise YET. Aren2t you ready YET? The adverbs 8A.03, -'>903, 7'1T-03, +//A03: go in end position (as if they were manner adverbs; The we- ,age is u,dated WEEK&Y (RDER; MANNER + PLACE + TIME 9often. T$1E <== #"4E+T>VER"=== 1ANNER > *&A+E6 &. 're()en *: How o+,en?

'ne-word &9/B>/123 A8%/9!S are >S>A003 placed be+ore the main verb (except if it is !/; " We # #A&&Y go out on aturdays $ ha)e NEVER seen a #%( Are you A&WAY shouting?!
/xception, the modals 5used to6 and 5have to6. We HARD&Y EVER ha)e to re0ind the0 of -ringing their -ooks And when we give short answers. Then the fre(uency adverb goes before the auxiliary" +an you ,ark well here (manner $ place ? Yes. $ # #A&&Y !an8

.f there are two auxiliaries before the main verb, then they are placed after the first auxiliary" You ha)e (%TEN -een told not to do that8 +hen we have adverbial expressions expressing fre(uency, such as 5once a wee*6, 5twice a month6, 5three times a year6, 5every other day6, 5on 7ondays6, 5every month6, 5each single day6: we have to treat them as if they were adverbials of time, and place them at the beginning or at the end. We (%TEN dri)e to the seaside TW$+E A YEAR (N 1(NDAY she goes to the gy0 he goes to the gy0 (N 1(NDAY '22AS.'1A003, you will find fre(uency adverbs at the beginning of the sentence, as in this sentence; (1ET$1E $ ha)e to -e u, at eight
+hen this happens, if the fre(uency is indefinite and the verb has a negative meaning, li*e -A9803 /%/9, 1/%/9, 9A9/03, S/08'7, 1'T '12/: then a S-% inversion is necessary" NEVER ha)e $ seen su!h a -eautiful -a-y! N(T (N+E did she say she was sorry?

-. .o%%en,/View0oin, and .onne ,in1 Adverbials

*resu0a-ly@. ? +ertainly@. ? +learly@. ? #ndou-tedly@. ? (-)iously@. ? As 0ight -e e5,e!ted. ? adly. ? (ddly enough. ? $nterestingly enough. ? 'enerally s,eaking. ? Wisely. ? Wrongly. ? To 0y disa,,oint0ent. ? To 0y sur,rise. ? To -e honestAfair.

Notes by michelle, http://www.talkingpeople.net/ ? To ,ut it si0,ly. ? (n a)erage. ? %inan!ially. ? $deologi!ally. ? 1orally. ? *oliti!ally. ? %ro0 a te!hni!al ,oint of )iew. ? *ersonally. ? As a result. ? i0ilarly. ? @ Degree of !ertainty

They !ertainly worked hard