CONTENTS

Objectives Scope and Limitations Overview Single Line Diagram First Private Pole

Whats inside the Substation

Operation Maintenance

Questions

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lecture, the participants should be able to:

Identify the basic parts of First Private Pole

Visualize the typical substation installation that SM has. Identify the major elements of a substation.

Know the basic monitoring and operation procedures.

Know the standard maintenance program and procedures.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This presentation is limited to:

First Private Pole SMs Typical Indoor Substation Whats inside a Substation

OVERVIEW

Substation
A. Classification According to Requirement:

Transformer Substation
Switching Substation Power Factor Correction Substation

Frequency Changer Substation

Converting Substation Industrial Substation

Substation
B. Classification According to Construction Features:

Outdoor Substation

Indoor Substation
Underground Substation

SMCLS 5MVA INDOOR SUBSTATION

Aerial view

Definition
Electrical Substation:

a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers Performs switching, which is the connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the system
Used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits or lines in and out of a system SM Calamba Electrical SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdf

Typical Single Line Diagram

SM Calamba Electrical SLD-feb2012-SHORT-B.pdf

SLD of LBS
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Actual Photo of LBS on FPP

Closer Look of the FPP

Incoming 34.5kV lines from Meralco a

Suspension Insulators

Termination Kit

XLPE (to substation)

Closer Look of the FPP

LBS

Power Fuse: 150E, Cat# 134250R4 , 34.5kV, S&C Electric Co.

Whats inside the Substation?

MVSG2

T2

LVSG2 T1 LVSG1

MVSG1

Switchgear
A switching and interrupting device combined with associated control, regulating, metering, and protective devices, used primarily in connection with the generation, transmission, distribution, and conversion of electric power.

MVSG
Medium Voltage Switchgear, rated 34.5kV

Used to connect or disconnect a part of a medium-voltage power system.

directly linked to the quality of the electricity supply

MVSG

280cm

T1

250cm

173cm

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MVSG: inner view

VCB

PT

Current Transformer

VCB

VCB SLD

Representation of vaccum interrupter Chamber in VCB

with rated current up to 3000 A, interrupts the current by creating and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container For 34.5kV

have longer life expectancies between overhaul than do air circuit breakers.

MVSG Metering Devices

PQMII PQ Meter provides metering for current, voltage, real power, reactive power, apparent power, energy use, cost of power, power factor, and frequency. True RMS monitoring of Ia, Ib, Ic, In, Van, Vbn, Vcn, Vab, Vbc, Vca, voltage/current unbalance, power factor, line frequency, watts, vars, VA, Wh, varh, VAh, and demand readings for A, W, vars, and VA.

MVSG Metering Devices

Feeder Protection Relay: Features Time delay overcurrent either phase or ground fault Instantaneous overcurrent

Thermal Image Protection

Transformer
Oil Immersed Power Transformer transforms voltage from high to low or the reverse with the windings immersed in a highlyrefined transformer oil that remains stable at transformer operating temperature Instantaneous overcurrent

Transformer
Oil Immersed Power Transformer indoor or outdoor, normally for temperature no lower than -5C.

Ambient temperature must not exceed 40C and minimum -5C

Cut-away view:
three-phase oil-cooled transformer with oil reservoir visible at the top; radiative fins aid the dissipation of heat.

Transformer
The operation of the transformer is based on electromagnetic theory proposed by Lenz and further developed by Maxwell. When a current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field is produced. By placing another conductor within that magnetic field, a voltage is induced in that conductor. This principle provides the basis for transformer action. The transformer transfers power by electromagnetic induction between circuits at the same frequency, but at different voltage and current.

Heinrich Lenz

The induced current in the copper ring creates its own magnetic field that opposes the magnetic field that created it

Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil. No matter how the change is produced, the voltage will be generated. The change could be produced by changing the magnetic field strength, moving a magnet toward or away from the Michael Faraday coil, moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field, rotating the coil faradays-law_en.jar relative to the magnet, etc

 Static magnetic fields lines ALWAYS form closed loops. They encircle moving charges according to the right hand rule.

James Clerk Maxwell

There is another source of electric and magnetic fields, when either of those fields changes with time: Changing magnetic fields is a source of electric fields Changing electric fields are a source of magnetic fields
James Clerk Maxwell

The fields produced by this change are called dynamic or induced fields

Vs/Vp = Ns/Np Ip/Is = Ns/Np Where: Vp = primary voltage Vs = sec. voltage Ns/Np = turns ratio AC in one circuit induces an AC in a second circuit Ip/Is = current ratio

Transfers power between the two circuits

Doesnt transfer charge between the two circuits

Step down transformer: Ns < Np

Others: Step-down transformer Autotransformer

8 7 6

1
2 4

1 Filling & pressure relief cap 2 oil level 3 air breather 4 thermometer 5 drain valve 6 gas relay

7 mv bushings
8 lv bushings 9 tap changer
5

Gas Relay or Buccholz relay mounted on the pipe connecting the highest part of the transformer tank and the conservator first stage detects the slow accumulation of gas generated from an incipient or minor fault, such as damaged winding or core insulation, loose connections, etc. second stage operates on the sudden rise in oil pressure in the main tank caused by faults of a major nature, such as internal flash overs, short circuited turns, etc. The first stage is used for alarm, and the second stage is used for trip.
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LVSG

Inner view of LVSG

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39 | SM Indoor Substation | 17 Oct 2012 | CPDelosReyes

LVSG
Used to connect or disconnect a part of a low-voltage power system. tie breaker

ATS
Normal CB Emergency CB

Feeder CBs
Capbank CB Metering devices

ATS and Tie CB

ATS and Tie CB

ATS SLD

Air Circuit Breakers

rated current up to 10,000 A trip characteristics are often fully adjustable including configurable trip thresholds and delays. Usually electronically controlled, though some models are microprocessor controlled via an integral electronic trip unit. Common Brand installed: GE (Powerbreak II and Entelliguard)

Air Circuit Breakers for LVSG

Entelliguard: Tie, Normal & Emergency

Power Break II: Feeder CBs

Power Break II: Manual Operation

The circuit breaker closing spring is energized by the size operation of the retractable pump handle Depress the PUSH ON button to close the breaker contact The circuit breaker opening spring are automatically charged when the breaker is closed Depress the PUSH OFF button to open the breaker contact

Power Break II: Manual Operation

ON/OFF INDICAT OR MAIN BREAKER CONTACTS CHARGING SPRING INDICATOR DISCHARGED CHARGED CONDITION OF CHARGING SPRING DISCHARGED NEXT PERMISSIBLE OPERATING FUNCTION CLOSING SPRINGS MAY BE CHARGED CONTACTS MAY BE CLOSED CONTACTS MAY BE OPENED, OR CLOSING COIL MAY BE CHARGED

OFF OFF

OPEN OPEN

FULLY CHARGED
DISCHARGED FULLY CHARGED

ON

CLOSED

DISCHARGED

ON

CLOSED

CHARGED

CONTACTS MAY BE OPENED

CLOSING SPRING MAY BE DISCHARGED WITHOUT CLOSING CONTACTS BY DEPRESSING OFF BUTTON WHILE PUSHING ON BUTTON

OFF

OPEN

CHARGED

FULLY CHARGED

G.E. Substation Monitoring

Communication Wire (Twisted Pair)

Feeder (MVT) Meter & Relay

Multinet Concentrator

Multilink

PMCS/CIMPLICITY Enervista Viewpoint Monitoring

What data do we get from the substation monitoring?

Phase and Line Voltages, Currents
kVA, kW, kWH (with min, ave and max values) Trending reports (graph of the parameters)

Per minute, hourly, daily

Trip unit set points/settings

Sample data

Substation Monitoring
Though there is Enervista, Substation electricians shall log / monitor the following: MVSG and LVSG readings phase and line currents, kW, kWH, kVA, pf Daily kwH reading of Main Meter and feeder meters inside substation CB tripping Fluctuations

Interruptions
Abnormalities: oil leak, burnt bus bars/wires, high temp, water leak, busted pilot lamps

Housekeeping

How to start the Genset in Auto using MVSG

Toggle selector to TRIP; toggle to CLOSE to normalize Used during Genset load test Used only when there is a need to isolate the normal supply

Note: no synchronizing panel for gensets

How to start the Genset in Auto using LVSG

Select Emergency to AUTO Toggle Normal to Test Used only during no load test Note: no synchronizing panel for gensets

When to use the tie CB at Normal Power

When one Bank is down (no power supply to one MVSG; one transformer is down)

When to use the tie CB at Emergency Power

At night, when load is too low to be supplied by all two gensets (e.g. for a substation with two banks) When one genset is down

How to use the tie CB (Emergency Power)

Select the flow of the power on the tie CB (e.g. from LVSG 1 to LVSG 2) Unlock the LOTO of the tie CB Open Normal CB of LVSG 2

Select Manual for the Emergency Selector

Charge the tie CB Depress button CLOSE of tie CB

Note: you may also turn-off all CBs of bank 2 before energizing the tie CB, then select which among the feeders you desire to energize

How to return to
Select the flow of the power on the tie CB (e.g. from LVSG 1 to LVSG 2) Unlock the LOTO of the tie CB Open Normal CB of LVSG 2

Select Manual for the Emergency Selector

Charge the tie CB Depress button CLOSE of tie CB

Note: you may also turn-off all CBs of bank 2 before energizing the tie CB, then select which among the feeders you desire to energize

Substation Preventive Maintenance

MVSG, Transformer, LVSG, Cap Banks Semi-annual Thermal Scanning Retightening / correction to be done only when critical hotspot is detected

Cleaning to be done only when dirty along with the retightening

Substation Preventive Maintenance

Transformer Annual DGA Correction to be done only when anomaly is observed on DGA result