Shawna Goslin March 8, 2014 AP US History

Chapter 25: The Global Crisis, 1921-1941

The Diplomacy of the New Era
Replacing the Leag e !o " ry the iss e o# the Leag e o# $ations, Secretary o# State Charles E a!s "#$hes sec re% legislation #ro& 'ongress in 1(21 %eclaring an en% to the war with Ger&any an% then procee%e% to negotiate separate peace treaties with the #or&er central powers H ghes e&"ar)e% on a series o# e##orts to pre*ent # t re wars which incl %e% the %ashi!$to! Co!fere!ce of 1921 which was an atte&pt to pre*ent what was "eco&ing a costly an% %esta"ili+ing na*al ar&a&ents race "etween A&erica, ,ritain, an% -apan !he &i e-'ower 'act o# .e"r ary 1(22 esta"lishe% "oth li&its #or total na*al tonnage an% a ratio o# ar&a&ents a&ong the signatories !he /ashington 'on#erence also pro% ce% the Ni!e-'ower 'act which ple%ge% a contin ation o# the 0pen 1oor Policy in 'hina an% the &o#r-'ower 'act "y which the Unite% States, ,ritain, .rance, an% -apan pro&ise% to respect one another2s Paci#ic territories an% cooperate to pre*ent aggression Secretary o# State &ra!( )ello$$ propose% a & ltilateral treaty o tlawing war as an instr &ent o# national policy which "eca&e )nown as the )ello$$-*ria!+ 'act an% soon #orty3eight other nations 4oine% the pact 1e"ts an% 1iplo&acy !he Unite% States was &ost concerne% a"o t the 5 ropean econo&y "eca se the Allie% powers were str ggling to repay 611 "illion in loans they ha% contracte% #ro& the Unite% States % ring an% shortly a#ter the war Circ#lar ,oa!s arose when in 1(24 Charles G- Dawes, an A&erican "an)er an% %iplo&at, negotiate% an agree&ent n%er which A&erican "an)s pro*i%e% enor&o s loans to Ger&any so they co l% pay .rance an% ,ritain who in ret rn wo l% pay the Unite% States 7n% stries in the 1(20s were esta"lishing s "si%iaries worth &ore than 610 "illion thro gho t 5 rope which was ca sing the Unite% States to "eco&e too %epen%ent on #ailing 5 ropean econo&ies !he high tari## "arriers that the Rep "lican 'ongress ha% erecte% thro gh the .or%ney3Mc' &"er .ct o# 1(228 were creating a%%itional pro"le&s "eca se 5 ropean nations were na"le to e9port their goo%s to the Unite% States an% so they were #in%ing it %i##ic lt to earn the &oney nee%e% to pay o## their loans Unite% States in*est&ents &ore than %o "le% in ,ati! .merica "etween 1(24 an% 1(2(, A&erican corporations " ilt roa%s an% other #acilities in &any areas Hoo*er an% the /orl% 'risis Hoo*er anno nce% a policy stating that A&erica wo l% grant %iplo&atic recognition any sitting go*ern&ent in Latin A&erica witho t : estioning the &eans o# how they ha% o"taine% power *e!ito /#ssoli!i0s &ascist 'arty an% .+olf "itler0s Natio!al 1ocialist 'arty, or Na2is, were rapi%ly growing in pop lar #a*or !he -apanese were worrie% a"o t 'hiang;s insistence on e9pan%ing the 'hinese go*ern&ent to

/a!ch#ria which -apan ha% econo&ic control o*er Secretary o# State "e!ry 1timso! iss e% stern warnings to -apan an% trie% to se &oral s asion to en% the crisis " t ne*ertheless -apan attac)e% the 'hinese city o# Shanghai an% )ille% tho san%s o# ci*ilians 1 e to the &ail#re of .merica0s 3!terwar Diplomacy, A&erica was #orce% to e9peri&ent with &ore i!ter!atio!alism an% resorting to !atio!alism

3solatio!ism a!+ 3!ter!atio!alism

1epression 1iplo&acy Roose*elt agree% to atten% the %orl+ Eco!omic Co!fere!ce, " t "y the ti&e the con#erence &et Roose*elt ha% alrea%y %eci%e% to allow the gol% *al e o# the %ollar to %rop so that A&erican goo%s co l% co&pete in worl% &ar)ets Roose*elt release% 4bombshell5 messa$e rep %iating the ortho%o9 *iews o# &ost o# the %elegates an% re4ecting any agree&ent on c rrency sta"ili+ation 7n April 1(<4, Roose*elt signe% a "ill to #or"i% A&erican "an)s to &a)e loans to any nation in %e#a lt on its %e"ts an% soon war %e"ts #ro& e*ery nation e9cept .inlan% stoppe% #or goo% Roose*elt appro*e% the 6eciprocal Tra+e .$reeme!t .ct of 1974, a thori+ing the a%&inistration to negotiate treaties lowering tari##s "y as & ch as =0> in ret rn #or reciprocal re% ctions "y other nations A&erica an% the So*iet Union A&erica;s hope% o# e9pan%ing it;s #oreign tra%e helpe% pro% ce e##orts to i&pro*e the hostile relations with the So*iet Union 7n $o*e&"er 1(<< So*iet #oreign &inister /a8im ,it i!o reache% an agree&ent with the presi%ent that the So*iets wo l% cease their propagan%a e##orts in the Unite% States an% protect A&erican citi+ens in R ssia an% in ret rn the Unite% States wo l% recogni+e the co&& nist regi&e $othing change%, tho gh, so the relations with the So*iet Union so re% once again !he Goo% $eigh"or Policy A&erica &a%e e##orts to enhance "oth %iplo&atic an% econo&ic relations with Latin A&erica thro gh what "eca&e )nown as the 4Goo+ Nei$hbor 'olicy5 !he Unite% States s ccee%e% in increasing "oth e9ports to an% i&ports #ro& the other nations o# the /estern He&isphere "y o*er 100 percent At the 3!ter-.merica! Co!fere!ce in Monte*i%eo in 1ece&"er 1(<<, Secretary o# State H ll signe% a #or&al con*ention %eclaring that no state can inter#ere with another 7nstea% o# sing &ilitary #orce, A&erica trie% to control Latin A&erica with econo&ic in#l ences !he Rise o# 7solationis& S pport #or 3solatio!ism e&erge% an% 0l% /ilsonian internationalists ha% grown %isill sione% with the Leag e o# $ations an% its ina"ility to stop -apanese aggression in Asia An in*estigation "y a Senate co&&ittee chaire% "y Senator Geral+ Nye o# $orth 1a)ota re*eale% e9or"itant pro#iteering an% "latant ta9 e*asion "y &any corporations % ring the war !he 1(<= act, an% the Ne#trality .cts o# 1(<? an% 1(<@ that #ollowe%, was %esigne% to pre*ent a rec rrence o# the e*ents that &any A&ericans now "elie*e% ha% press re% the Unite% States into /orl% /ar 7 /hen the Leag e o# $ations proteste% M ssolini;s attac) on Ethiopia, 7taly si&ply resigne% #ro& the organi+ation, co&plete% it;s con: est o# 5thiopia, an% #or&e% an alliance Athe 4.8is58 with $a+i Ger&any

7n 'hicago in 0cto"er 1(<@, the presi%ent &a%e his 49#ara!ti!e5 1peech in which he warne% #orce# lly o# the %angers that -apanese aggression pose% to worl% peace 0n 1ece&"er 12, 1(<@, -apanese a*iators "o&"e% an% san) the UBSB G n"oat Panay as it saile% the Cangt+e Ri*er in 'hina which the -apanese proteste% was an acci%ent A&erica in the /orl%D !he Sino3-apanese /ar, 1(<131(41 !he Great 1epression create% se*ere econo&ic pro"le&s #or the -apanese an% the crisis strengthene% the political in#l ence o# highly nationalistic an% &ilitaristic lea%ers 1 ring /orl% /ar 7, -apan ha% sei+e% territory an% econo&ic concessions in 'hina an% ha% create% a partic larly strong presence in the city which they en%e% p ta)ing o*er, Manch ria -apanese #orces o*erran a large part o# so thern 'hina, li)e the city $an4ing, which "eca&e )nown as the Na!:i!$ /assacre, where tho san%s o# 'hinese ci*ilians were )ille% !he series o# attac)s "eca&e )nown as the 1i!o-;apa!ese %ar 'hina was in a ci*il war "etween the nationalist party )#omi!ta!$ le% "y Chia!$ )aishe(, an% the Chi!ese Comm#!ist 'arty le% "y /ao <e+o!$ !he #irst "low o# /orl% /ar 77 in the Unite% States was the attac) on the na*al "ase in 'earl "arbor "y the -apanese !he .ail re o# M nich 7n 1(<?, Ger&any *iolate% the Eersailles !reaty "y in*a%ing the 6hi!ela!+ an% then .#stria in 1(<8 7n Septe&"er 1(<8, Hitler %e&an%e% that C2echoslo a(ia ce%e to hi& part o# that region, the 1#+ete!la!+, an area on the A stro3Ger&an "or%er in which &any ethnic Ger&ans li*e% Pri&e Minister Ne ille Chamberlai! ret rne% to 5nglan% to a hero;s welco&e when at the /#!ich Co!fere!ce he agree% to accept Ger&ans wish to ac: ire the S %etenlan% as long as Hitler %i% not e9pan% any # rther, an% Hitler agree% to this !he M nich accor%s were the &ost pro&inent ele&ent o# a policy that "eca&e )nown as 4appeaseme!t5 which was not e##ecti*e when Ger&any occ pie% the re&aining areas o# '+echoslo*a)ia which *iolate% the M nich agree&ent Stalin, who ha% not "een in*ite% to the M nich 'on#erence, signe% a nonaggression pact with Hitler in A g st 1(<(, #reeing the Ger&ans #or the &o&ent #ro& the %anger o# a two3#ront war 0n Septe&"er 1, 1(<(, Hitler la nche% a # ll3scale in*asion o# 'ola!+ an% then ,ritain an% .rance %eclare% war on Ger&any, starting /orl% /ar 77 Patterns o# Pop lar ' lt reD 0rson /elles an% the F/ar o# the /orl%sG 0n the e*ening o# 0cto"er <0, 1(<8, a"o t ? &illion A&ericans were listening to the wee)ly ra%io progra& The Mercury Theater of the Air, pro% ce% "y the actorH#il&&a)er =rso! %elles an% "roa%cast o*er the ',S networ) !he %ra&atic Fnews " lletinsG were part o# a ra%io play "y "owar+ )och, loosely a%apte% #ro& "-G %ells0s 18(8 no*el The War of the Worlds, an% anno ncers re&in%e% listeners &any ti&es that this was #ictional " t still as &any as a &illion A&ericans were con*ince% that the worl% was en%ing Mass hysteria sprea% an% people #le% to the co ntrysi%e to escape the city !he %ra&a nintentionally e9ploite% the enor&o s power that ra%io ha% co&e to e9ercise in A&erican li#e

&rom Ne#trality to 3!ter e!tio!

$e trality !este% 7n Septe&"er 1(<(, Roose*elt as)e% 'ongress #or a re*ision to the $e trality Acts which per&itte%

"elligerents to p rchase ar&s on the sa&e cash-a!+-carry "asis that the earlier $e trality Acts ha% esta"lishe% #or the sale o# non&ilitary &aterials !a)ing a%*antage o# the sit ation in the /est, the So*iet Union o*erran an% anne9e% the s&all ,altic rep "lics o# Lat*ia, 5stonia, an% Lith ania an% then in late $o*e&"er, in*a%e% .inlan% an% all A&erica %i% was i&pose an ine##ecti*e 4moral embar$o5 on the ship&ent o# ar&a&ents to R ssia 7n the spring o# 1(40, Ger&any la nche% an in*asion to the west attac)ing 1en&ar), $orway, the $etherlan%s, ,elgi & an% #inally &ra!ce, e##orts &a%e "y the Allies were # tile against the Ger&an blit2(rie$ 0n May 1=, /inston 'h rchill, the new ,ritish pri&e &inister, sent Roose*elt the #irst o# &any long lists o# re: ests #or ships,ar&a&ents, an% other assistance A shift i! the p#blic opi!io! le% to &ore than ?? percent o# the p "lic "elie*ing that Ger&any pose% as a threat to the Unite% States !he cele"rate% 4o rnalist %illiam .lle! %hite ser*e% as chair&an o# a new Committee to Defe!+ .merica, whose &e&"ers lo""ie% acti*ely #or increase% A&erican assistance to the Allies " t oppose% act al inter*ention 0pposing the& was a power# l new lo""y calle% the .merica &irst Committee who2s chairperson was Ge!eral 6obert E- %oo+ an% ha% attracte% so&e o# A&erica;s &ost pro&inent lea%ers !he !hir%3!er& 'a&paign 7n the Electio! of 194>, Roose*elt was : ic)ly reno&inate% "y his party when he state% that he wo l% accept a F%ra#tG #ro& his party an% were rel ctantly o)ay with his choice o# *ice presi%entD the li"eral Agric lt re Secretary "e!ry .- %allace !he rep "licans no&inate% a %yna&ic an% attracti*e " t politically ine9perience% " siness&an %e!+ell %ill(ie 7n the en% Roose*elt won with == percent o# the pop lar *ote to /ill)ie;s 4= percent, an% won 44( electoral *otes to /ill)ie;s 82 $e trality A"an%one% 7n 1ece&"er 1(40, Great ,ritain was *irt ally "an)r pt an% co l% no longer a##or% the cash3an%3carry re: ire&ents i&pose% "y the $e trality Acts an% so Roose*elt in*ente% a new syste& la"ele% the 4le!+-lease5 which allowe% the go*ern&ent to not only sell " t to also len% or lease ar&a&ents Secretary o# /ar "e!ry 1timso! arg e% tat the Unite% States itsel# sho l% con*oy *essels to 5nglan% to pro*i%e the s pplies " t Roose*elt %eci%e% to rely instea% on the concept o# 4hemispheric +efe!se5 "y which the Unite% States na*y wo l% %e#en% transport ships only in the western Atlantic 5arly in Septe&"er, a Germa! ?-boat #ire% on the A&erican %estroyer Greer an% the Reuben James Roose*elt an% 'h rchill release% a %oc &ent that "eca&e )nown as the .tla!tic Charter, in which the Unite% States an% ,ritain set o t Fcertain co&&on principlesG on which to "ase Fa "etter # t re #or the worl%G an% was really a state&ent o# war ai&s which calle% #or Fthe #inal %estr ction o# the $a+i tyrannyG !he Roa% to Pearl Har"or 7n Septe&"er 1(40, -apan signe% the Tripartite 'act, a loose %e#ensi*e alliance with Ger&any an% 7taly that see&e% to e9tent the A9is into Asia 7n - ly 1(41, i&perial troops &o*e% into 7n%ochina an% sei+e% the capital o# Eietna&, a colony o# .rance Roose*elt #ro+e all -apanese assets in the Unite% States an% esta"lishe% a co&plete tra%e e&"argo, se*erely li&iting -apan;s a"ility to p rchase essential s pplies incl %ing oil

7n 0cto"er &ilitants in !o)yo #orce% -apanese Pri&e Minister, 'ri!ce )o!oye, o t o# o##ice an% replace% hi& with the lea%er o# the war party, Ge!eral "i+e(i To:o 0n $o*e&"er 20, 1(41, !o)yo propose% a &o% s *i*en%i highly #a*ora"le to itsel# an% sent its %iplo&ats in /ashington to the State 1epart&ent to %isc ss it At @D== ABMB 0n S n%ay, 1ece&"er @, 1(41, a wa*e o# -apanese "o&"ers attac)e% the Unite% States na*al "ase at 'earl "arbor /ithin two ho rs the Unite% States lost 8 "attleships, < cr isers, 4 other *essels,188 airplanes, an% se*eral *ital shore installations More than 2,000 sol%iers an% sailors %ie% an% another 1,000 were in4 re% while the -apanese s ##ere% only light loses 0n 1ece&"er 8 the presi%ent tra*ele% to 'apitol Hill where #o r ho rs later the Senate appro*e% a %eceleration o# war on -apan an% three %ays later Ger&any an% 7taly %eclare% war on the Unite% States ,y 1ece&"er 11, #or the secon% ti&e in twenty3#i*e years, the Unite% States was engage% in a worl% war /here Historians 1isagreeD !he I estion o# Pearl Har"or Historians : estion whether the -apanese attac) on Pearl Har"or was npro*o)e%, an% %i% it co&e witho t warning li)e the Roose*elt a%&inistration ha% clai&e% at the ti&e or was it part o# a %eli"erate plan "y the presi%ent to &a)e the -apanese #orce a rel ctant Unite% States into the war A&ong the #irst to challenge the o##icial *ersion o# Pearl Har"or was the historian Charles .- *ear+, who &aintaine% in President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War A1(488 that the Unite% States ha% %eli"erately #orce% the -apanese into a position where"y they ha% no choice " t to attac) Also it was sai% that the a%&inistration & st ha*e )nown wee)s in a%*ance o# the -apanese plan to attac)3 altho gh ,ear% %i% not clai& that o##icials %i% not )now that the attac) wo l% co&e at Pearl Har"or !his *iew reappeare% in Thomas &lemi!$@s, The New Dealer's War A20018 which also arg e% that Roose*elt %eli"erately &ane *ere% the Unite% States into war with -apan !he &ost thoro gh st %y o# Pearl Har"or to %ate appeare% in 1(81D Gor+o! %- 'ra!$e0s At Dawn We Slept which concl %e% that the Roose*elt a%&inistration was g ilty o# a series o# %isastro s "l n%ers in interpreting -apaneses strategy 0*erall, &any concl %e% that Roose*elt & st ha*e )nown that an attac) was co&ing an% he allowe% it to occ r in a "elie# that a s rprise attac) wo l% ro se the nation All o# these writers who ha*e &a%e this clai& ha*e "een na"le to pro% ce any %irect e*i%ence o# Roose*elt;s )nowle%ge o# the planne% attac)