Slideslastclass(632014)

EqualizerConnections
The heavy current machine exaggerates a problem that exists in any machine. problem is due to same voltage will not be generated in each parallel path. Results in heavy circulating currents around the various parallel paths. These circulating currents move out and in in-the brush commutator connections, causing heating, losses, and short commutator and brush life.

Dummycoilsinwavewinding
In a simplex wave winding, the average pitch YA (or commutator pitch YC) should be a whole number. Sometimes the standard armature punchings available in the market have slots that do not satisfy the above requirement so that more coils (usually only one more) are provided than can be utilized. These extra coils are called dummy or dead coils. The dummy coil is inserted into the slots in the same way as the others to make the armature dynamically balanced but it is not a part of the armature winding. Suppose the number of slots is 22 and each slot contains 2 conductors. The number of poles is 4. For simplex wave wound armature

Dummycoils..
Ya=(Z 2)/P Ya=(44 2)/4=11.5or10.5 Sotomakewholenumbernoofcoilstobereduced. Ya=(42 2)/4=11or10 This means that armature can be wound only if we use 21 coils and 21 segments. The extra coil or dummy coil is put in the slot. One end of this coil is taped and the other end connected to the unused commutator segment (segment 22) for the sake of appearance. Since only 21 segments are required, the two (21 and 22segments) are connected together and considered as one.

DCMotors
The greatest advantage of DC motors may be speed control. Since speed is directly proportional to armature voltage and inversely proportional to the magnetic flux produced by the poles, adjusting the armature voltage and/or the field current will change the rotor speed. Today, adjustable frequency drives can provide precise speed control for AC motors, but they do so at the expense of power quality, as the solid-state switching devices in the drives produce a rich harmonic spectrum. The DC motor has no adverse effects on power quality.

Disadvantages
Power supply, initial cost, and maintenance requirements are the negatives associated with DC motors Rectification must be provided for any DC motors supplied from the grid. It can also cause power quality problems. The construction of a DC motor is considerably more complicated and expensive than that of an AC motor, primarily due to the commutator, brushes, and armature windings. An induction motor requires no commutator or brushes, and most use cast squirrel-cage rotor bars instead of true windings --------two huge simplifications.

Orthogonality ofMagneticFieldsinDCMotors
Torqueproducedbythearmatureandmmf producedbythefield windingareorthogonal.

Torqueindcmotors
The average force acting on the rotor conductor , is expressed as

Torqueequation

Torqueequation

Majortypesofdcmotors
Series dc motor Shunt dc motor Compound dc motor Separately excited dc motor Permanent magnet dc motor

Shuntmotors
Shunt motors use highresistance field windings connected in parallel with the armature. Varying the field resistance changes the motor speed. Shunt motors are prone to armature reaction, a distortion and weakening of the flux generated by the poles that results in commutation problems evidenced by sparking at the brushes. Installing additional poles, called interpoles, on the stator between the main poles wired in series with the armature reduces armature reaction.

Shuntmotor

TvsIa characteristicsofashuntmotorwithARandwithoutAR

Shuntmotor
When the load on the motor increased,, the following sequence of events takes place Ia increases to satisfy the demand of load Hence the IaRa drop increases For fixed Va, Eb decreases Since flux is constant, if AR is neglected, the decrease in Eb accompanied by a decrease in speed as shown in Fig. (curve d) considering the effect of armature reaction results in decrease in flux in the motor, which in turn causes increase in speed (curve c)

TorqueandPowerDevelopedasafunctionofSpeedofaTypical ShuntMotor

Example
A240Vshuntmotortakesacurrentof3.5Aonnoload.Thearmature circuitresistanceis0.5andshuntfieldwindingresistanceis160. Whenthemotoroperatesatratedloadat2400rpm,ittakes24A. Determine (a)Itsefficiencyatfullload (b)Torquedevelopedandtheusefultorque (c)Thenoloadspeed (d)Percentspeedregulation

Solution

Solution.

Seriesmotors
Series motors connect the field windings in series with the armature. Series torque motors loads lack like of power good tools speed and

regulation, but are well-suited for high automobile starters because of their high torque production and compact size.

Seriesmotor.

Torquedeveloped,powerdevelopedandSpeedCharacteristics ofaSeriesMotorasaFunctionofArmatureCurrent

TorqueandPowerCharacteristicsofaSeriesMotorasa FunctionofSpeed

Example2
A220V,7hp seriesmotorismechanicallycoupledtoafananddraws25A andrunsat300rpmwhenconnectedtoa220Vsupplywithnoexternal resistanceconnectedtothearmaturecircuit.Thetorquerequiredbythefan isproportionaltothesquareofthespeedandRa=0.6andRse=0.4. Neglectarmaturereactionandrotationalloss. 1. Determinethepowerdeliveredtothefanandthetorquedevelopedby themachine 2. Thespeedistobereducedto200rpmbyinsertingaresistanceinthe armaturecircuit.Determinethevalueofthisresistanceandthe power deliveredtothefan.

Solution

Compoundmotors

Compoundmotors
The (increase/decrease) in the flux with an increase in the current causes the torque to (increase/decrease) at a faster rate in a (cumulative/differential ) compound motor than in a shunt motor.

SpeedCurrentCharacteristicsofShunt,CumulativeCompound andDifferentialCompoundMotor