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Vectors:
have direction
have magnitude
Vector operations include
vector addition
vector multiplication by a scalar
the dot product
the cross product
Vector components
Vector transformation
Second-rank tensors
L01-1
Vector operations
Vector addition: a)
B
Adding two vectors
A
produces a third vector:
AB C
Vector addition is C=A+B
commutative:
AB C B A b) C=B+A
Vector subtraction is
equivalent to adding the
opposite of a vector: A
B
AB A B
L01-2
Vector operations (continued)
Vector multiplication by a scalar:
The result of vector
multiplication by a scalar is a a) b)
vector. aA (a > 0)
The magnitude of the resulting A A
vector is the product of the
magnitude of the scalar and
the magnitude of the vector.
The direction of the resulting
vector is the same as the
direction of the original vector
if a > 0 and opposite to the
direction of the original vector
if a < 0. aA (a < 0)
Vector multiplication is
distributive: a A B aA aB
L01-3
Vector operations (continued)
L01-5
Vector components
Unit vectors
y axis
Vector operations:
To add vectors, add like
components.
To multiply a vector by a x axis
scalar, multiply each
component.
L01-6
Vector components (continued)
xˆ yˆ zˆ
x axis
Au B Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz
L01-7
Vector transformation
The components of a
vector depend on the
choice of the coordinate
system. z' z
Different coordinate
system will produce A
different components for
the same vector. T'
The choice of coordinate y'
system being used can
significantly change the I T
y
complexity of problems in
electrodynamics.
L01-8
Vector transformation (continued)
The coordinates of vector A in
coordinate system S are related to
the coordinates of vector A in
coordinate system S’: z' z
§ Ayc · § cos I sin I · § Ay ·
¨¨ ¸¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸ A
A
© zc ¹ © sin I cos I ¹ ¨© Az ¸¹
L01-10
Vector transformation (continued)
1 if j k
where G jk ® (the Kroneker delta),
¯0 otherwise
as you will make plausible in this week’s homework.
L01-11
Second-rank tensors
L01-12