Advanced Digital Signal Processing Spring 2012 Lecture 1

Introduction
Dr. Tahir Zaidi

DSP is Everywhere
Sound applications
Compression, special effects, synthesis, recognition, echo cancellation, Cell Phones, MP3, Movies, Text-to-speech,

Communication
Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo cancellation, Cell Phones, dial-up modem, DSL modem, Satellite Receiver,

Automotive
ABS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control,

DSP is Everywhere
Medical
Magnetic Resonance, Tomography, Electrocardiogram,

Military
Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote sensing,

Image and Video Applications

DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video conferencing,

Mechanical
Motor control, process control, oil and mineral prospecting,

Limitations of Analog Signal Processing

Accuracy limitations due to
Component tolerances Undesired nonlinearities

Limited repeatability due to

Tolerances Changes in environmental conditions
Temperature Vibration

Sensitivity to electrical noise

Limitations of Analog Signal Processing

Limited dynamic range for voltage and currents Inflexibility to changes Difficulty of implementing certain operations
Nonlinear operations Time-varying operations

Difficulty of storing information

Digital Signal Processing

digital signal digital signal

analog signal

A/D

DSP

D/A

analog signal

Analog input analog output

Digital recording of music

Analog input digital output

Touch tone phone dialing

Digital input analog output

Text to speech

Digital input digital output

Compression of a file on computer

Pros of Digital Signal Processing

Accuracy can be controlled by choosing word length Repeatable Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal Dynamic range can be controlled using floating point numbers Flexibility can be achieved with software implementations Non-linear and time-varying operations are easier to implement

Pros of Digital Signal Processing

Digital storage is cheap Digital information can be encrypted for security Price/performance and reduced time-tomarket

Cons of Digital Signal Processing

Sampling causes loss of information A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal hardware Limited speed of processors Quantization and round-off errors

DSP Introduction
Application of mathematical operations to digitally represented signals
IN A/D DSP D/A OUT

x[0]

x[1]

n
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Discrete Time Signal General Introduction

sequence x[n]

- as opposed to continuous-time signals x(t) - time = independent variable

Discrete in Nature Examples

- stock market indices
NasDaq daily closing value from Aug 1995 to Jan 1996

- population statistics
Birth in Canada from 1995-1996 to 1999-2000

Example
Sampled continuous-time (analog) signals - Speech

Digital Images
2-D arrays (matrices) of numbers

Typical DSP Applications

Data Storage & Transmission Spy Satellite Imaging Military Appls Web wireless technology Ultrasound Medical Imaging

Video Communications

Real Time DSP Embedded Systems

Digital Radiographic Imaging

Space Imaging Appls

Real Time Video Cameras & Cell Phones

Speech Recognition Car Awake warning system

Optical Wearable Computers

Example: Speech Modeling

Pitch Period Impulse Train Generator Vocal Tract Parameters

u(n)

Timevarying digital filter

s(n)

Noise Generator

An Embedded System
Control Panel Real Time Operating system Controller Process User interface process

ASIC

MICROCONTROLLER

Embedded signal Processing System

System Bus
Host port FPGA PROGRAMMABLE DSP Memory interface Host port PROGRAMMABLE DSP Memory interface CODEC

Dual Port Memeory

Analog interface

DSP Assembly Code

Example Embedded System

HSP52014 SBSRAM

From RF Board A/D TMS320C6201 8-bit DAC & LPF To RF Board DDS

Xilinx 4062

68332 49.152 MHz Sine wave clock amplifier & squarer square wave I/O output

FLASH SRAM

Bitstream Output

SDR Board Design

Clock Generator AD9513 3 outputs
IN

I-Input

IN

AD8352 Differential Amp

Q-Input 16-LFCSP_VQ HMC610 RSSI x2 RSSI Analog Interface

AD9640 DUAL ADC 14BIT, 105 MSPS AVDD=1.8V/310mA DVDD=1.8V/34mA DRVDD=3.3V/35mA

SPI

/2

47

SSN Silicon Serial Number Ethernet PHY DP83848I IOVDD=3.3V/150mA AVDD=3.3V/100mA? LQFP-48

64-LFCSP_VQ

8 Channel ADC MCP3008 VD=3.3V/0.5mA

Ethernet Interface RJ45 AUDIO SERIAL PORT ASP HEADER

4-Bit SOIC-16

GAIN CONTROL (6-BIT)

20

RS232 Interface DB9

PA interface Filter Selection T/R Switch Sythesizer Interface

IN

6-Bits Output power control

3-Bit Rx Filter Selection FPGA SPARTAN3 XC3S1500FG676I - XC3S2000FG676I VCCINT=1.2V/470mA VCCAUX=2.5V/100mA VCCO1=3.3V/mA VCCO2=2.5V/mA Spartan3 SUPPORTS LVCMOS-1.8

1-Bit T/R Control 5-Bit Frequency control

DUAL Channel 14 bit , 125 MSPS (Max) DAC, DAC2904, VA=3.3V/64mA VD=3.3V/19.5mA TQFP-48

RS232 TRANSCEIVER MAX3232EID SOIC-16 2x MT47H64M16BT-5E 1G DDR SDRAM 64M x 32 1.8VD/mA? 28F256J3, 128Mb 16MB Intel Strata flash 3.3V/80mA

I-Output

IN

Q-Output

AMP FILTER NETWORK Not implemente d

HPI / VLYNQ interface LVCMOS_1.8V

DSP TMS320DM6446 CVDD 1.2V/767mA DVDD 1.8V/102mA DVDD 3.3V/6mA

32BIT

32

OSC

EXP HEADER

16-32 IO

PBGA-N361 PLATFORM FLASH XCF08P 3.3VD/20mA

JTAG

JTAG

IN POWER IN

Digital Power (SMPS) 1.2VD 1.8VD 2.5VD 3.3VD

Analog (LDO Linear PSU) 1.8VA 3.3VA

GC5016 Quad Wideband DUC/DDC VPAD=3.3V/180mA VCORE=1.8V/420mA

167

FG-676 (BGA)

FSG-48 (BGA)

PBGA-252

Title: Tranceiver Board Size: A Date: 08/04/08

Revision: 1.3 Drawn by: ASK

Software Defined Radio

All configurable HW
Waveform 1
Data Data

Algo4

Proprietary

FEC

Framer 1

V.35

16 QAM

OFDM

Device 1 Device 0

FPGA

General Purpose Processor

Device 4

DSP

SDR Platform
Key Features
1. DSP core from TI 2. FPGA from Xilinx 3. Dual-channel analog-to-digital converter 4. Dual-channel digital-to-analog converter 5. Bandwidth (5 MHz or 20 MHz) 6. RF module operating between 360 MHz and 960 MHz 7. Ethernet remote access capabilities 8. ARM Processor

Design Options 1. Tactical military communications 2. Military communication gateways 3. Handset and man pack systems 4. Vehicular systems

Course Objectives
To establish the idea of using computing techniques to alter the properties of a signal for desired effects, via understanding of
Fundamentals of discrete-time, linear, shiftinvariant signals and systems in
Representation and Analysis: sampling, quantization, Fourier and z-transform; Implementation: filtering and transform techniques; System Design: filter & processing algorithm design.

Efficient computational algorithms and their implementation.

Course Outline

Course Outline

Prerequisite
A fundamental course in signal and system
Liner System analysis and transform analysis
convolution and filtering Fourier transforms Laplace and z transforms

Textbooks
Oppenheim, Schafer and Buck, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2nd edition (Prentice-Hall, 1999) Mathematics of DSP Refrences:
McClellan, Schafer, & Yoder, DSP First Ifeachor Jervis Digital Signal ProcessingA Practical Approach, Prentice Hall

Historical Perspective
Who is who of DSP

Cooley and Tuckey

Inventors: Oppenhiam, Schaffer ...

Inventors: Parks & McCllelan

Inventors: Gold and Rader

Inventor: J. Kaiser

Inventor: Haskell

Linear Predictive Coding

Encoder
Original Speech Analysis: Voiced/Unvoiced decision Pitch Period (voiced only) Signal power (Gain)

Pitch Period Pulse Train V/U

Decoder
Signal Power G
Vocal Tract Model

Synthesized Speech Random Noise

Inventor: James G. Dunn

DSP Components

Microprocessor
Any CPU that is contained on a single chip Little chip is the heart of a computer. Often referred to as just the processor Does all the computations like adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing In PCs, most popular Intel Pentium chip In Macs, the PowerPC chip (Motorola, IBM, and Apple)

Digital Signal Processor

A DSP is a general purpose processor with features specifically designed to make Signal processing applications fast and efficient

DSP, RISC, CISC Processor

A processor is frequently categorized based on the width of its busses (4,8,16,32,64) Clock Rate (i.e. at what rate does the processor execute instructions) Complexity of Instruction Set CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computer RISC : Reduced Instruction Set Computer

Embedded Systems Characteristics

Real-Time
Real, defined timing requirements for particular actions to be accomplished

Event Driven
Actions of the system are in response to events, not a predefined sequence.

Resource constrained
Memory Size, speed, power constrained

Special purpose
Device must only perform certain well defined tasks

Embedded System Example

Events : Button Press Knob Turned New Sample needed by D/A converter Data block available from CD drive

Design Options for Digital Systems

Special Purpose Hardware
Custom ICs / ASICs

Software Programmable Processor

Pentium, PowerPC, etc

FPGA (possibly with embedded general purpose microprocessor) Xilinx, Altera, etc DSP TI, ADSP, etc

Comparison of Options
Specific HW Gen Purpose HW

NRE/Dev Cost Speed Flexibility Time to Market Production Cost

Embedded SW Design Flow

Develop Code for a Target processor Since target is minimal (not much memory, I/Oetc. Code development done on a separate machine. (e.g a PC)
Cross Compiler / Assembler Simulator

Code then run in the target system and observed. Debug support programmed into the software

Emulation / Debugging
In-Circuit Emulator Debug Kernel BIOS JTAG Emulation Interactively Run Code Breakpoints
Single Step Watch Variables

Observe interaction with rest of system Development environment is frequently

processor specific

TI TMS320C6713 DSP

TI TMS320C6713 DSP Features

DMA Controller Serial Ports (I/O) Multiple Computation Units Cache On-chip PLL Host Port Interface Timers Floating Point Units

Basic Numbering Formats

Three main numbering formats: unsigned representation
2s complement representation (signed) floating point representations

Fixed point representations of fractions Saturating arithmetic

Multiplication of fractions

Basic Numbering Formats