OTHER CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

chapter 9

OTHER MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

9.1 Bitumen

9.2 Rubber
9.3 Plastic 9.4 Polymer 9.5 Gypsum 9.6 Glass 9.7 Fiber Reinforced Polymer

chapter 9 - other materials

ASPHALT
Also known as bitumen Dark brown to black Highly viscous Hydrocarbon produced from petroleum distillation residue. At least 80% carbon, which explains its deep black color. The Paving Grades of bitumen are 30/40, 60/70 and 80/100. Sulphur is another ingredient. Primarily used as a sealant for rooftops and a durable surface for roads, airport runways, playgrounds and parking lots.

ASPHALT
Asphalt can be separated from the other components in crude oil By the process of fractional distillation, usually under vacuum conditions.

http://www.cranedigital.com/case_studies/oil_and_gas/fractional_distillation_column2.jpg

TYPES OF ASPHALT
The major types of asphalt used in construction are ;
http://www.pkeenanroads.com/wp-content/gallery/stone/rolled.jpg

a.
b.

Rolled asphalt
Mastic asphalt.

http://www.highwaysmaintenance.com/JPEGsurf/smisSMA.jpg

A. ROLLED ASPHALT
Made of aggregate, or solid materials such as sand, gravel, or recycled concrete, with an asphalt binder. Used to make roads and other surfaces, such as parking lots, by being applied in layers and compacted.

Different types of rolled asphalt are distinguished according to the process used to bind the aggregate with the asphalt.

TYPES OF ROLLED ASPHALT

Hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) Produced at 160 degrees Celsius. This high temperature serves to decrease viscosity and moisture during the manufacturing process, resulting in a very durable material. HMAC is most commonly used for high-traffic areas, such as busy highways and airports.

http://www.crossroadspaving.com/images/asphalt-paving-repair.jpg

A. ROLLED ASPHALT
Warm mix asphalt concrete (WAM or WMA) Reduces the temperature required for manufacture by adding asphalt emulsions, waxes, or zeolites. Benefits both the environment and the workers, as it results in less fossil fuel consumption and reduced emission of fumes.
http://www.wispave.org/images/iStock_000007064664XSmall.jpg

ROLLED ASPHALT
Cold mix asphalt concrete,
Emulsified in soapy water before mixing it with the aggregate, eliminating the need for high temperatures altogether. The asphalt produced is not nearly as durable as HMAC or WAM Typically used for low traffic areas or to patch damaged HMAC.
http://www.dykespaving.com/wp-content/themes/classic/images/coldmix.jpg

A. ROLLED ASPHALT
Cut-back asphalt concrete Illegal in the United states since the 1970s, but many other countries around the world still use it. The least environmentally friendly option, resulting in significantly more air pollution than the other forms. Made by dissolving the asphalt binder in kerosene before mixing it with the aggregate, reducing viscosity while the concrete is layered and compacted.

B. MASTIC ASPHALT
Also called sheet asphalt. Lower bitumen content than the rolled asphalt. Used for some roads and footpaths. Used also in roofing and flooring .
http://www.e-470.com/images/newsSMAfullsized.jpg

B. MASTIC ASPHALT
Stone mastic asphalt (SMA), is another variety.
Becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to rolled asphalt. Benefits include -Anti-skid property -The absence of air pockets But if laid improperly -May cause slippery road conditions.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT

Durability A measure of how asphalt binder physical properties change with age.

Sometimes called age hardening

In general, as an asphalt binder ages, its viscosity increases and it becomes more stiff and brittle. The study of deformation and flow of matter. Deformation and flow of the asphalt binder in HMA is important in HMA performance. HMA pavements that deform and flow too much may be susceptible to rutting and bleeding, while those that are too stiff may be susceptible to fatigue cracking.

Rheology

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT

Safety Asphalt cement like most other materials, volatilizes (gives off vapor) when heated. Flash point. For safety reasons, the flash point of asphalt cement is tested and controlled. Purity. Asphalt cement, as used in HMA paving, should consist of almost pure bitumen. Impurities are not active cementing constituents and may be harmful to asphalt performance.

ALTERNATIVE ASPHALT
renewable resources of Asphalt - molasses and rice, corn and potato starches. Made from waste material - fractional distillation of used motor oils.

Nonpetroleum based bitumen binders can be made light-colored - absorb less heat from solar radiation, and less hot than darker surfaces, reducing their contribution to the urban heat island effect.

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ASPHALT CHARACTERIZATION TESTS

1. Specific Gravity (ASTM D70)

use of a pycnometer can be expressed as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of the material at 250C or at 15.60C to that of an equal volume of water at the same temperature 2. Sampling Bituminous (ASTM D140)
cover the method used to sample bituminous material at points of manufacture, storage or delivery is to determine the true nature and condition of the material

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ASPHALT AND BITUMINOUS TESTING CAPABILITIES

3. Ductility (ASTM D113) (kemuluran) is measured by the distance to which it will elongate before breaking when 2 ends of specimen are pulled apart at a specified speed and temperature to measure the adhesive and elasticity of the asphalt. 4. Viscosity (kelikatan) ASTM D2170 : Kinematic Viscosity of asphalt (Bitumen) Covers determination of the kinematic viscosity of liquid asphalt (bitumen), road oils and distillation residue of liquid asphalt (bitumen), all at 600C and for asphalt cement at 1350C in the range of 6 to 100,000 centistokes. Measure the resistance to flow of a liquid under gravity. ASTM D2171 : Viscosity of asphalt by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer Determination of viscosity of asphalt (bitumen) by vacuum capillary viscometer at 600C. It is applicable to material having viscosities in the range from 0.036 to over 200,000 poiss (P).
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ASPHALT AND BITUMINOUS TESTING CAPABILITIES

5. Penetration of Bituminous (penusukan)

Materials (ASTM D5) measure the hardness and softness of the material test are taken at least 3 determination on the surface of the sample at points not less than 10 mm from the side of the container and not less than 10 mm apart. However, the test is empirical and many engineers would like to replace it with ASTM D2171 (Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer)
6. Float Test (ASTM D139) is a consistency test used for material that are too soft to undergo the standard penetration test and too hard for use with viscosity test
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OTHER MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

9.1 Bitumen

9.2 Rubber
9.3 Plastic 9.4 Polymer 9.5 Gypsum 9.6 Glass 9.7 Fiber Reinforced Polymer

19 chapter 9 - other materials

RUBBER

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RUBBER
This is a substance in which the arrangement of the polymer molecules allows considerable reversible extension to take place at normal temperatures. Elastomer exists as long chain molecules which are irregularly coiled, bent and generally entangled when in the unstressed state. RUBBER Used as such as a lining material for the construction of plants. Classifieds of rubber :
1. Natural Rubber 2. Soft rubber. 3. Hard Rubber 4. Synthetic Rubber.
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CLASSIFIEDS OF RUBBER :

CLASSIFIEDS OF RUBBER :

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RUBBER PROPERTIES
Elastomer is used in Civil Engineering for some good reason such as:
Long lasting Good in impact absorption Good bonding with metal Good resistance to ageing Good tearing properties Good physical properties Good resistance to oil and chemicals Suitable for hot and cool temperature.

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TYPES OF ELASTOMER RUBBER USED

i. Natural rubber

ii. Neoprene
iii. High Damping Rubber (HDRB) iv. Styrene-butadiene Rubber (SBR) v. Acrylonitrile-butadiene Rubber (NBR) or Nitrile Rubber vi. Ethylene-propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM), as for liquid EPDM,it can be used for roof coating

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PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMER

26

RUBBER AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix.
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Rubber Dampens Rubber Seals Rubber Protects Corrosion Effects Rubber Gives Thermal Insulation Rubber Gives Passive Fire Protection Rubber is Ablative Rubber Wears Rubber Bonds with Metal Rubber is Impermeable

RUBBER AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

i. Rubber Dampens Rubber dampens by transforming kinetic energy into static energy. This basic rubber property is utilized in protection against explosion and impact and effectively reduces or eliminates noise, vibration and water hammer in pipelines and reaction tanks with agitators. Rubber Seals Rubber has very good sealing properties due to its pliable and elastic behaviour and is the best choice to make oil, water and gas tight seals in the most demanding environments in the chemical and other engineering industries. Rubber Protects Corrosion Effects Rubber is chemically resistant to most corrosive liquids, gas, salt water, ozone and UV light. This corrosive agents commonly encountered in the process industry, shipping and offshore sectors. If the steel is exposed to erosion, it should be covered with a layer of rubber, it is very good protection for steel and other materials to protect against abrasion and suspended solid particles.

ii.

iii.

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RUBBER AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

iv. Rubber Gives Thermal Insulation Heat insulating materials made of rubber plugs are used to prevent the formation of hydrate and wax build (paraffin) in pipe oil / gas. Hydration will occur when the composition of the oil / gas depressurized and exposed to low water temperatures in the ocean at temperatures of 20-25 C. Without insulation the cold sea water would rapidly cool the oil, and the formation of the hydrate / wax will make it impossible for the flow of oil and gas safely. Rubber Gives Passive Fire Protection Several types of synthetic rubber such as neoprenes and hypalons when mixed with asbestos compounds will be fireproof and passive fire protection. Safety is a major priority in many chemical and engineering industries as well. This fire protection technology is used to protect structures and equipment for all types of wiring.

v.

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RUBBER AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

vi. Rubber is Ablative Ablation means removal of material from the surface of an object by vaporization, chipping, or other erosive processes. In the design of space vehicles, ablation is used for both cold and protect mechanical parts from being damaged by very high temperatures. Low-density EPDM rubber is stop fire and waterproof products that can be ablative in nature.
Rubber Wears Rubber wear products for the mineral processing, fertilizer and materials handling industries, such as scrubber linings, rubber screening panels, wear resistant sheets, etc. are well recognized and eminently suitable materials of construction. Rubber Bonds with Metal Rubber bonds well with metallic surfaces with suitable adhesives and this property is well utilized in many applications in the chemical industry, such as lining, metal rubber bonded anti corrosive molded components, diaphragms etc.

vii.

viii.

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OTHER MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

9.1 Bitumen

9.2 Rubber
9.3 Plastic 9.4 Polymer 9.5 Gypsum 9.6 Glass 9.7 Fiber Reinforced Polymer

31 chapter 9 - other materials

PLASTIC

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PLASTIC
A plastic is a polymeric (usually organic) of high molecular weight which can be shaped by flow. Plastic characteristics
lightness in weight (generally half as light as aluminum) high dielectric strength (electric insulation) low heat conductivity (heat insulation) special properties toward lights (colorability) extremely resistant toward chemical

metal insert may be molded into the plastic (since plastics are inert toward such materials)
many high-quality products can be developed by using a lathe, sawing, punching and drilling.
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HOW PLASTIC PROCESS

i.
Animal and vegetable by product such as casein (from cows milk), cellulose (mainly from cotton fibers too short for spinning) and wood pulp, common products being cellulosics.

ii. Petroleum by products obtained

during the refining the cracking of crude oil, common products being polythene, PVC and polystyrene. This method is responsible for the bulk of plastics manufacture.
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PLASTIC IN CONSTRUCTION
Light weight, easy and cheap for transformation
Available in variety of shape and easily fabricated Used for storing number of materials In machines, plastic material is preferred wherever moving parts are present indicating that it offers less resistant Plastic are synthetic resins containing long chains of atoms linked to form giant or macromolecules (polymer)
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They have high molecular weight

advantages

Low thermal and electrical resistance Excellent resistance to weak mineral acids Unaffected by inorganic salts. Resistant to small changes to pH

disadvantages

Low mechanical strength High expansion rates

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** The strength of plastics materials is generally much lower than that of other constructional material. Nevertheless, plastics are light material with relative density between 0.9 and 2.0. pls refer to Table 9.2

TYPE OF PLASTIC
Vinyl Thermoplastic:
an organic plastic, either natural or synthetic, which remain permanently soft at elevated temperatures. Upon cooling, they again become hard. These materials can be shaped and reshaped any number of times by repeated heating and cooling. Some of the most familiar natural thermoplastics include asphalts, bitumen, pitches and resin.

Thermosetting Plastics: Chemically Setting Plastic:

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an organic plastic that were originally soft or soften at once upon heating, then harden permanently. Thermosetting plastic are hardened by chemical changes due to heat, catalyst or to both. Thermosetting plastics remain hardened without cooling and do not soften appreciably when reheated. The most common thermosetting plastic is polyester.

are those that harden by the addition of a suitable chemical to the composition just before molding or by subsequent chemical treatment following fabrication.

VINYL THERMOPLASTIC:
Polythene(PE) : HD - Acid-resisting lining. Babies baths, kitchen and other household ware. Piping, toys, fabric filaments. Sheet, wrapping material, polythene bags, electric insulation ink cartridge. LD - Sheets, wrapping material, polythene bags, squeeze bottles, electrical insulation, ink cartridge.

Polystyrene Ceiling tiles, heat insulation, packaging for fragile equipment

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Domestic/industrial piping (rainwater, waste etc), light fittings, curtain rail (with metal insert). Safety helmets and ducting
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THERMOSETTING PLASTICS
Silicones Water-proof coating fabrics. Anti foaming agents. Hydraulic fluids. Electrical equipment such as switch parts, induction heating equipment, insulation for motors and generator coils. Epoxides Sold as resins and syrups. Used as adhesive for gluing metal, lowpressure laminations, surface coating, casting and repairing casting.

Polyamide Bearings, compressor valves, piston rings, diamond abrasive wheel binders
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OTHER MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

9.1 Bitumen

9.2 Rubber
9.3 Plastic 9.4 Polymer 9.5 Gypsum 9.6 Glass 9.7 Fiber Reinforced Polymer

40 chapter 9 - other materials

POLYMER

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POLYMER

42

Polymer engineering is generally an engineering field that designs, analyses, and/or modifies polymer materials. Polymer engineering covers aspects of petrochemical industry, polymerization, structure and characterization of polymers, properties of polymers, compounding and processing of polymers and description of major polymers, structure property relations and applications

POLYMER

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NATURALLY OCCURRING POLYMERS

Polymers that exist in plants or animals Types of naturally occurring polymers

protein
carbohydrates

: muscles
: cellulose

natural rubber

: latex

Polymer Classifications Thermoset: cross-linked polymer that cannot be melted (tires, rubber bands) Thermoplastic: Meltable plastic Elastomers: Polymers that stretch and then return to their original form: often thermoset polymers Thermoplastic elastomers: Elastic polymers that can be melted (soles of tennis shoes) Polymer Families Polyolefins: made from olefin (alkene) monomers Polyesters, Amides, Urethanes, etc.: monomers linked by ester, amide, urethane or other functional groups Natural Polymers: Polysaccharides, DNA, proteins

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POLYMER WHY ??
Strong Inert to chemical attacks

Easily moulded or shaped and be coloured

Cheap

Able to resist corrosion

Special properties can be made according to specific needs
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OTHER MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

9.1 Bitumen

9.2 Rubber
9.3 Plastic 9.4 Polymer 9.5 Gypsum 9.6 Glass 9.7 Fiber Reinforced Polymer

47 chapter 9 - other materials

GYPSUM

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GYPSUM
In nature : Gypsum Rock Pure gypsum rock : CaSO4.2H2O calcium sulfate Impurities : MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2, CaCO3, MgCO3...

Manufacture :

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Excavating Crushing (~25 mm diameter) Grinding Heating (calcining) Cooling and Pulverizing Marketing in Bags

CALCINATION
Gypsum rock wahen heated to 100-190C looses of its water.
CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4.H2O + 3/2 H2O Plaster of Paris

This is low burning process and named as INCOMPLETE CALCINATION.

When calcination is carried out at temperatures above 190C all water is removed.
CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4 + 2H2O gypsum anhydrite

This is high-burning process & COMPLETE CALCINATION.

Both of these products form gypsum rock by recombining with water.
CaSO4.H2O + 3/2H2O CaSO4.2H2O CaSO4 + 2H2O CaSO4.2H2O

BOARDS APPLICATION
Regular white board, from 1/4" to 3/4" thickness

Greenboard, the drywall that contains an oil-based additive in the green colored paper covering that provides moisture resistance. It is commonly used in washrooms and other areas expected to experience elevated levels of humidity.
Blueboard, blue face paper forms a strong bond with a skim coat or a built-up plaster finish providing both water and mould resistance.

Cement board, which is more water-resistant than greenboard, for use in showers or sauna rooms, and as a base for ceramic tile
Soundboard is made from wood fibers to increase the sound rating (STC)
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BOARDS APPLICATION
Soundproof board is a laminated board made with gypsum, other materials, and damping polymers to significantly increase the STC Enviroboard, a board made from recycled agricultural materials Lead-lined gypsum board, used around radiological equipment Foil-backed gypsum board to control moisture in a building or room Controlled density (CD), also called ceiling board, which is available only in 1/2" thickness and is significantly stiffer than regular white board

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PLASTERS APPLICATION
Plaster of Paris
Plaster of paris is made from carefully selected white rock
Mixed with water to form a plaster Sets in 15 to 20 minutes Used to do small patch jobs, making molds

Keenes Cement
If gypsum is subjected to temperatures of 400 c it is completely dehydrated

This material is ground and has a additive of alum added to it

Mixed with water to form a plaster Highly resistant to moisture penetration and is used where sanitary conditions or excessive moisture make it necessary to specify a hard impervious surface.

PLASTERS APPLICATION
Casting Plaster
Made from specially selected rock and ground much finer then regular plaster of paris Has a slower setting and cooler working Makes it ideal for ornamental molded plaster work

Hard wall plaster

Plaster containing hair or fiber used to form the first scratch coat and the second brown coat on plastered walls and ceilings It requires the addition of aggregate and water on the job Aggregate is usually sand or a lightweight aggregate.

PLASTERS APPLICATION
Cement bond plaster
Intended for application to concrete surfaces Requires the addition only of water

Finish plaster
Mixed with hydrated lime putty and water Used a finish coat Prepared finish plaster
Requires only water Contains no lime So the surface can be decorated as soon as it dries Has a off white color

PLASTERS APPLICATION
Texture Plaster
Similar to manufacture prepared finish plaster
A texture is added most likely sand.

Texture spray
Is a dry gypsum based material designed to cover minor imperfections and provide a uniform, durable white surface.

Acoustical Plaster
Calcined gypsum is mixed with lightweight mineral aggregate to make a type of finish plaster that has a high rate of sound absorption

Joint Filler
Is used to make the paste for filling nail holes and covering joints in gypsum wallboard

OTHER MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

9.1 Bitumen

9.2 Rubber
9.3 Plastic 9.4 Polymer 9.5 Gypsum 9.6 Glass 9.7 Fiber Reinforced Polymer

58 chapter 9 - other materials

GLASS

59

INTRODUCTION TO GLASS :
It is a mixture of number of mettalic silicate, one of which is usually that of an alkali metal. Most important fact about glass is it is amorphous, transparent or translucent. The glass has been used as an engineering material since ancient times. But because of the rapid progress made in the glass industry in recent times, the glass has come out as the most versatile engineering material of the modern times. With the help of techniques developed in the glass industry, the glass of any type and quality can be produced to suit the requirements of different industries

FACT FILE :
The fibre glass reinforced with plastics can be used in the construction of furniture, lampshades, bathroom fittings, navy boats, aeroplanes, cars, trucks, etc. The glass is the only transparent material strong enough to go upto the bottom of ocean. It is therefore used in the construction of noses of deep-diving vehicles. The glass linings are applied on equipments likely to be affected by the chemical corrosion such as valves, pumps, pipes, etc. In the construction of modern homes, the walls and ceilings of hollow glass blocks can be made which controls the glare and heat considerably while admitting the light.

CHARACTERSTICS OF GLASS :
It absorbs, reflects or transmits light. It has no sharp melting point. It is an excellent electrical insulator at high temperatures due to the fact that glass can be considered as an ionic liquid. It is extremely brittle. It is not usually affected by air or water.

It is not easily attacked by ordinary chemical reagents.

It is possible to obtain glasses with diversified properties as the glasses may be clear, colourless, diffused and stained.
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PROPERTIES AND TYPICAL USE OF GLASS

Type of glass
Soda glass Lead glass

Properties and uses

Window panes, plate glass, bottle, jar etc. High refractive index and dispersive power. Lenses, lamp, prism and other optics. Crystal glass table-ware Low coefficient of expansion and good resistance to chemical. Used for heat-resistance kitchen-ware and laboratory apparatus. High softening temperature (Tg up to 8000C). A glass-ceramic for cooking ware, heat exchangers etc Vycor-low coefficient of expansion. Missile noise cones, window for space vehicles Sodium vapour discharge lamp

Boro-silicate glass (Pyrex)

Alumino-silicate glass (ceramic glass) High silicon glass
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Silicon-free glass

SPECIAL VARITIES OF GLASS:

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BULLET PROOF GLASS FIBRE GLASS FLOAT GLASS FOAM GLASS GLASS BLOCKS HEAT EXCLUDING GLASS OBSCURED GLASS

SAFETY GLASS PERFORATED GLASS SHIELDING GLASS SOLUBLE GLASS STRUCTURAL GLASS ULTRA VOILET RAY GLASS WIRED GLASS

OTHER MATERIALS FOR CONSTRUCTION

9.1 Bitumen

9.2 Rubber
9.3 Plastic 9.4 Polymer 9.5 Gypsum 9.6 Glass 9.7 Fiber Reinforced Polymer

65 chapter 9 - other materials

WHAT IS FRP?
FRP stands for Fiber Reinforced Plastic

FRP is used in structural shapes, repair materials or as reinforcement for concrete

FRP is a composite material consisting of artificial fibers encased in a resin matrix Fiber Types
+ Glass + Poly-Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) + Carbon + Aramid (Kevlar)

Resin Types
+ Epoxy + Polyester

Resins are thermosetting

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NATURAL FIBERS REINFORCED POLYMERS

The interest in natural fiber reinforced polymer composite materials is rapidly growing both in terms of industrial applications and fundamental research. They are renewable, cheap completely or partially recyclable and biodegradable. These fibers are incorporated into a matrix material such as thermosetting plastics, thermoplastics or biopolymers.

The use of ligno cellulosic materials in the form of fibres or particles results not only in a considerable increase in biodegradability of a composite but also changes its properties, including flame retardancy characteristic.
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ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITES CONTAINING NATURAL VEGETABLE FIBERS

They are environmentally friendly materials at the stage of production, processing and waste. Environmentally friendly production of natural vegetable fibers -annual reliability and lower energy inputs in production per unit. Commonly known processing methods. Properties comparable to those of materials reinforced with glass fiber. Better elasticity of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibers, especially when modified with crushed fibers, embroidered and 3-D weaved fibers.
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They display acoustic insulation and absorb vibrations and large quantities of energy when subjected to destruction.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITES CONTAINING NATURAL VEGETABLE FIBERS

The lower density of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibers than those reinforced with glass fiber. The price of polymer composites reinforced with natural fibers is from two to three times lower than that of polymers reinforced with glass fiber.

Natural vegetable fibers can be applied to the reinforcement of the natural polymers such as starch, lignin, hemicellulose and India-rubber and the material obtained in this way is 100% biodegradable. Reaction to fire of composites based on lignocellulosic fibers is much more beneficial comparing to polymers significant reduction of heat release rate
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APPLICATIONS OF FRP
FRPs can be used in concrete in three basic forms:

Internal reinforcement for reinforced concrete structures Reinforcement bars for Concrete
External reinforcement for strengthening or repairing existing deficient structures; FRP sheets can be used to increase flexural strength in weakened or underdesigned members FRP structural elements (e.g. beams, girder, and column) in concreteFRP composite structures. Prestressing Tendons for Concrete Members

MANUFACTURE OF FRP RODS

Pultrusion
+ Enables a high percentage of fibers to be included in the cross section

Braiding
+ Creates surface deformations which enhance the FRP to concrete bond

Hybrid Rods

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF FRP

High Tensile Strength
On average, the tensile strength of FRP is 10% to 500% greater than steel

Low Moduli of Elasticity

With the exception of Carbon rods, FRP has only 1/10 to 1/2 the modulus of steel

Linear Stress-Strain Relationship

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF FRP

High Tensile Strength
On average, the tensile strength of FRP is 10% to 500% greater than steel

Low Moduli of Elasticity

With the exception of Carbon rods, FRP has only 1/10 to 1/2 the modulus of steel

Linear Stress-Strain Relationship

ADVANTAGES OF FRP
Will Not Corrode In Field Conditions Lightweight Strong in Tension Methods of Construction Same as Steel Reinforcement

DISADVANTAGES OF FRP
Low Moduli of Elasticity

Cannot be Shaped in the Field

More Expensive than Steel Coefficients of Thermal Expansion are Different than Those of Steel or Concrete

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CONCLUSION
FRP Reinforcement is an Engineered Material that Shows Great Promise In the Future of Civil Engineering