Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control, 2011, Vol. 16, No.

1, 4758 47
TaylorCouette ow of a fractional second grade uid
in an annulus due to a time-dependent couple
M. Imran, M. Kamran, M. Athar, A.A. Zafar
Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences, GC University
68-B, New Muslim Town, Lahore, Pakistan
drmimranchaudhry@gmail.com
Received: 8 October 2010 / Revised: 15 November 2010 / Published online: 25 February 2011
Abstract. Exact solutions for the velocity eld and the associated shear stress, corresponding to
the ow of a fractional second grade uid between two innite coaxial cylinders, are determined by
means of Laplace and nite Hankel transforms. The motion is produced by the inner cylinder which
is rotating about its axis due to a time-dependent torque per unit length 2R
1
ft
2
. The solutions that
have been obtained satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. For 1, respectively
1 and
1
0, the corresponding solutions for ordinary second grade uids and Newtonian
uids, performing the same motion, are obtained as limiting cases.
Keywords: fractional second grade uid, velocity eld, shear stress, exact solutions.
1 Introduction
The governing equation that describes the ow of a Newtonian uid is the NavierStokes
equation. However, some materials such as clay coatings, drilling muds, suspensions,
certain oils and greases, polymer melts, elastomers, many emulsions have been treated as
non-Newtonian uids and they cannot be described by the NavierStokes equation. For
this reason, many non-Newtonian models or constitutive equations have been proposed
and most of them are empirical or semi-empirical. One of the most popular models for
non-Newtonian uids is the model that is called the second grade uid or uid of second
grade. It is reasonable to use the second grade uid model to do numerical calculations.
This is particularly so due to the fact that the calculations will generally be simpler. The
constitutive equation of a second grade uid is a linear relation between the stress and
the square of the rst RivlinEricksen tensor and the second RivlinEricksen tensor [1].
This constitutive equation has three coefcients. There are some restrictions on these
coefcients due to the ClausiusDuhem inequality and also due to the assumption that
Helmoltz free energy is minimum in equilibrium. A comprehensive discussion on the
restrictions for these coefcients has been given by Dunn and Fosdick [2] and Dunn
and Rajagopal [3]. The restrictions on the two coefcients have not been conrmed by
experiments and the sign of the moduli is the subject of much controversy.
c Vilnius University, 2011
48 M. Imran, M. Kamran, M. Athar, A.A. Zafar
During the last years, the fractional calculus has achieved a great success in the
description of the complex dynamics. In particular it has been found to be quite exible
in describing the viscoelastic behavior [4, 5]. A very good t of the experimental data
was achieved when the Maxwell model was used with its rst-order derivatives replaced
by fractional-order derivatives [6]. Especially, the rheological constitutive equations with
fractional derivatives play an important role in the description of the behavior of polymer
solutions and melts. In other cases, it has been shown that the constitutive equations
employing fractional derivatives are linked to molecular theories [7]. The list of their
applications is quite long, it including fractal media, fractional wave diffusion, fractional
Hamiltonian dynamics as well as many other topics in physics [8]. In the last time, a lot
of papers regarding these uids have been published but we remember here only a part of
those concerning generalized second grade uids [919].
Here, the velocity eld and the adequate shear stress, corresponding to the ow
of a second grade uid with fractional model in an annular region between two innite
coaxial cylinders, are determined by means of Laplace and the nite Hankel transforms.
The motion is produced by the inner cylinder which is moving about its axis due to a
time-dependent torque. The solutions that have been obtained satisfy all imposed initial
and boundary conditions. For 1, respectively 1 and
1
0, the corresponding
solutions for ordinary second grade and Newtonian uids, performing the same motion,
are obtained as limiting cases
2 Governing equations
The ows to be here considered have the velocity eld of the form [2022]
v = v(r, t) = w(r, t) e

, (1)
where e

is the unit vector along the -direction of the cylindrical coordinate system r,
and z. For such ows the constraint of incompressibility is automatically satised. The
non-trivial shear stress (r, t) = S
r
(r, t) corresponding to such a motion of a second
grade uid is given by [23]
(r, t) =
_
+
1

t
__
w(r, t)
r

w(r, t)
r
_
, (2)
where is the viscosity and
1
ia a material modulus. In the absence of a pressure gradi-
ent in the ow direction and neglecting body forces, the balance of the linear momentum
leads to the relevant equation [24, 25]

w(r, t)
t
=
_

r
+
2
r
_
(r, t). (3)
Eliminating (r, t) between Eqs. (2) and (3), we get the governing equation
w(r, t)
t
=
_
+

t
__

2
r
2
+
1
r

r

1
r
2
_
w(r, t), (4)
www.lana.lt/journal
TaylorCouette ow of a fractional second grade uid in an annulus 49
where = / is the kinematic viscosity of the uid, is its constant density and
=
1
/.
Generally, the governing equations for a fractional second grade uid (FSGF) are
derived from those of the ordinary uids by replacing the inner time derivatives of an
integer order with the so called RiemannLiouville operator [26]
D

t
f(t) =
1
(1 )
d
dt
t
_
0
f()
(t )

d, 0 < 1,
where () is the Gamma function.
Consequently, the governing equations corresponding to the motion (1) of a FSGF
are (cf. [21, Eqs. (2) and (4)] with = 0)
w(r, t)
t
=
_
+ D

t
_
_

2
r
2
+
1
r

r

1
r
2
_
w(r, t); (5)
(r, t) =
_
+
1
D

t
_
_

r

1
r
_
w(r, t), (6)
where the new material constant
1
(for simplicity, we are keeping the same notation)
goes to the initial
1
for 1.
In this paper, we are interested into the motion of a FSGF whose governing equa-
tions are given by Eqs. (5) and (6). The fractional partial differential equations (6), with
adequate initial and boundary conditions, can be solved in principle by several methods,
the integral transforms technique representing a systematic, efcient and powerful tool.
The Laplace transform will be used to eliminate the time variable and the nite Hankel
transform to remove the spatial variable. However, in order to avoid the lengthy calcu-
lations of residues and contour integrals, the discrete inverse Laplace transform will be
used.
3 Rotational ow between two innite cylinders
Consider an incompressible FSGF at rest in the annular region between two innitely co-
axial cylinders. At time t = 0
+
let the inner cylinder of radius R
1
be set in rotation about
its axis by a time dependent torque per unit length 2R
1
ft
2
, while the outer cylinder of
radius R
2
is held stationary. Owing to the shear, the uid between cylinders is gradually
moved, its velocity being of the form (1). The governing equations are given by Eqs. (5)
and (6) and the appropriate initial and boundary conditions are (see [20, Eqs. (5.2), (5.3)])
w(r, 0) = 0; r
_
R
1
, R
2

, (7)
(R
1
, t) =
_
+
1
D

t
_
_
w(r, t)
r

w(r, t)
r
_

r=R
1
= ft
2
;
(8)
w(R
2
, t) = 0; t 0,
where f is a constant.
Nonlinear Anal. Model. Control, Vol. 16, No. 1, 4758, 2011
50 M. Imran, M. Kamran, M. Athar, A.A. Zafar
3.1 Calculation of the velocity eld
Applying the Laplace transform to the equations (5) and (8) and using the initial condition
(7), we get
qw(r, q) =
_
+ q

_
_

2
r
2
+
1
r

r

1
r
2
_
w(r, q); r (R
1
, R
2
), (9)
(R
1
, q) =
_
+
1
q

_
_

r

1
r
_
w(r, q)|
r=R
1
=
2f
q
3
; w(R
2
, q) = 0, (10)
where w(r, q) and (R
1
, q) are the Laplace transforms of the functions w(r, t) and
(R
1
, t), respectively. We denote by [21, Eq. (32)]
w
H
(r
n
, q) =
R
2
_
R
1
rw(r, q)B(r, r
n
) dr, (11)
the nite Hankel transform of the function w(r, q), where
B(r, r
n
) = J
1
(rr
n
)Y
2
(R
1
r
n
) J
2
(R
1
r
n
)Y
1
(rr
n
), (12)
r
n
being the positive roots of the equation B(R
2
, r) = 0 and J
p
(), Y
p
() are the Bessel
functions of the rst and second kind of order p.
The inverse Hankel transform of w
H
(r
n
, q) is given by [21, Eq. (35)]
w(r, q) =

2
2

n=1
r
2
n
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B(r, r
n
)
J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
) J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)
w
H
(r
n
, q). (13)
By means of Eq. (10)
2
and of the identity
J
1
(z)Y
2
(z) J
2
(z)Y
1
(z) =
2
z
,
we can easily prove that
R
2
_
R
1
r
_

2
r
2
+
1
r

r

1
r
2
_
w(r, q)B(r, r
n
) dr
= r
2
n
w
H
(r
n
, q) +
2
r
n
_

r

1
r
_
w(r, q)

r=R
1
. (14)
Multiplying Eq. (9) by rB(r, r
n
) and integrating the result with respect to r from
R
1
to R
2
and using Eqs. (10) and (14), we nd that
w
H
(r
n
, q) =
4f
r
n
1
q
3
1
q +
1
q

r
2
n
+ r
2
n
. (15)
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TaylorCouette ow of a fractional second grade uid in an annulus 51
Writing w
H
(r
n
, q) under the equivalent forms
w
H
(r
n
, q) =
4f
r
3
n
_
1
q
3

1 + r
2
n
q
1
q
2
{q + ( + q

)r
2
n
}
_
=
4f
r
3
n
_
1
q
3

q
2
+ r
2
n
q
3
(q
1
+ r
2
n
) + r
2
n
q

_
, (16)
and applying the Hankel transform to Eq. (16) and using the identities
1
(q
1
+ r
2
n
) + r
2
n
q

k=0
(r
2
n
)
k
q
k
(q
1
+ r
2
n
)
k+1
, (17)

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B(r, r
n
)
r
n
[J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
) J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)]
=
1
2
_
R
1
R
2
_
2
_
r
R
2
2
r
_
, (18)
we nd that
w(r, q) =
f

_
R
1
R
2
_
2
_
r
R
2
2
r
_
1
q
3

2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B(r, r
n
)
r
n
[J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
)J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)]

k=0
(r
2
n
)
k
(q
1
+r
2
n
)
k+1
_
q
k2
+ r
2
n
q
k3

. (19)
Now applying the inverse Laplace transform to Eq. (19), we nd for the velocity eld the
suitable expression [18]
w(r, t) =
f
2
_
R
1
R
2
_
2
_
r
R
2
2
r
_
t
2

2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B(r, r
n
)
r
n
[J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
) J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)]

k=o
_
r
2
n
_
k
_
G
1,k2,k+1
_
r
2
n
, t
_
+ r
2
n
G
1,k3,k+1
_
r
2
n
, t
_
, (20)
where the generalized function G
a,b,c
(d, t) is dened by [27, Eqs. (97) and (101)]
G
a,b,c
(d, t) = L
1
_
q
b
(q
a
d)
c
_
=

j=0
d
j
(c + j)
(c)(j + 1)
t
(c+j)ab1
[(c + j)a b]
; (21)
Re(ac b) > 0,

d
q
a

< 1.
3.2 Calculation of the shear stress
Applying the Laplace transform to Eq. (6), we nd that
(r, q) =
_
+
1
q

_
_

r

1
r
_
w(r, q). (22)
Nonlinear Anal. Model. Control, Vol. 16, No. 1, 4758, 2011
52 M. Imran, M. Kamran, M. Athar, A.A. Zafar
In order to get a suitable form for (r, t), we rewrite Eq. (15) under the equivalent form
w
H
(r
n
, q) =
4f
r
3
n
1
q
3
_
+
1
q

_
4f
r
3
n
1
q
2
( +
1
q

)(q + q

r
2
n
+ r
2
n
)
. (23)
Applying the inverse Hankel transform to Eq. (23) and using Eq. (13) and the
identity (18), we nd that
w(r, q) = f
_
R
1
R
2
_
2
_
r
R
2
2
r
_
1
q
3
(+
1
q

)
2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B(r, r
n
)
r
n
[J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
)J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)]

1
q
2
(+
1
q

)(q+q

r
2
n
+r
2
n
)
. (24)
Introducing Eq. (24) into Eq. (22), it results that
(r, q) =
_
R
1
r
_
2
f
2
q
3
+ 2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B
1
(r, r
n
)
J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
)J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)
1
q
2
(q+q

r
2
n
+r
2
n
)
, (25)
or equivalently (see also Eq. (17))
(r, q) =
_
R
1
r
_
2
f
2
q
3
+ 2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B
1
(r, r
n
)
J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
)J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)

k=0
(r
2
n
)
k
q
k2
(q
1
+r
2
n
)
k+1
, (26)
where B
1
(r, r
n
) = J
2
(rr
n
)Y
2
(R
1
r
n
) J
2
(R
1
r
n
)Y
2
(rr
n
).
Now taking the inverse Laplace transform of both sides of Eq. (26), we get for the
shear stress (r, t) the expression
(r, t) =
_
R
1
r
_
2
ft
2
+ 2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B
1
(r, r
n
)
J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
)J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)

k=0
_
r
2
n
_
k
G
1,k2,k+1
_
r
2
n
, t
_
. (27)
4 The special case 1 (second grade uid)
Making 1 into Eqs. (20) and (27), we obtain the similar solutions
w
SG
(r, t) =
f
2
_
R
1
R
2
_
2
_
r
R
2
2
r
_
t
2

2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B(r, r
n
)
r
n
[J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
) J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)]

_
1 + r
2
n
_

k=0
(r
2
n
)
k
G
0,k3,k+1
_
r
2
n
, t
_
, (28)
www.lana.lt/journal
TaylorCouette ow of a fractional second grade uid in an annulus 53
and

SG
(r, t) =
_
R
1
r
_
2
ft
2
+ 2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B
1
(r, r
n
)
J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
) J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)

k=0
_
r
2
n
_
k
G
0,k3,k+1
_
r
2
n
, t
_
, (29)
corresponding to a second grade uid.
Now, in view of the identity

k=0
_
r
2
n
_
k
G
0,(k+3),k+1
_
r
2
n
, t
_
=
1 + r
2
n
(r
2
n
)
2
_
exp
_

r
2
n
t
1 + r
2
n
_
+
r
2
n
t
1 + r
2
n
1
_
,
Eqs. (28) and (29) can be written under the simplest forms
w
SG
(r, t) =
f
2
_
R
1
R
2
_
2
_
r
R
2
2
r
__
t
2

2
1

t
_

2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B(r, r
n
)
r
3
n
[J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
) J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)]

_
t
(1 + r
2
n
)
2
r
2
n
_
1 exp
_
r
2
n
t
1 + r
2
n
___
, (30)
and

SG
(r, t) =
_
R
1
r
_
2
ft
2
+
2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B
1
(r, r
n
)
r
2
n
[J
2
2
_
R
1
r
n
) J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)]

_
t
1 + r
2
n
r
2
n
_
1 exp
_
r
2
n
t
1 + r
2
n
___
. (31)
5 Newtonian case
Making
1
and then 0 into Eqs. (30) and (31), the velocity eld
w
N
(r, t) =
f
2
_
R
1
R
2
_
2
_
r
R
2
2
r
_
t
2

2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B(r, r
n
)
r
3
n
[J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
) J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)]

_
t
1
r
2
n
_
1 e
r
2
n
t
_
_
, (32)
Nonlinear Anal. Model. Control, Vol. 16, No. 1, 4758, 2011
54 M. Imran, M. Kamran, M. Athar, A.A. Zafar
and the associated shear stress

N
(r, t) =
_
R
1
r
_
2
ft
2
+
2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B
1
(r, r
n
)
r
2
n
[J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
) J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)]

_
t
1
r
2
n
_
1 e
r
2
n
t
__
, (33)
corresponding to a Newtonian uid are obtained.
6 Conclusions
The purpose of this note is to provide exact analytic solutions for the velocity eld w(r, t)
and the shear stress (r, t) corresponding to the unsteady rotational ow of a fractional
second grade uid between two innite coaxial cylinders, the inner cylinder being set in
rotation about its axis by a time-dependent shear. The solutions that have been obtained,
presented under series form in terms of usual Bessel (J
1
() and J
2
()) and generalized
G
a,b,c
(, t) functions, satisfy all imposed initial and boundary conditions. They can be
easily specialized to give the similar solutions for ordinary second grade and Newtonian
uids.
The large time solutions corresponding to second grade uids (see Eqs. (30) and
(31))
w
LSG
(r, t) =
f
2
_
R
1
R
2
_
2
_
r
R
2
2
r
__
t
2

2
1

t
_

2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B(r, r
n
)
r
3
n
[J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
)J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)]
_
t
(1 + r
2
n
)
2
r
2
n
_
, (34)

LSG
(r, t) =
_
R
1
r
_
2
ft
2
+
2f

n=1
J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)B
1
(r, r
n
)
r
2
n
[J
2
2
(R
1
r
n
)J
2
1
(R
2
r
n
)]

_
t
1 + r
2
n
r
2
n
_
, (35)
are different of those corresponding to Newtonian uids.
In order to reveal some relevant physical aspects of the obtained results, the dia-
grams of the velocity w(r, t) and the shear stress (r, t) given by Eqs. (20) and (27), have
been drawn against r for different values of the time t and of the material parameters.
Figs 1(a) and 1(b). show the inuence of time on the uid motion. From these gures it
is clearly seen that the velocity as well as the shear stress in absolute value are increasing
functions of t. In Figs. 2(a) and 2(b), it is shown the inuence of the kinematic viscosity
on the uid motion. It is clearly seen from these gures that the velocity and shear stress
(in absolute value) are increasing functions of . The inuence of the material parameter
on the uid motion is shown by Figs 3. It shows that the velocity is an increasing
function, while the shear stress (in absolute value) is a decreasing function with respect
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TaylorCouette ow of a fractional second grade uid in an annulus 55
to . In Figs. 4(a) and 4(b) it is shown the inuence of the fractional parameter on
the uid motion. It is clearly seen from these gures that both the velocity and the shear
stress (in absolute value) are increasing functions of .
Finally, for comparison, the diagrams of w(r, t) and (r, t) corresponding to the
fractional second grade, ordinary second grade and Newtonian uids are presented in
Figs. 5 for the same values of the common material constants and the time t. In all cases
the velocity of the uid is a decreasing function with respect to r. From these gures, it
is clearly seen that, as expected, the Newtonian uid is the swiftest while the fractional
second grade uid is the slowest. One thing is of worth mentioning that units of the
material constants are IS units in all gures and the roots r
n
have been approximated by
(2n 1)/[2(R
2
R
1
)].
a.
b.
r r
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. Proles of the velocity w(r, t) and shear stress (r, t) given by Eqs. (20) and
(27) for R
1
= 0.3, R
2
= 0.5, f = 2, = 0.003, = 10, = 0.003, = 0.6 and
different values of t.
r r
(a) (b)
Fig. 2. Proles of the velocity w(r, t) and shear stress (r, t) given by Eqs. (20) and
(27) for t = 12 s, R
1
= 0.3, R
2
= 0.5, f = 2, = 35, = 0.03, = 0.4 and
different values of .
Nonlinear Anal. Model. Control, Vol. 16, No. 1, 4758, 2011
56 M. Imran, M. Kamran, M. Athar, A.A. Zafar
r r
(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Proles of the velocity w(r, t) and shear stress (r, t) given by Eqs. (20) and
(27) for t = 17 s, R
1
= 0.3, R
2
= 0.5, f = 2, = 0.0015, = 30, = 0.4 and
different values of .
r r
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. Proles of the velocity w(r, t) and shear stress (r, t) given by Eqs. (20) and
(27) for t = 14 s, R
1
= 0.3, R
2
= 0.5, f = 2, = 0, 0015, = 40, = 0.07 and
different values of .
r r
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. Proles of the velocity w(r, t) and shear stress (r, t) corresponding to
the Newtonian, ordinary second grade, fractional second grade uids, for t = 5 s,
R
1
= 0.3, R
2
= 0.5, f = 2, = 0.002, = 30, = 0.04 and = 0.5.
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TaylorCouette ow of a fractional second grade uid in an annulus 57
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank reviewers for their careful assessment and very useful
suggestions that helped us to improve the paper.
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