OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

Prepared By : Rosli Bin Abdul Rahman

Course Syllabus for FASH 3033

Concept of Hazard Avoidance Enforcement Approach Psychological Approach Engineering Approach Analytical Approach Hazards Classification Impact of Safety and Health Laws Standards Enforcement NIOSH Future Trends Safety Communication and Promotion Reporting and documentation Record Keeping and Retention Medical Surveillance Permit-to-Work Material Safety Data Sheets Process Safety Process Information Process Analysis Operating Procedures Personnel Training Building and Facilities Working and Walking Surface Exits Illumination Sanitation Miscellaneous Facilities Material Handling and Storage Material Storage Industrial Trucks Cranes Slings Conveyors Lifting

Course Syllabus for FASH 3033

Machine Guarding General Machine Guarding Safeguarding the Point of Operation Power Presses Grinding Machines Saws Belts and Pulleys Welding Process Terminology Gas Welding Hazards Arc Welding Hazards Resistance Welding Hazards Fire and Explosions Eye Protection Protective Clothing Gas and Fumes Electrical Hazards Electrocution Hazards Fire Hazards Test Equipment Frequent Violations

Construction General Facilities Personal Protective Equipment Fire Protection Tools Electrical Ladders and Scaffolds Floors and Stairways Cranes and Hoists Heavy Vehicles and Equipment Trenching and Excavations Concrete Work Steel Erection Demolition Explosive Blasting Electrical Utilities

Student Assessment
Conventional teaching and continuous assessment: Coursework: 50% ( quizzes / tests /oral class discussion, projects and presentation in group /individual, etc)
TWO (2) Assignment 30% (Individual /Group) Mid Term 20 %

Final Examination: 50% (written / take home, MCQ/ structures/ essay, e.t.c)

Main references supporting the course

Reese, C. D. (2008). Occupational Health and Safety Management: A Practical Approach, 2nd edition. New York: CRC Goetsh, D. L. (2013). Occupational Safety and Health For Technologists, Engineers and Managers, 7th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Asfahl, C. R. (Industrial Safety and Health Mangement, 4th edition). 2000. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Grimaldi and Simons, (Safety Management, 4th edition) 1984 http//: www.dosh.gov.my

Introduction
Safety is FOUR-LETTER Word FEAR is a survival function. You need to survive. Fear makes you take note. Walking in the middle white lane of the road, FEAR tells you not to do it. -Stephen King, 2007

Enforcement Approach

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH POLICY (DOSH)

It is the policy of the Department of Occupational Safety and Health to provide a safe and healthy work environment for all its employees and protect others who may be affected by its activities. The management and staff will work together to achieve the aims and objectives of this policy through discussion / negotiation (conference) and cooperation. Specifically, the department policy comprises the following objectives: To prepare and preserve a workplace with a safe and healthy working system; To ensure that all staff are provided with the relevant information, instruction, training and supervision regarding methods to carry out their duties in a safe manner and without causing any risk to health; To investigate all accidents, diseases, poisonous and/or dangerous occurrences, and to have action to ensure that these occurrences will not be repeated; To comply with all requirements of legislations related to safety and health as stated in the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, as well as regulations and codes of practice which have been approved; To provide basic welfare facilities to all workers; and To revise and improve on this policy whenever necessary. The department is without any doubt certain that safety and health must be an integral part of our daily activities, and that the proper practice of safe and healthy working procedures would be the main factor in achieving the success of our mission.

STATISTICS

STATISTICS

Enforcement Approach
For all industries If >5 Employees Health Committee + a Certified Safety & Health Policy
Safety & Health Officer >100 Employees - Safety & Health Policy + Safety & (Order 1997)

40 Employees (S30) For low risk industries (other than - Safety & Health the above mentioned industries) Policy + Safety & >500 Employees - Safety & Health Committee For high risk industries (i.e. construction, ship building, gas etc.)
Health Policy + Safety & (Order 1997) Health Committee + a Certified Safety & Health Officer

Duties of an Employer
Duties of an Employer To ensure the safety, health and welfare at work of all his employees and visitors. To formulate safety and health policy. Extra protection for the disabled etc

PENALTY UNDER SECTION 15-19 (OSHA 1994)

Penalty For Non Compliance i. A fine not exceeding RM50,000 or ii. Imprisonment not exceeding 2 years iii. Or both Other Penalty / Fine Common Law: Affected person (employee or public) may take legal action against the organization under the Civil Law (Common Law).

PENALTY UNDER SECTION 20-23 (OSHA 1994)

Duties of third party (suppliers /contractors) To provide sufficient information. To eliminate or reduce hazard. To build and fix the equipment with safety Feature. Penalty for non compliance. i. A fine not exceeding RM20,000 or maximum ii. 2 years imprisonment iii. or both

Duties of an Employee

PENALTY UNDER SECTION 24-27 (OSHA 1994)

To take reasonable safety and health measure for himself and other persons; To co-operate with his employer or any other persons in the discharge of any duty; To use and wear at all times, any protective equipment or clothing provided by employer; To comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health instituted by his employer

CON T
Penalty for non compliance i. A fine not exceeding RM1,000 or ii. Imprisonment not exceeding 3 months iii. Or both

Offences in relation to inspection Sec. 47

A person who (a) refuses access to a place of work to an officer or a person assisting him; (b) obstructs the officer in the exercise of his powers under this Act or any regulation made thereunder, or induces or attempts to induce any other person to do so; (c) fails to produce any document required under this Act by the officer; (d) conceals the location or existence of any other person or any plant or substance from the officer; (e) prevents or attempts to prevent any other person from assisting the officer; or (f) in any other way, hinders, impedes or opposes the officer in the exercise of his powers under this Act or any regulation made thereunder, shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit (RM 10,000.00) or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or to both

 A person who without reasonable excuse fails to

comply with any improvement or prohibition notice issued under section 48 shall be guilty of an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand ringgit (RM 50,000.00) or to imprisonment

i.

ii. for a term not exceeding five years or to both, and to a further fine iii. of five hundred ringgit (RM 500.00) for each day during which the offence continues

 General penalty, Sec 51 A person who by any act or omission contravenes any provision of this Act or any regulation made thereunder shall be guilty of an offence, and if no penalty is expressly provided shall, on conviction, i. be liable to a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit (RM 10,000.00) or to

ii. imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year or to both and, iii. in the case of a continuing offence, to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit (RM 1000.00) for every day or part of a day during which the offence continues after conviction.

Psychological Approach
In almost all the group studied a small number of workers contributed more than their share of accidents. This could be attributed both to individual differences in conditions of work and to personal tendencies
E.M. Newbold, Accident Research,ed.W.Haddon,Jr (New York: Harper& Row, 1964)

 Vision Investigations indicate a significant difference in the injury experience between the groups of workers who have eye defects and others who do not. Reaction time-Fletcher, as reported by Gray, found a difference in reaction time between good and poor driving was considered statically significant
Relationship between perception and muscular responses and injuries (person who tend to react more quickly than they perceive are more likely to have accidents than are those who perceive faster than they react) Relationship between intelligence and injury experience (Lauer, reported that automobile driver whose IQs are less than 75 are more likely to have accidents)

CON T

CON T
Hearing In a study of physically handicapped it was reported that hearing defects appeared to have a greater influence on individual injury experience than any other physical impairment. Age Age would seem to have some relationship to accident experience. Schulzinger, reported a declining accident rate, for the groups of persons studied, as the age-group years increased.

Experience Fisher s reported as an individual s year of work experience accumulated, his or her injury potential decreased. Emotional Instability Based on a clinical study of 400 minor injury cases, it was found that more than half occurred when the worker was worried, apprehensive or in some other low emotional state. - It was estimate that because of job and home difficulties, loss of sleep and fatigue.

CON T

Marital Status Shaffai-Sahrai found that the average number of married employees was higher in the firm with the better safety records than those with poorer records. - Married workers were more settled and had greater responsibilities, which make them more concerned about the possible consequences of an injury

 Need analysis - Include criteria for safe design by understanding the hazards associated with the operation of the system. Feasibility studies i. ii. Identify the principles constraints-including safety constraints Generating possible solution

Engineering Approach

iii. Selecting possible solution based on physical and economic feasibility. Trade studies Determine the relative desirability of each safeguard (effectiveness, cost, weight, size)

CON T
System architecture development and analysis breakdown the system into subsystems to study safety constraint Interface analysis define boundaries of the system components and optimize visibility and control

Analytical Analysis
There are several ways to identify hazard at workplace such as : i. Workplace inspection ii. Management/worker discussion iii. Independence audits iv. Job Safety Analysis v. Hazard and Operability Studies vi. Accident statistics

The term "hazard classification is used to indicate that only the intrinsic hazardous properties of substances and mixtures are considered and involves the following 3 steps: a) Identification of relevant data regarding the hazards of a substance or mixture; b) Subsequent review of those data to ascertain the hazards associated with the substance or mixture; and c) A decision on whether the substance or mixture will be classified as a hazardous substance or mixture and the degree of hazard, where appropriate, by comparison of the data with agreed hazard classification criteria.

Hazard Classification

Classification is the starting point for hazard communication. It involves the identification of the hazard(s) of a chemical or mixture by assigning a category of hazard/danger using defined criteria. The GHS is designed to be consistent and transparent. It draws a clear distinction between classes and categories in order to allow for "self classification". http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/ghs.html

DISCUSS
Is safety more a psychological problem or more an engineering problem?, Discuss.

Questions & Comments