MMAN2600 Formula Summary

November 8, 2012
1. Hydrostatic Pressure (Static Fluids only) P = P2 P1 = gh Pa = N m2

2. Stagnation Pressure (Pressure of uid when it is brought to a stop) Pstag = P + 3. Shear Stress (Force tangential to surface) = 4. Viscosity (a) Dynamic (or absolute): (b) Kinematic: = 5. Capillary Eect h= 6. Flow Visualisation (a) Stream line: The curve that is tangent to the instantaneous local velocity. They show the instantaneous direction of uid motion. (b) Streak line: The locus of uid particles which have passed sequentially through a prescribed point in the ow. (c) Path line: The path traced out by an individual uid particle over time. (d) Time line: Locus of the set of adjacent uid particles that were released at the same instant in time (a velocity prole). 2s gR m2 s kg m.s F v du = = A L dy Pa = N m2 v 2 2

7. Force on submerged planes FR = PC A = gyc A yP = yc + Ixx,C 0 [yc + gP ]A sin

For a rectangular plate: (yc = b/2, Ixx,c = ab3 /12) b FR = [P0 + g (s + ) sin ]ab 2 yP = s + b b2 + b 2 12[s + 2 +
P0 ] g sin

Usually P0 = Patm so you can take P0 = 0. 8. Bernoullis Equation (dynamic uids only) (a) Head form
2 2 P1 v 1 P2 v 2 + + z1 + hpump = + + z2 + hturbine + hloss = constant = H g 2g g 2g

[m]

(b) Energy form (per unit mass) emech = (c) General Energy form m
2 P1 v 1 pump = m + + gz1 + W 2 2 P1 v 1 turbine + E mech loss + + gz1 + W 2

v2 P + + gz 2

J kg

(d) Assumptions: steady, incompressible ow, negligible viscous eects, negligible heat transfer, irrotational ow (no vorticity) and negligible friction only if head losses arent considered. (e) Some Notes: H is the total head of ow (also energy grade line value),
v2 2g P g

is the pressure head,

is the velocity head (dierence between energy grade line and hydraulic grad line) and z is the elevation head. P is the static pressure, v is the dynamic pressure and gz is the hydrostatic 2 pressure. The kinetic energy correction factor , which is the coecient of the velocity term has been ignored, as it is usually taken to be 1. 2
2

9. Continuity and Flow Rates (a) Mass ow rate m = V (b) Volume ow rate = Q = Av V (c) Continuity A1 v1 = A2 v2 10. Power = mgh P = F v W pump = V 11. Pressure in accelerating systems tan = dzisobar ax = (slope of isobars) g + az dx Pz = (g + az )h 12. Buoyancy FB = mdisplaced g = uid Vdisplaced g 13. Linear Momentum Equation F =
out

kg s m3 s

J =W s

mv
in

mv

[N]

is the dimensionless momentum-ux correction factor due to the fact that velocity across most inlets/outlets are not uniform. Usually equal to 1. 14. Reynolds Number Re ReD = inertial forces vD vD = = viscous forces [dimensionless]

Laminar ow for Re < 2300, where viscous forces dominate. Turbulent ow is characterised by disordered uid motion and high velocity uctuations. 15. Losses due to pipe friction (major loss) (a) Pressure Loss PL = f L v 2 = ghL D 2 3 [Pa]

(b) Head Loss hL = PL L v2 =f g D 2g [m]

(c) Dont forget to change to hydraulic diameter for non-circular pipes, 4Ac Dh = = 4 Cross sectional Area / Perimeter p 16. Darcy Friction Factor f (a) flaminar : Use table for dierent shapes (Table 8-1) 64 (b) flaminar and circular : Re 96 (c) flaminar and thin rectangle : Re (d) fturbulent : Use Moody chart (will need relative roughness 17. Minor Loss PL v2 = KL [m] g 2g Due to valves, bends, expansions, contractions, etc in pipes. KL is the loss coecient. Look it up. (Table 8-4) hL =

and Re)

18. Piping Networks (a) Series: Flow rate is the same Total head loss is the sum of the head losses (b) Parallel Head loss is the same Total ow rate is the sum of the ow rates 19. Turbomachinery (a) Torque T =rF =
out

rm V
in

rm V

[Nm]

(b) Brake Power shaft = T = V (r2 v2,t r1 v1,t ) = V gHe W (c) Euler Head He = W= J s

(r2 v2,t r1 v1,t ) g 4

(d) Output Power shaft P = W (e) vi,n = V 2ri b 2 60 rad s

(f) = (speed in rpm) (g) No swirl condition 20. External Flow

v1,t = 0

(a) Drag Coecient (usually projected area) CD = (b) Lift Coecient (usually platform area) CL = (c) Reynold Number Rex = vx vx = 2FL v 2 A 2FD v 2 A

(d) CD can be obtained from Table 11-1 (for 2D objects), Table 11-2 (for 3D objects), Figure 11-34 and 11-35 for ow over cylinders and spheres. (e) CL can be obtained from Table 11-43, 11-45, 11-47 (magnus eect). 21. Parallel ow over at plates (a) Force on the at plate: 1 Ff = Cf Av 2 2 (b) Local coecient of friction Cf,x, Cf,x,
laminar

0.664 , Re0.5

Rex < 5 105

turbulent

0.059 , Re0.2

5 105 Rex 107

(c) Average coecient of friction

 Calculating from local coecient: Cf = 1 L

L

Cf,x dx =
0

1 L

xcr

Cf,x,
0

laminar

dx +
xcr

Cf,x,

turbulent

dx

xcr is the position on the plate for which the ow transitions from laminar to turbulent (found by solving Rex = 5 105 ). Calculated value for a fully laminar or turbulent plate: Cf, Cf,
laminar

1.33 , Re0.5

Rex < 5 105

turbulent

0.074 , Re0.2

5 105 Rex 107