KE- 40.

4120 Intoduction to Biofuels and Biorefineries Assignment 1 : Use of bioenergy and biofuels Arturo Salazar Martinez 338183

a) 2 C climate goal b) Use of bioenergy and biofuels production of Bioenergy is a renewable form of energy that is derived from various biomasses. Bio-energy in energy production is to strongly increase as fossil fuel resources are not endless . Biofuels are also needed , because the world population is growing and the supply of energy is to be safeguarded . Energy consumption is a particularly strong growth in countries such as China and India. In addition, bio-energy is thought to be a cleaner form of energy and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil raw materials to produce energy instead. For example, concern about climate change is a constant , so it is certainly one of the pushing force on the development of bioenergy . Perhaps , therefore, haluamattammekin bio-fuels and bio-energy are the future of energy options , the fossils do not regenerate quickly enough, so that we can be relied upon to ensure the development of our societies . Another point of view is relevant , then the other, because we really should be resorted to only in bioenergy. At present, fossil fuels are still enough to use, so in reality we have not yet only bio-energy dependent , but we can still develop a variety of alternative bioenergy production potential. Bio-energy can be used for a variety of raw materials. Examples of the raw materials used are, for example crops, such as soybeans, rapeseed , palm , which produced oil, and corn in the production of ethanol. Other possibilities for the production of bio-energy such as wood pulp wood industry, food industry and households, different types of waste , such as animal manure and algae oil producers. At present, the world 's largest biofuel producers are the United States , Brazil and the European Union , as shown in Figure 1, is described . Figure 1 Biofuel production division in the world. ( Guyomard et al. And 2012) Figure 1 shows that the United States is the world's leading producer of biofuels . Bio-ethanol yield in the United States began in 1999 , when the fossil oil prices began to rise . Of biofuels in the United States has focused on maize yield and the product , but in ethanol, which is also supported by United States politically . Previously corn produced in the United States beef cattle and poultry feed, but for the first time in 2010, ethanol refineries used more corn than what it was used for livestock feed. For this reason, the ethanol industry has also been accused of food prices in the United States . ( Hoogerwerf , 2012)

The second production of biofuels after the United States is Brazil, which also produces bioethanol , as the United States . However, Brazil has a longer history of bio-ethanol production than the United States and Brazil are mainly produced bio-ethanol from sugar. Europe, on the other hand, the biofuels industry is focused on the manufacture of biodiesel , supported by the EU . The EU also requires its member countries to increase the share of renewable energy in transport fuels by at least 10 % by the year 2020. European biodiesel affect the price of fossil oil and vegetable oil prices , as well as their relationship. ( Hoogerwerf , 2012)

The best option for bioenergy feedstock The production of bioenergy has many aspects that should be taken into account , so that production would not be profitable , effective and sustainable , and ethical perspectives attentive . Bio-energy production associated with conflict , for example because of the potential for feedstock crops can also be a food raw materials. Malnutrition is a problem in parts of the world , which is why food raw materials for use in energy production is questionable. On the other hand the part , for example the case of soybean and maize monoculture crops may lead to conflicts . Potential alternative position is then given by many different aspects , and not only , for example financial and tuotteliainta options. It should also take into account the ethical aspects , which bioenergy should be possible for everyone , and also such that , for example any of the land used for all land area for cultivation , because the selected plant grows only in certain circumstances or robbed some of the food plants used in energy production . These aspects have to be taken into account in order to bio-energy generating method is durable, functional, and does not cause conflicts, such as between different countries. However, the example below in Figure 2 it can be noted that the use of crops for biofuels production is constantly increasing. That has become a bit of growing amounts of other options , but vegetable oils are still the main raw material for the production of biofuels . On the other hand also shown in the figure jatropha has been somewhat questionable choice for biodiesel production , so it can not be regarded as the best option for other vegetable oils instead. Jatropha in the next chapter more . Figure 2 Of biofuel raw materials used globally. ( Anon. , 2010) Should promote the use of biofuels ( support ) ? Bioenergy production and development support and promote the already different ways. The United States supports the production of bioethanol from corn . On the other hand the EU has set limits for the use of biodiesel can be considered as a kind of a way to promote the use of biofuels . When something has to be developed and there is a time limit , usually causing it to progress . On the other hand the use of bioenergy promotion and tukemistoimilla may be a dark side . Tukemistoimet are unlikely to always go exactly right , but support may be concentrated in certain

states. Bioenergy development should take place in all the world , and the State should have the opportunity to develop their own energy production . We all developed countries to keep their rights to the first , we have used fossil fuels , and denied the right of developing countries to use it. Next, we develop bio-energy, but only for our own use , and once again we forget to developing countries . Unfortunately , however, the reality probably is that the developed countries to take advantage of developing countries such as bio-energy raw materials in the manufacture , but the producer countries do not benefit from their work as much as the countries that make use of produced raw material . At least jatropha production has occurred just this problem , briefly described in the following paragraph. Jatropha was expected to be a huge success , and its cultivation began in many places. Jatropha is a plant that grows quickly ( Daly, 2012) in the barren and arid areas , so it does not compete with the best growth in places such as food produced in the plants ( Harcourt, 2009) . Jatropha food crop can not be utilized because of its toxicity . The seeds contain 27-40 % oil , which can produce high -quality biodiesel. ( Harcourt, 2009) Although the starting points sound good , does not jatropha cultivation for the production of biodiesel , however, functioned as expected. First of all, jatropha would be needed in order to grow more nutrients and water than you first thought . Jatropha was believed , however, that much before the time that countries such as Africa and India invested in its production and, ultimately, the farmers lost large sums of money for investments into the agricultural activities ending finally failed. ( Daly, 2012) Local farmers exchanged their full potential crop jatropha cultivation. The experiment fails , their livelihood failed because perfectly. Jatropha cultivation of the example can thus be noted that it is not quite clear and simple to choose a form of bio-energy production , which is an effective , ethical and profitable . Jatropha example tells it that everyone always in practice than in theory go as planned. Jatropha cultivation was initiated, the beautiful , the idea that exploited food crops or food crop production area referred to , but still experimenting with jatropha cultivation States may be lost in trial , and may not be so willing in the future bioenergy production " guinea pigs " . Algae bio-energy production And the best option for most potential for bioenergy production should be one that does not compete with the raw material to be used for food raw material. The potential options from this point of view could be, for example algae and waste made of bio-energy . Algae are attractive energy source because they do not compete with food production for feedstock , such as corn or canola oil . In addition to not being utilized seaweed food raw material, it has the advantage of that the energy output per unit of area is better than the land of growing crops. In addition, algae can be grown in either fresh or salt water , so it does not take up land space , for example , higher raw material in cultivated vegetation. On the other hand , however, need to grow the algae nutrients and carbon dioxide, which can be obtained more easily as compared to the use of algae growing plants on land . ( Clarens et al. ; 2010)

Green algae in comparison with maize and rapeseed as a source of algal biomass emits more greenhouse gases than it absorbs . On the other hand , however, a positive party algae can be represented by the fact that the algae used for breeding area for about 3.3 times more efficiently than corn and five times more efficiently than the canola oil . In addition, if the corn used exclusively in the nucleus and the size of the plant , as is usually done , the efficiency of algae is doubled compared with maize . The efficiency of production of these options can also be compared in terms of how much surface area is needed to produce enough energy to meet the demand . Levbiomassalla order to satisfy the energy needs of the United States , parcel would require 13 % of the country 's land area. Similarly, if the U.S. energy demand be satisfied by producing corn and rapeseed , would require a surface area of 41 % corn and 66% of rapeseed production in surface area . ( Clarens et al. ; 2010) Algal biomass yield is not that simple , despite the positive aspects . The algal mass culture requires sunlight ( Clarens et al. , 2010) , and it was not even available in different parts of the world . The light needs to grow algae in addition to the nutrients and carbon dioxide. Levmassalle order to provide an adequate amount of CO2 a must in practice, the CO2 produced from fossil sources, based on the . ( Clarens et al. , 2010) At present, almost all the commercial use of CO2 is obtained hydrocarbons produced by steam ( Clarens et al. , 2010), which therefore means that the algae mass production is needed , however, fossil raw material resources , in which case the process is not entirely so eco-friendly than the first, he thinks. On the other hand , however, the production of bioenergy each option includes the pros and cons, so that probably should just choose the option that inferior sides would be best to begin developing and look for more functional and sustainable alternatives. In any case, all the various forms of bio-energy associated with both negative and positive points and more points of comparison that , for example those aspects where the biomass is produced . The place of manufacture of the various logistical problems . If the biomass produced by the other side of the globe, and transported for use in the other side of the globe , causing the already stressful environment for a large load . Bio- waste as a raw material Different types of waste industry , businesses, municipalities , and households would be a good raw material for the production of bioenergy from the perspective of the waste to good use. Japan has tried the recovery of waste as a source of bio-energy . Many may think that the problem here is , how waste can be collected from different places together for energy production . In a study in Japan , however, was still at zero cost if compared to the current waste disposal costs . Waste was collected from both private individuals and public sector institutions. Waste disposal , for example , resulted in power generation , waste processed fuels and biogas. ( Minowa , et al. ; 2005) is illustrated in Figure 3 , consists of the production of energy from waste was composed . Although the image contains other materials than for the biomass, is a good idea , however , because the waste can be recycled. Figure 3 is shown at the top of the type of waste has been used and again the lower part is shown , which consists of the waste . About half of the waste contains moisture

or water, and about 40 % of the burning material, which can be obtained by thermal energy. The last 10 % of the ash. Figure 3 Waste treatment in Japan. ( Minowa , et al. ; 2005) Waste utilization of bioenergy also has a domestic example . ST1 produced from biowaste such as trade , food industry by- and household biowaste ethanol, which can be used as biofuel . ( Anon 2 , 2012) Another potential alternative bioenergy yield as a raw material to animal waste energy recovery . Livestock and power production for animal waste is generated continuously and its efficient use could be saved as soil, water and air quality. One possibility would be animal manure utilization of bio-methanol production . ( Cantrell et al. , 2008) Today, 90 % of the world demand methanol produced in the methanol produced from natural gas , ( Cantrell et al. ; 2008 ), so making use of animal manure to natural gas as another alternative.

sources Anonymous 1 2012. Bioenergy , http://www.iea.org/topics/bioenergy/ , 17.9.2012 . Anonymous 2 2012. St1 Biofuels Oy . http://www.st1.fi/index.php?id=5845 , 20.9.2012 . Anonymous . , 2010. Biofuel Production - Greater Shares of Commodities Used . http://www.thebioenergysite.com/articles/664/biofuel-production-greater-shares-ofcommodities-used , 18.9.2012 . Cantrell , K. B. , Ducey , T. , Ro , K. S. and Hunt , P. G. 2008. Livestock waste- to- bioenergy generation opportunities . Bioresource Technology, vol 99:17 , S., 7941-7953 . Clarens , AF, Resurreccion , EP, White, MA, and Colosi , LM 2010 . Environmental Life Cycle Comparison of Algae to Other Bioenergy feedstocks . Environmental Science & Technology , Vol 44:2 , p 1813-1819 . Daly , J., 2012. Jatropha , Biofuel Wonder , Continues to Crash and Burn in the Third World . 19.9.2012 . Guyomard , H. Forslund , A., and two Dronne , Y., 18.9.2012 . Harcourt, D. 2009. Jatropha 's Failure as a Biodiesel Feedstock Opens Opportunities in Rural Electrification . 19.9.2012 . Hoogerwerf , M., Biofuels : China - The Next Major Producer ,

http://chinawaterrisk.org/opinions/biofuels-china-next-major-producer/ , 18.9.2012 . Minowa , T., Kojima , T. and Matsuoka , Y., 2005. Study for Utilization of municipal residues as bioenergy resource in Japan . Biomass and Bioenergy , vol 29:5 , S. 360-366 . feedback Searching for information took a surprisingly long time , because even though the questions were very clear , the subject is still such that the information can be found in almost endless . The problem is that you need to keep in mind that the aim is not to write very extensive literary work, but try to express their different ideas closely and find them , however, research-based support. The problem was that, the ideas and the search of information began to draw too broadly, at the outset would have been limited in more detail in mind , what exactly is going to write . Now the time was the fact that had already search for information, but realized later that the essay is spreading far too large and fragmented . The subject is interesting , however, and it is interesting to look for information. This is why it is a good idea, and the second task is to write until December to collect data for a longer time and focus in particular on a topic of interest related to . In this task graphs Finding began to produce at some point hitch. At first, it seemed that the graphs can be found , but in the end it seemed that all the graphs presented the same information in a slightly different way . Most of the reported countries which produce most of the biofuels. if

http://bravenewclimate.com/renewable-limits/