UNIT 5 ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENT FORMULATION

1.what is the purpose of Isoparametric elements.

It is difficult to represent the curved boundries the curved boundries by traight edges finite elements. A large number of finite elements may be used to obtain reasonable resemblance between original body and the assemblage . in order to overcome this drawback, isoparametric elements are used i.e for problems involving curved boundries , a family of elements know as isometric element are used.

2. write down the shape functions for the 4 noded rectangular element using natural co-ordinate system.

Shape function : N1 = 14 (1-) (1-) N2 = 1/4 (1+)(1-) N3 = 1/4 (1+)(1+) N3=1/4 (1-)(1+) Where , and arenatural co-ordinate

3. write down the Jacobian matrix for four noded quadrilateral element.
J11 J12 Jacobian matrix , [J] J21 J22 Where , J11 = 1/4 [-(1-)x1 + (1-)x2 + (1+)x3-(1+)x4+ J12 = 1/4 [-(1-)x1-(1+)x3 +(1-)x4] J21 = 1/4 [-(1-)x1 - (1+)x2 + (1+)x3 + (1-)x4] J22 = [-(1-)y1 - (1+)y2 + (1+)y2 + (1-)y4]

Where and are local co- ordinates .

X1, x2,x3, y1, y2, y3 are cartesian co-ordinates.

3. write down the stiffness equation for four noded isoparametric quadrilateral element.

Stiffness matrix , [K] = t

-1 -1

11

[D][B][J]

Where , t = thicknessof the element |J| = determinant of he Jacobian , = Natural co-ordinates B] = Strain Displacement matrix [D] = stress strain relationship matrix

5. write down the element force vector equation for the four noded quadrilateral element .
F Force vector ,, F- = * N+ F

Where , N is the shape function F is a load or force on the X direction . F is a force on the Y direction

6. write down the Gaussian quadrature expession for numerical integration.

Gaussian quadrature expression , 1

f(x) dx
-1

7. Define Superparametric element.

If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is more than the number of nodes used for defining displacements, then, it is known as superparameter.

8. What is meant by subparametric elements?

If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than the number of nodes used for defining the displacements then it is known as subparametric elements.

9. What is meant by Isoparametric element?

If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same as number of nodes used for defining the displacements then it is known as isoparametric elements.

10. Is beam element an isometric element?

Beam element is not an isometric element since the geometry and displacements are defined by different oder interpolation functions.

11. What is difference between natural coordinates and simple natural coordinates?
A natural coordinate is one whose values lies between 0 and 1. Examples : L2 = x/l ; L1 = (1- x/l)

Area co-ordinates:

L1 = A1/A ;

L2 = A2/A;

L3=A3/A

A simple natural co-ordinates in one whose value lie between -1 and 1

12. Give examples for essential (forced or geometric) and non essential (natural boundary conditions).
The geometric boundary conditions are displacements, slopes etc. The natural boundary conditions are bending moment, commericial force etc.

13. What are the types of non linearity?

Types of non linearity : a) b) c) d) Non linearity in material behaviour from point to point Non linearity in loading deformation relation Geometric non linearity Change in boundary conditions for different loading.