P620 2012C Syllabus (v20130829) PDF

Petroleum Engineering 620
Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs

Syllabus and Administrative Procedures Fall 2013

Petroleum Engineering 620 Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs
Syllabus and Administrative Procedures
Fall 2013

Petroleum Engineering 620 Instructor: Dr. Tom Blasingame
Texas A&M University Office: Richardson 821
College of Engineering TL: +1.979.845.2292
TR 19:00-20:15 RICH 313 (for in-class lectures) EM: t-blasingame@tamu.edu (Please always use e-mail to contact me)

Required Texts/Resources: (*Book must be purchased.
#
Out of Print/Public Domain Electronic file to be made available by instructor.)

*1. Advanced Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists, M.R. Spiegel, Schaum's Series (1971). [The 1st edition, the 1971 text.]
*2. Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd edition, H. Carslaw and J. Jaeger, Oxford Science Publications (1959).

#
3. Handbook of Mathematical Functions, M. Abramowitz and I. Stegun, Dover Pub. (1972).

#
4. Table of Laplace Transforms, G.E. Roberts and H. Kaufman, W.B. Saunder, Co. (1964).

#
5. Numerical Methods, R.W. Hornbeck, Quantum Publishers, Inc., New York (1975).

#
6. Approximations for Digital Computers: Hastings, C., Jr., et al, Princeton U. Press, Princeton, New Jersey (1955).

#
7. Handbook for Computing Elementary Functions: L.A. Lyusternik, et al, Pergamon Press, (1965).

Optional Texts/Resources: (
+
Special order at MSC Bookstore or check TAMU library.
#
Local bookstores)

#
1. Calculus, 4th edition: Frank Ayres and Elliot Mendelson, Schaum's Outline Series (1999) (Remedial text)

#
2. Differential Equations, 2nd edition: Richard Bronson, Schaum's Outline Series (1994) (Remedial text)

#
3. Laplace Transforms, M.R. Spiegel, Schaum's Outline Series (1965) (Remedial text)

#
4. Numerical Analysis, F. Scheid, Schaum's Outline Series, McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York (1968). (Remedial text)

+
5. The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd edition, J. Crank, Oxford Science Publications (1975). (important/historical)

+
6. Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, I.S. Gradshteyn and I.M. Ryzhik, Academic Press (1980). (very important/historical)

+
7. Methods of Numerical Integration, P.F. Davis and P. Rabinowitz, Academic Press, New York (1989). (perhaps useful for research)

+
8. An Atlas of Functions, J. Spanier and K. Oldham, Hemisphere Publishing (1987). (perhaps useful for research)

+
9. Adv. Math. Methods for Eng. and Scientists, 2nd edition, C.M. Bender and S.A. Orsag, McGraw-Hill (1978). (excellent text)

+
10. Asymptotic Approximations of Integrals, R. Wong, Academic Press (1989). (perhaps useful for research)

+
11. Asymptotics and Special Functions, F.W.J. Olver, Academic Press (1974). (perhaps useful for research)

Course and Reference Materials:
The course materials for this course are located at:
http://www.pe.tamu.edu/blasingame/data/P620_13C/

Basis for Grade: [Grade Cutoffs (Percentages) A: < 90 B: 89.99 to 80 C: 79.99 to 70 D: 69.99 to 60 F: < 59.99]
Assigned Problems ........................................................................................................................................................................ 90 percent
Class Participation (subjective, based on opinion of the instructor) .......................................................................................... 10 percent
Total = 100 percent
Policies and Procedures:
1. Students are expected to keep pace in the course.
2. Policy on Grading
a. All work in this course is graded on the basis of answers only any partial credit is at the discretion of the instructor.
b. All work requiring calculations shall be properly and completely documented for credit.
c. All grading shall be done by the instructor, or under his direction and supervision, and the decision of the instructor is final.
3. Policy on Regrading
a. Only in very rare cases will exams be considered for re-grading partial credit (if any) is not subject to appeal.
b. Work which, while possibly correct, but cannot be followed, will be considered incorrect.
c. Grades assigned to homework problems will not be considered for regrading.
d. If regrading is necessary, the student is to submit a letter to the instructor explaining the situation that requires consideration
for regrading, the material to be regraded must be attached to this letter. The letter and attached material must be received
within one week from the date returned by the instructor.
4. The grade for a late assignment is zero. Homework will be considered late if it is not turned in at the start of class on the due date. If
a student comes to class after homework has been turned in and after class has begun, the student's homework will be considered late
and given a grade of zero. Late or not, all assignments must be turned in. A course grade of Incomplete will be given if any
assignment is missing, and this grade will be changed only after all required work has been submitted.
5. Each student should review the University Regulations concerning attendance, grades, and scholastic dishonesty. In particular,
anyone caught cheating on an examination or collaborating on an assignment where collaboration is not specifically authorized by the
instructor will be removed from the class roster and given an F (failure grade) in the course.

Course Description
Graduate Catalog: Analysis of fluid flow in bounded and unbounded reservoirs, wellbore storage, phase redistribution, finite and infinite
conductivity vertical fractures, dual-porosity systems.
Translation: Development of skills required to derive "classic" problems in reservoir engineering and well testing from the fundamental
principles of mathematics and physics. Emphasis is placed on a mastery of fundamental calculus, analytical and numerical solutions of 1st
and 2nd order ordinary and partial differential equations, as well as extensions to non-linear partial differential equations that arise for the
flow of fluids in porous media.
(Page 2 of 23)

Course Outline/Topics
Fall 2013

Course Outline/Topics:

Advanced Mathematics Relevant to Problems in Engineering: (used throughout assignments)
Approximation of Functions
Taylor Series Expansions and Chebyshev Economizations
Numerical Differentiation and Integration of Analytic Functions and Applications
Least Squares
First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Second-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
The Laplace Transform
Fundamentals of the Laplace Transform
Properties of the Laplace Transform
Applications of the Laplace Transform to Solve Linear Ordinary Differential Equations
Numerical Laplace Transform and Inversion
Special Functions

Petrophysical Properties:
Porosity and Permeability Concepts
Correlation of Petrophysical Data
Concept of Permeability Darcy's Law
Capillary Pressure
Relative Permeability
Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks

Fundamentals of Flow in Porous Media:
Steady-State Flow Concepts: Laminar Flow
Steady-State Flow Concepts: Non-Laminar Flow
Material Balance Concepts
Pseudosteady-State Flow in a Circular Reservoir
Development of the Diffusivity Equation for Liquid Flow
Development of the Diffusivity Equations for Gas Flow
Development of the Diffusivity Equation for Multiphase Flow

Classical Reservoir Flow Solutions:
Dimensionless Variables and the Dimensionless Radial Flow Diffusivity Equation
Solutions of the Radial Flow Diffusivity Equation Infinite-Acting Reservoir Case
Laplace Transform (Radial Flow) Solutions Bounded Circular Reservoir Cases
Real Domain (Radial Flow) Solutions Bounded Circular Reservoir Cases
Linear Flow Solutions: Infinite and Finite-Acting Reservoir Cases
Solutions for a Fractured Well High Fracture Conductivity Cases
Dual Porosity Reservoirs Pseudosteady-State Interporosity Flow Behavior
Direct Solution of the Gas Diffusivity Equation Using Laplace Transform Methods
Convolution and Concepts and Applications in Wellbore Storage Distortion

Advanced Reservoir Flow Solutions: (Possible Coverage)
Multilayered Reservoir Solutions
Dual Permeability Reservoir Solutions
Horizontal Well Solutions
Radial Composite Reservoir Solutions
Models for Flow Impediment (Skin Factor)

Applications/Extensions of Reservoir Flow Solutions: (Possible Coverage)
Oil and Gas Well Flow Solutions for Analysis, Interpretation, and Prediction of Well Performance
Low Permeability/Heterogeneous Reservoir Behavior
Macro-Level Thermodynamics (coupling PVT behavior with Reservoir Flow Solutions)
External Drive Mechanisms (Water Influx/Water Drive, Well Interference, etc.).
Hydraulic Fracturing/Solutions for Fractured Well Behavior
Analytical/Numerical Solutions of Various Reservoir Flow Problems.
Applied Reservoir Engineering Solutions Material Balance, Flow Solutions, etc.

(Page 3 of 23)

Tentative Course Schedule
Fall 2013
Month Date Day Method Topic Lecture or Potential Assignment Topic
Aug 27 T Class Review of Functions
Lec_01_Mod1_ML_01_Rev_of_Fcns.pdf
Aug 29 R Class Approximation of Functions
Lec_02_Mod1_ML_02_Fcn_Approx.pdf
Sep 03 T Class 1st Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Lec_03_Mod1_ML_03_1st_Order_ode.pdf
Sep 05 R Video/Travel 2nd Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Lec_04_Mod1_ML_04_2nd_Order_ode.pdf
Sep 10 T Video/NZ The Laplace Transform
Lec_05_Mod1_ML_05_LaplaceTrans.pdf
Sep 12 R Video/NZ Introduction to Special Functions
Lec_06_Mod1_ML_06_SpecialFcns.pdf
Sep 17 T Video/Travel Porosity and Permeability Concepts
Lec_07_Mod2_PtrPhy_01_PorPerm.pdf
Sep 19 R Video/Travel Correlation of Petrophysical Data
Lec_08_Mod2_PtrPhy_02_DataCorel.pdf
Sep 24 T Video/NZ Development of Permeability/Darcy's Law
Lec_09_Mod2_PtrPhy_03_Perm_Dev.pdf
Sep 25 W Assignment 1 Due Math and/or Petrophysics
Sep 26 R Video/SPE Capillary Pressure
Lec_10_Mod2_PtrPhy_04_Cap_Pres.pdf
Oct 01 T Video/SPE Relative Permeability
Lec_11_Mod2_PtrPhy_05_Rel_Perm.pdf
Oct 03 R Video/SPE Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks
Lec_12_Mod2_PtrPhy_06_Elec_Prop.pdf
Oct 08 T Video/Travel Single-Phase, Steady-State Flow
Lec_13_Mod3_FunFld_01_SSDarcy.pdf
Oct 10 R Video/Travel Non-Laminar Flow in Porous Media
Lec_14_Mod3_FunFld_02_SSNonDarcy.pdf
Oct 15 T Video/SPE Material Balance Concepts
Lec_15_Mod3_FunFld_03_MatBal.pdf
Oct 17 R Video/SPE Pseudosteady-State Flow (Circular Res.)
Lec_16_Mod3_FunFld_04_PSS_Flow.pdf
Oct 22 T Video/NZ Liquid Flow Diffusivity Equation
Lec_17_Mod3_FunFld_05_DifEq_Liq.pdf
Oct 24 R Video/NZ Gas Flow Diffusivity Equation
Lec_18_Mod3_FunFld_06_DifEq_Gas.pdf
Oct 29 T Video/Travel Multiphase Flow Diffusivity Equation
Lec_19_Mod3_FunFld_07_DifEq_MlPhs.pdf
Oct 30 W Assignment 2 Due Pseudosteady-State and/or Diffusivity Equations
Oct 31 R Class Dimensionless Variables/Radial Flow
Lec_20_Mod4_ResFlw_01_DimLssVar.pdf
Nov 05 T Video/Travel Solutions Radial Flow Diffusivity Eq.
Lec_21_Mod4_ResFlw_02_RadFlwSln.pdf
Nov 07 R Video/Travel Solutions Radial Flow Diffusivity Eq.
Lec_21_Mod4_ResFlw_02_RadFlwSln.pdf
Nov 12 T Video/SPE Solutions Linear Flow Diffusivity Eq.
Lec_22_Mod4_ResFlw_03_LinFlwSln.pdf
Nov 14 R Video/SPE Solutions Fractured Well (High F
cD
)
Lec_23_Mod4_ResFlw_04_FracWellSln.pdf
Nov 19 T Video/NZ Solutions Dual Porosity Reservoirs
Lec_24_Mod4_ResFlw_05_NatFrcResSln.pdf
Nov 21 R Video/NZ Direct Solution Gas Diffusivity Equation
Lec_25_Mod4_ResFlw_06_DrtSlnGas.pdf
Nov 26 T Video/NZ Convolution
Lec_26_Mod4_ResFlw_07_Convolution.pdf
Nov 27 W Assignment 3 Due Radial Flow, Fractured Wells and/or Dual Porosity
Nov 28 R Thanksgiving Holiday (no class)
Dec 03 T Class Wellbore Storage
Lec_27_Mod4_ResFlw_08_WellboreStrg.pdf
Dec 04 W Assignment 4 Due Individual Projects
Dec 05 R Reading Day No class

Dec 11 W Any/all remaining assignments due.
(http://registrar.tamu.edu/general/finalsched
ule.aspx#_Fall_2013)

Dec 12 R Final grades due GRADUATING students.
(http://registrar.tamu.edu/general/calendar.aspx)

Dec 16 M Final grades for all students Fall 2013 term.
(http://registrar.tamu.edu/general/calendar.aspx)

Notes:
1. Class = Lecture in classroom (RICH 313)
2. Video/NZ = Lecture video from home in New Zealand (should be easily available by e-mail (t-blasingame@tamu.edu)).
3. Video/SPE = Lecture video during 3 SPE conferences (likely to have limited e-mail availability during those days).
4. Video/Travel = Lecture video during travel days (limited or no e-mail availability during those specific days).

Comments:
0. My travel is horrible I know. There are 4 extra sets of meetings that I agreed to in isolation (i.e., I can never say no).
1. Known Full Days in College Station: 26-31 Aug; 01-04 Sep; 03-04,30-31 Oct; 01-04 Nov; 03-31 Dec.
2. We will meet in "extra session" when I am physically in College Station (in Oct/Nov/Dec)
3. This course is NOT self-study, we will interact regularly via video/e-mail/telegraph/smoke signals/etc.

(Page 4 of 23)

Required University Statements Required by Texas A&M University
Fall 2013
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Statement:
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal anti-discrimination statute that provides comprehensive
civil rights protection for persons with disabilities. Among other things, this legislation requires that all students
with disabilities be guaranteed a learning environment that provides for reasonable accommodation of their
disabilities. If you believe you have a disability requiring an accommodation, please contact the Department of
Student Life, Services for Students with Disabilities in Room B118 of Cain Hall, or call 845-1637.

Aggie Honor Code: (http://www.tamu.edu/aggiehonor/)
"An Aggie does not lie, cheat or steal, or tolerate those who do."
Definitions of Academic Misconduct:
1. CHEATING: Intentionally using or attempting to use unauthorized materials, information, notes, study aids
or other devices or materials in any academic exercise.
2. FABRICATION: Making up data or results, and recording or reporting them; submitting fabricated docu-
ments.
3. FALSIFICATION: Manipulating research materials, equipment or processes, or changing or omitting data or
results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.
4. MULTIPLE SUBMISSION: Submitting substantial portions of the same work (including oral reports) for
credit more than once without authorization from the instructor of the class for which the student submits the
work.
5. PLAGIARISM: The appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving ap-
propriate credit.
6. COMPLICITY: Intentionally or knowingly helping, or attempting to help, another to commit an act of aca-
demic dishonesty.
7. ABUSE AND MISUSE OF ACCESS AND UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS: Students may not abuse or misuse
computer access or gain unauthorized access to information in any academic exercise. See Student Rule 22:
http://student-rules.tamu.edu/
8. VIOLATION OF DEPARTMENTAL OR COLLEGE RULES: Students may not violate any announced
departmental or college rule relating to academic matters.
9. UNIVERSITY RULES ON RESEARCH: Students involved in conducting research and/or scholarly
activities at Texas A&M University must also adhere to standards set forth in the University Rules.
For additional information please see:
http://student-rules.tamu.edu/.
Coursework Copyright Statement: (Texas A&M University Policy Statement)
The handouts used in this course are copyrighted. By "handouts," this means all materials generated for this
class, which include but are not limited to syllabi, quizzes, exams, lab problems, in-class materials, review
sheets, and additional problem sets. Because these materials are copyrighted, you do not have the right to
copy them, unless you are expressly granted permission.
As commonly defined, plagiarism consists of passing off as ones own the ideas, words, writings, etc., that
belong to another. In accordance with this definition, you are committing plagiarism if you copy the work
of another person and turn it in as your own, even if you should have the permission of that person.
Plagiarism is one of the worst academic sins, for the plagiarist destroys the trust among colleagues without
which research cannot be safely communicated.
If you have any questions about plagiarism and/or copying, please consult the latest issue of the Texas A&M
University Student Rules, under the section "Scholastic Dishonesty."
(Page 5 of 23)

Assignment Coversheet Required by University Policy
Fall 2013
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Petroleum Engineering Number Course Title
Assignment Number Assignment Title
Assignment Date Due Date

Assignment Coversheet
[This sheet (or the sheet provided for a given assignment) must be included with EACH work submission]

Required Academic Integrity Statement: (Texas A&M University Policy Statement)
Academic Integrity Statement
All syllabi shall contain a section that states the Aggie Honor Code and refers the student to the Honor Council
Rules and Procedures on the web.
Aggie Honor Code
"An Aggie does not lie, cheat, or steal or tolerate those who do."
Upon accepting admission to Texas A&M University, a student immediately assumes a commitment to uphold
the Honor Code, to accept responsibility for learning and to follow the philosophy and rules of the Honor
System. Students will be required to state their commitment on examinations, research papers, and other
academic work. Ignorance of the rules does not exclude any member of the Texas A&M University community
from the requirements or the processes of the Honor System. For additional information please visit:
www.tamu.edu/aggiehonor/
On all course work, assignments, and examinations at Texas A&M University, the following Honor Pledge
shall be preprinted and signed by the student:
"On my honor, as an Aggie, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this academic work."

Aggie Code of Honor:
An Aggie does not lie, cheat, or steal or tolerate those who do.
Required Academic Integrity Statement:
"On my honor, as an Aggie, I have neither given nor received
unauthorized aid on this academic work."

_______________________________ (Print your name)

_______________________________ (Your signature)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(Page 6 of 23)

Appendix Extended Description of Course Objectives
Fall 2013
Learning Objectives
The student should be able to demonstrate mastery of objectives in the following areas:
Module 1 Advanced Mathematics Relevant to Problems in Engineering
Module 2 Petrophysical Properties
Module 3 Fundamentals of Flow in Porous Media
Module 4 Reservoir Flow Solutions
Module 5 Applications/Extensions of Reservoir Flow Solutions
Considering these modular topics, we have the following catalog of course objectives:
Module 1: Advanced Mathematics Relevant to Problems in Engineering
Fundamental Topics in Mathematics:
Work fundamental problems in algebra and trigonometry, including partial fractions and the factoring of
equations.
Perform elementary and advanced calculus: analytical integration and differentiation of elementary functions
(polynomials, exponentials, and logarithms), trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan, sinh, cosh, tanh, and
combinations), and special functions (Error, Gamma, Exponential Integral, and Bessel functions).
Derive the Taylor series expansions and Chebyshev economizations for a given function.
Derive and apply formulas for the numerical differentiation and integration of a function using Taylor series
expansions. Specifically, be able to derive the forward, backward, and central "finite-difference" relations
for differentiation, as well as the "Trapezoidal" and "Simpson's" Rules for integration.
Apply the Gaussian and Laguerre quadrature formulas for numerical integration.
Numerical Differentiation and Integration of Analytic Functions:
Be able to recognize, develop, and apply the Taylor series (finite-difference) formulas for numerical
differentiation of an analytic function.
The O(Ax)
4
derivatives are expressed as:
First Derivative, f'(x):
4
) ( )) 2 ( ) ( 8 ) ( 8 ) 2 ( (
12
1
) ( ' x x x f x x f x x f x x f
x
x f A O + A + A + + A A
A
=

Second Derivative, f''(x):
4
2
) ( )) 2 ( ) ( 16 ) ( 30 ) ( 16 ) 2 ( (
) ( 12
1
) ( ' ' x x x f x x f x f x x f x x f
x
x f A O + A + A + + A + A
A
=

Third Derivative, f'''(x):
4
3
) ( )) 3 (
) 2 ( 8 ) ( 13 ) ( 13 ) 2 ( 8 ) 3 ( (
) ( 8
1
) ( ' ' '
x x x f
x x f x x f x x f x x f x x f
x
x f
A O + A +
A + + A + A + A A
A
=

Fourth Derivative, f
iv
(x):
4
4
) ( )) 3 ( ) 2 ( 12 ) ( 39 ) ( 56
) ( 39 ) 2 ( 12 ) 3 ( (
) ( 6
1
) (
x x x f x x f x x f x f
x x f x x f x x f
x
x f
iv
A O + A + A + + A + +
A A + A
A
=

(Page 7 of 23)

Fall 2013

Course Objectives (Continued)
Module 1: Advanced Mathematics Relevant to Problems in Engineering (continued)
Be able to recognize and apply the following formulas and methodologies for numerical integration.
Trapezoidal rule: (with correction) (be able to develop see Hornbeck):
)] ( ' ) ( ' [
12
) (
) ( )] ( ) ( [
2
) ( ) (
0
2
1
1
0
0
x f x f
x
x f x x f x f
x
dx x f x I
n
n
i
i n
n
x
x

A
A + +
A
~ =

}

=

where
n
x x
x
n 0
= A

Simpson's rule: (with correction) (be able to develop see Hornbeck):
) ( ) (
180
) (
] ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( ) ( [
3
) ( ) (
0
4
2
even
i
2
1
odd
i
1
0
0
x f x x
x
x f x f x f x f
x
dx x f x I
iv
n
n
i
i
n
i
i n
n
x
x

A
+ + +
A
~ =

}

=
=

where n must be even. Also
n
x x
x
n 0
= A and
2
0
x x
x
n
+
= .

Gaussian quadrature: (weights and abscissas from Abramowitz and Stegun:

Handbook of Mathematical
Functions, Table 25.4, pgs. 916-919):
}
=
~
n
i
i i
n
n
x
x
z f w
x x
dx x f
1
0
0
) (
2
) ( where )
2
( )
2
(
0 0
x x
x
x x
z
n
i
n
i
+
+

Laguerre quadrature: (weights and abscissas from Abramowitz and Stegun:

Handbook of Mathematical
Functions, Table 25.9, pgs. 923):
}
=
=
n
i
i i
x
x f w dx x f e
1
0
) ( ) ( or ) ( ) (
1
0

}
=
=
n
i
i
x
i
x ig e w dx x g

Solution of First and Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
Classify the order of a differential equation (order of the highest derivative).
Verify a given solution of a differential equation via substitution of a given solution into the original
differential equation.
Solve first order ordinary differential equations using the method of separation of variables (or separable
equations).
Derive the method of integrating factors for a first order ordinary differential equation.
Apply the Euler and Runge-Kutta methods to numerically solve first order ordinary differential equations.
Solution of First Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
Be able to derive the method of integrating factors for a first order ordinary differential equation.
Be able to determine the solution of a first order ordinary differential equation using the method of
integrating factors.
Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations:
Develop the homogeneous (or complementary) solution of a 2nd order ordinary differential equation
(ODE) using y=e
mx
as a trial solution.
Develop the particular solution of a 2nd order ordinary differential equation (ODE) using the method of
undetermined coefficients.
(Page 8 of 23)

Fall 2013

Application of the Runge-Kutta Method:
Be able to apply the Runge-Kutta methods to numerically solve 1st order ordinary differential equations
given a general 1st order relation of the form:
1. Given ) (
1 0
t r y a
dt
dy
a = + , we must rearrange to yield the following form:

] ) ( [
1
1
0
y a t r
a dt
dy
=

2. We also require the "initial" conditions: t
i
and y
i
=y(t
i
), where t
i
is usually set equal to zero (but does not
have to be set to zero).
Be able to apply the Runge-Kutta methods to numerically solve 2nd order ordinary differential equations
given a general 2nd order relation of the form:
1. Given ) (
2 1
2
2
0
t r y a
dt
dy
a
dt
y d
a = + + , we must rearrange to yield the following form:

] ) ( [
1
2 1
0
2
2
y a
dt
dy
a t r
a
dt
y d
= or ] ) ( [
1
2 1
0
2
2
y a v a t r
a
dt
y d
= , where
dt
dy
v =

2. For 2nd order equations, we again require "initial" conditions, but now we include a first derivative term.
In this case we require: t
i
, y
i
=y(t
i
), and v
i
=v(t
i
) where again, t
i
is usually set equal to zero (but
The Laplace Transform:
Fundamentals of the Laplace Transform:
Be able to state the definition of the Laplace transformation and its inverse.
Definition of the Laplace Transform:
dt t f e t f L s f
st
) ( )) ( ( ) (
0
}
= = or dx
s
x
f e
s
x
) (
1
0
}
(using x=st)

Definition of the Inverse Laplace Transform: (Mellin Inversion Integral)
ds s f e
i
s f L t f
i y
i y
st
) (
2
1
)) ( ( ) (
1
}
+

= =
t

Be able to prove that the Laplace transform is a linear operator.
Be able to derive the Laplace transforms given on page 98 of the Spiegel text.
Be familiar with, and be able to derive, the operational theorems for the Laplace transform as given on
pages 101-102 of the Spiegel text.
Properties of the Laplace Transform:
Be familiar with the "unit step" function shown below
-1
0
1
u
(
t
-
a
)
t
a

The unit step function is given by:
a t a t u
a t a t u
> =
< =
1 ) (
0 ) (

And its Laplace transform is:
as
e
s
u f

=
1
) (

(Page 9 of 23)

Fall 2013

Be able to develop and apply the Laplace transform formulas for the discrete data functions shown below.
+ Step Data Function:
=
n
i
i
st
i i
e f f
s
s f
1
1
1
) (
1
) ( where (t
0
=0 and f
0
=0)

+ Piecewise Linear Data Function: (Roumboutsos and Stewart Method)

+ + =
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
) (
1
) 1 (
1
) (
n
i
n
st
n
i
st
i
st
i
st
e m
s
e e m
s
e m
s
u f
where the slope terms (m
i
's) are taken as backward differences given by
1
1
=
i i
i i
i
t t
f f
m

+ Piecewise Log-Linear Data Function: (Blasingame Method)
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) (
1 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
1
st v
s
a
st v
s
a
st v
s
a
s f
v v v
+ =
) , ( ) ( ) , ( ) , ( ...
1 2 1
1
1
1 1
1
1

I + + +
n n
n
v
n
n
n
v
n
n n
n
v
n
n n
n
v
n
st v
s
a
v
s
a
st v
s
a
st v
s
a

The slope and intercept terms (o's and v's) are shown graphically in the attached notes. Also, (x) is
the Gamma function and (a,x) is the first incomplete Gamma function.
Applications of the Laplace Transform to Solve Linear Ordinary Differential Equations:
Be able to develop the Laplace transform of a given differential equation and its initial condition(s). This
requires the Laplace transform of each time-derivative, then substitution into the differential form, the
result is an algebraic expression in terms of s and ) (s f .

+ Laplace Transform of a Generic Time Dependent Derivative:
) 0 ( ) 0 ( ... ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ) ( )) ( (
1 2 2 1
= = = = =

t f t sf t f s t f s s f s t f
dt
d
L
n n n n n
n
n

where
) 0 ( ), 0 ( )... 0 ( ' ' ), 0 ( ' ), 0 (
1
1
2
2 2 1 0
= = = = = = = = = =

t f c t f c t f c t f c t f c
n
n
n
n

Be able to resolve the algebra resulting from the Laplace transform of a given differential equation and its
initial condition(s) into a closed and hopefully, invertible form.
Be able to invert the closed form Laplace transform solution of a given differential equation using the
fundamental properties of Laplace transforms, Laplace transform tables, partial fractions.
Numerical Laplace Transform and Inversion:
Be able to use the Gauss-Laguerre integration formula for numerical Laplace transformation. The
Laguerre quadrature weights, w
k
, and abscissas, x
k
, can be obtained from Abramowitz and Stegun.
}
=
~ =
n
k
k
k
st
s
x
f w
s
dt t f e s f
1
0
) (
1
) ( ) (
(Page 10 of 23)

Fall 2013

Be familiar with the development of the Gaver formula for numerical Laplace transformation, and note its
similarity to the Widder inversion formula given in the Cost (AIAA Journal) paper.
}
=
~ =
n
k
k
k
st
s
x
f w
s
dt t f e s f
1
0
) (
1
) ( ) (

Be able to use the Gaver and Gaver-Stehfest numerical inversion algorithms for the inversion of Laplace
transforms.
+ The Gaver formula for numerical Laplace transform inversion is
]) [
) 2 ln(
(
! )! (
) 1 (
)! 1 (
)! 2 ( ) 2 ln(
) (
0
k n
t
f
k k n n
n
t
t f
n
k
k
Gaver
+
=

=

The Gaver-Stehfest formula for numerical Laplace transform inversion is
)
) 2 ln(
(
) 2 ln(
) (
1
i
t
f V
t
t f
n
i
i Stehfest Gaver
=
=

and the Stehfest extrapolation coefficients are given
+
=
+

=
)
2
, (
]
2
1
[
2
)! 2 ( )! ( )! 1 ( ! )!
2
(
)! 2 (
2
) 1 (
n
i Min
i
k
i
n
i
i k k i k k k
n
k
n
k
V

Introduction to Special Functions:
Special Functions in Petroleum Engineering Applications
Be familiar with and be able to compute the following special functions which have applications in
petroleum engineering:
+ Exponential Integral (Ei (x) and E
1
(x)= -Ei (-x))
+ Gamma and Incomplete Gamma Functions (I(x), and (a,x), I(a,x) and B(z,w))
+ Error and Complimentary Error Functions (erf(x) and erfc(x))
+ Bessel Functions: J
0
(x), J
1
(x), Y
0
(x), and Y
1
(x)
+ Modified Bessel Functions: I
0
(x), I
1
(x), K
0
(x), and K
1
(x), as well as the integrals of I
0
(x) and K
0
(x).
Bessel Functions
Be familiar with the following Bessel functions:
+ Bessel Functions: J
n
(x) and Y
n
(x), where Bessel's differential equation is given as: (Abramowitz and
Stegun; Chapter 9, Eq. 9.1.1)
0 ) (
2 2
2
2
2
= + + y n z
dz
dy
z
dz
y d
z and has the solution ) ( ) (
2 1
z Y c z J c y
n n
+ =

+ Modified Bessel Functions: I
n
(x) and K
n
(x), where Bessel's "modified" differential equation is given
as: (Abramowitz and Stegun; Chapter 9, Eq. 9.6.1)
0 ) (
2 2
2
2
2
= + + y n z
dz
dy
z
dz
y d
z and has the solution ) ( ) (
2 1
z K c z I c y
n n
+ =

Be able to use the Bessel functions in numerical problem solving efforts and theoretical developments;
especially recurrence relations, integral definitions, and Laplace transforms.
(Page 11 of 23)

Fall 2013

Module 2: Petrophysical Properties
Introduction to Porosity and Permeability Concepts:
Be able to recognize and classify rock types as clastics (sandstones) and carbonates (limestones, chalks,
dolstones) and be familiar with the characteristics of porosity that these rocks exhibit.
Be able to distinguish between effective and total porosity and be familiar with the meanings of primary (or
depositional) porosity and secondary (or post-depositional) porosity.
Be familiar with factors which affect porosity. In particular, the shapes, arrangements, and distributions of
grain particles and the effect of cementation, vugs, and fractures on porosity.
Be familiar with the concept of permeability for porous rocks and be aware of the correlative relations for
porosity and permeability.
Be familiar with "friction factor"-"Reynolds Number" plotting concept put forth by Cornell and Katz for flow
through porous media. Be aware that this plotting concept validates Darcy's law empirically (the unit slope
line on the left portion of the plot, laminar flow).
Development of a Semi-Empirical Concept of Permeability: Darcy's Law:
Be able to develop a velocity/pressure gradient relation for modeling the flow of fluids in pipes (i.e., the
Poiseuille equation).
x
p
k
A
q
v
p
x
avg
A
A
= =
1
where
8
2
r
k
p
= is considered to be a "geometry" factor.

Be familiar with the general assumptions and limitations of the Poiseuille equation.
Be able to derive the "units" of a Darcy (1 Darcy = 9.86923x10
-9
cm
2
).
Be able to derive the field units form of Darcy's law.
Be familiar with "friction factor"-"Reynolds Number" plotting concept put forth by Cornell and Katz for flow
through porous media. Be aware that this plotting concept validates Darcy's law empirically (the unit slope
line on the left portion of the plot, laminar flow).
Be able to recognize, develop, and apply the Taylor series (finite-difference) formulas for numerical
differentiation of an analytic function.
Introduction to Capillary Pressure and Relative Permeability:
Be familiar with the concept of "capillary pressure" for tubes as well as for porous media--and be able to
derive the capillary pressure relation for fluid rise in a tube:
r
p
ow c
1
) cos( 2 u =

Be familiar with and be able to derive the permeability and relative permeability relations for porous media
using the "bundle of capillary tubes" model as provided by Nakornthap and Evans. The permeability result is
given by:
*
1
2
*
1
0
2
2
3
dSw
p
n
k
c
ow
}
=
|
|

Be familiar with the concept of "relative permeability" and the factors which should and should not affect this
function. Also, be familiar with the laboratory techniques for measuring relative permeability.
(Page 12 of 23)

Fall 2013

Module 2: Petrophysical Properties (continued)
Development of the Brooks-Corey-Burdine Equation for Permeability and the Development of a Type
Curve Analysis Approach for Capillary Pressure Data:
Be able to derive the "field units" form of the Purcell-Burdine permeability equation (k in md,
ow
in dyne/cm
and, p
c
in psia). The Purcell-Burdine permeability equation as provided by Nakornthap and Evans is given in
terms of absolute (i.e., metric) units. The "field units" result is given by:
*
1
2
* 66 . 10
1
0
2
2
3
dSw
p
n
k
c
ow
}
=
|
| where ) 1 ( *
wi
S = | |

Be familiar with and be able to derive the Brooks-Corey-Burdine equation for permeability based on the
Purcell-Burdine permeability equation (as given above). This result is given by:
]
2
[
1
*
2
2 3
+
=
|
|
d
ow
p
n
k or ]
2
[
1
* 66 . 10
2
2 3
+
=
|
|
d
ow
p
n
k (field units)

Be able to discuss the possible applications for the Brooks-Corey-Burdine permeability equation.
Be familiar with and be able to derive a type curve matching approach for capillary pressure data based on
the Brooks-Corey model for capillary pressure and saturation given below.
1
) 1 (

=
wD D
S p where
d
c
D
p
p
p = and
*
1
1
1
Sw
S
Sw
S
wi
wD
=
=

Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks:
Be familiar with the definition of the formation resistivity factor, F, as well as the effects of reservoir and
fluid properties on this parameter.
Be familiar with and be able to use the Archie and Humble equations to estimate porosity given the formation
resistivity factor, F.
Be familiar with the definition of the resistivity index, I, as well as the effects of reservoir and fluid properties
on this parameter and also be familiar with the Archie result for water saturation, S
w
.
Be familiar with the "shaly sand" models given by Waxman and Smits for relating the resistivity index with
saturation and for relating formation factor with porosity.
Development of a Type Curve Analysis Approach for Relative Permeability Data
Be familiar with and be able to derive the Burdine relative permeability equations (this derivation is provided
in detail by Nakornthap and Evans). These relations are
*
1
*
1
*) (
1
0
2
*
0
2
2
w
c
w
S
w
c
w rw
dS
p
dS
p
S k
}
}
= and
*
1
*
1
*) 1 (
1
0
2
1
*
2
2
w
c
w
S
w
c
w rn
dS
p
dS
p
S k
}
}
=

Be familiar with and be able to derive the Brooks-Corey-Burdine equations for relative permeability based on
the combination of the Burdine relative permeability equations (shown above) and the Brooks and Corey
capillary pressure model. These results are given by:
) / 2 3 (
*
+
=
w
o
rw rw
S k k and ] * 1 [ *) 1 (
) / 2 1 ( 2 +
=
w w
o
rn rn
S S k k

where the Brooks and Corey capillary pressure model is given by
1
*
=
w d c
S p p

(Page 13 of 23)

Fall 2013

Module 2: Petrophysical Properties (continued)
and
o
rw
k and
o
rn
k are the "endpoint" relative permeability values.

Be familiar with and be able to derive a type curve matching approach for relative permeability data based on
the Brooks-Corey-Burdine relative permeability models. The "dimensionless" variables for this development
are given below.
Dimensionless wetting phase relative permeability:
) / 2 3 (
) 1 (
+
=
wD rwD
S k

Dimensionless non-wetting phase relative permeability:
] ) 1 ( 1 [
) / 2 1 ( 2 +
=
wD wD rnD
S S k

Dimensionless relative permeability ratio function:
] 1 ) 1 [(
) 1 (
) / 2 1 (
2
2

=
+
wD
wD
wD
rwD
rnD
S
S
S
k
k

Dimensionless saturation functions:
*
1
1
1
w
wi
w
wD
S
S
S
S =
= and
wD
wi
wi w
w
S
S
S S
S =
= 1
1
*

Module 3: Fundamentals of Flow in Porous Media
Steady-State Flow Concepts: Laminar Flow
Derive the concept of permeability (Darcy's Law) using the analogy of the Poiseuille equation for the flow of
fluids in capillaries. Be able to derive the "units" of a "Darcy" (1 Darcy = 9.86923x10
-9
cm
2
), and be able to
derive Darcy's Law in "field" and "SI" units.
Derive the single-phase, steady-state flow relations for the laminar flow of gases and compressible liquids
using Darcy's Law in terms of pressure, pressure-squared, and pseudopressure, as appropriate.
Derive the steady-state "skin factor" relations for radial flow.
Steady-State Flow Concepts: Non-Laminar Flow
Demonstrate familiarity with the concept of "gas slippage" as defined by Klinkenberg.
Derive the single-phase, steady-state flow relations for the non-laminar flow of gases and compressible
liquids using the Forchheimer equation (quadratic in velocity) in terms of pressure, pressure-squared, and
pseudopressure, as appropriate.
Material Balance Concepts:
Be able to identify/apply material balance relations for gas and compressible liquid systems.
Be familiar with and be able to apply the "Havlena-Odeh" formulations of the oil and gas material balance
equations.
Pseudosteady-State Flow Concepts:
Demonstrate familiarity with and be able to derive the single-phase, pseudosteady-state flow relations for the
laminar flow of compressible liquids in a radial flow system (given the radial diffusivity equation as a
starting point).
Sketch the pressure distributions during steady-state and pseudosteady-state flow conditions in a radial
system.
(Page 14 of 23)

Fall 2013

Module 3: Fundamentals of Flow in Porous Media (continued)
Development of Diffusivity Equation: Pressure and Pseudopressure Forms, General and Radial Flow
Geometries:
Be able to describe in words and in terms of mathematical expressions the mass continuity relation for flow
through porous media.
Be able to develop the "diffusivity" equations for the flow of a slightly compressible liquid in porous media--
"pressure" form, general flow geometry.
"Gradient-Squared" Case: General form for a slightly compressible liquid.
t
p
k
c
p p c
t
c
c
= V + V

) (
2 2
|

"Small and Constant Compressibility" Case: Base relation for all developments in reservoir engineering
and well testing.
t
p
k
c
p
t
c
c
= V

2
|

Be able to derive the pseudopressure/pseudotime forms of the diffusivity equation for cases where fluid
density and viscosity are functions of pressure for a general flow geometry.
"Pseudopressure-Time" Form "Pseudopressure-Pseudotime" Form

t
p
t
p
p
k
c
p
c
c
= V

2
|

a
p
n t p
t
p
c
k
p
c
c
= V ) (
2

|

where the "pseudopressure" function, p
p
, is given by:

dp
B
k
k
B
p
p
base
p
n p
) (
}
=
or dp
B
B p
p
base
p
n p

1
) (
}
=

and the "pseudotime" function, t
a
, is given by:
dt
p c p
c t
t
t
n t a
}
=
0
) ( ) (
1
) (

Development of Diffusivity Equations for the Flow of a Real Gas: Pressure and Pressure-Squared and
Pseudopressure Forms:
Be familiar with and be able to derive the single-phase diffusivity equations in terms of formation volume
factors (B
o
or B
g
) for both the oil and gas cases. These results are given as:
Single-Phase Oil Equation: Single-Phase Gas Equation:
) ( ] [
o
p
o o
o
B t B
k |
c
c
= V - V ) ( ] [
g
p
g g
g
B t B
k
|
c
c
= V - V

Be able to develop the general form of the diffusivity equation for single-phase gas flow in terms of pressure
(and p/z) starting from the density formulation. These relations are given by:
Density Formulation: General Form: Single-Phase Gas Equation:

t
p
k
c
c
= V - V
) (
] [
|

t z
p
k
c
p
z
t
c
c
= V - V
|
] [

Be able to develop the diffusivity equation for single-phase gas flow in terms of the following:
pseudopressure, pressure-squared, and pressure.
(Page 15 of 23)

Fall 2013

"Pseudopressure" Formulation:
t
p
k
c
p
pg
t
pg
c
c
= V
|
2
where dp
z
p
p
z
p
p
base
p
n pg
}
=
) (

"Pressure-Squared" Formulation:
) ( ) ( )] [ln( ) (
2 2 2
2
2 2
p
t k
c
p z
p
p
t
c
c
= V
c
c
V
|
if constant ~ z then ) ( ) (
2 2 2
p
t k
c
p
t
c
c
= V
|

"Pressure" Formulation:
t
p
k
c
p
p
z
p
p
t
c
c
= V
c
c
V
|
2 2
) )]( [ln( if constant ~
z
p
then
t
p
k
c
p
t
c
c
= V
|
2

Development of Diffusivity Equations for the Multiphase Flow:
Be able to develop the continuity relations for the oil, gas, and water phases in terms of the fluid densities.
Assume that the gas phase includes gas liberated from the oil and water phases.
Oil Continuity Equation: Water Continuity Equation:
) ( ) (
o o o
t
v |
c
c
= - V ) ( ) (
w w w
t
v |
c
c
= - V

Gas Continuity Equation:
] ) [( ] [ ) (
tot g gsc sw
w
w
gsc so
o
o
g g tot g g
t
R
B
v
R
B
v
v p v |
c
c
= + + - V = - V

Be able to write Darcy's law velocity relations for each phase. The general form is given by:
i
i
i
i
p
k
v V =
where i = oil, gas, and water.

Be able to develop the mass flux relations for the oil, gas, and water phases in terms of the fluid formation
volume factors. Again, assume that the gas phase includes gas liberated from the oil and water phases.
Oil Flux Equation: Water Flux Equation:

o
o o
o
osc o o
p
B
k
v V =

w
w w
w
wsc w w
p
B
k
v V =

Gas Flux Equation:
] [ ) (
w
w w
w
sw o
o o
o
so g
g g
g
gsc tot g g
p
B
k
R p
B
k
R p
B
k
v V + V + V =

Be able to develop the mass relations for the oil, gas, and water phases in terms of the fluid formation volume
factors. As before, assume that the gas phase includes gas liberated from the oil and water phases.
Oil Mass Equation: Water Mass Equation:

o
o
osc o o o
B
S
S | | | = = ) (
w
w
wsc w w w
B
S
S | | | = = ) (
(Page 16 of 23)

Fall 2013

Gas Mass Equation:
] [ ) (
w
w
sw
o
o
so
g
g
gsc gsc
w
sw
w gsc
o
so
o g g tot g
B
S
R
B
S
R
B
S
B
R
S
B
R
S S + + = + + = | | | | |

Assuming no capillary pressure forces ) (
w g o
p p p p V = V = V = V , be able to develop the generalized
diffusivity relations for each phase. (Martin Eqs. 1-3)
"Oil" Equation: "Water" Equation:
) ( ] [
o
o
o o
o
B
S
t
p
B
k
|
c
c
= V - V ) ( ] [
w
w
w w
w
B
S
t
p
B
k
|
c
c
= V - V

"Gas" Equation:
)] ( [ ] ) [(
w
w
sw
o
o
so
g
g
w w
w
sw
o o
o
so
g g
g
B
S
R
B
S
R
B
S
t
p
B
k
R
B
k
R
B
k
+ +
c
c
= V + + - V |

NEGLECTING the , , p S p S
w o
V V V V and
2
p p p V = V V terms be able to develop the diffusivity relations
for each phase as shown by Martin (Eqs. 7-9)
"Oil" Equation: "Water" Equation:
) (
2
o
o
o o
o
B
S
t
p
B
k
|
c
c
= V ) (
2
w
w
w w
w
B
S
t
p
B
k
|
c
c
= V

"Gas" Equation:
)] ( [ ) (
2
w
w
sw
o
o
so
g
g
w w
w
sw
o o
o
so
g g
g
B
S
R
B
S
R
B
S
t
p
B
k
R
B
k
R
B
k
+ +
c
c
= V + + |

Development of Diffusivity Equations for the Multiphase Flow Martin's Saturation Equations and the
Concept of Total Compressibility:
Be familiar with and be able to derive the Martin relations for total compressibility and the associated
saturation-pressure relations (Eqs. 10 and 11).
Oil Saturation Equation: Water Saturation Equation:

t
t
o o
o
o o
c
dp
dB
B
S
dp
dS
+ =
t
t
w w
w
w w
c
dp
dB
B
S
dp
dS
+ =

Total Compressibility:

dp
dB
B
S
dp
dR
B
B S
dp
dB
B
S
dp
dR
B
B S
dp
dB
B
S
c
g
g
g
sw
w
g w
w
w
w so
o
g o
o
o
o
t
+ + =

or,
g
g
g
w
sw
w
g
w
w
o
so
o
g
o
o
t
S
dp
dB
B
S
dp
dR
B
B
dp
dB
B
S
dp
dR
B
B
dp
dB
B
c ]
1
[ ]
1
[ ]
1
[ + + + + =

or finally,
g g w w o o t
S c S c S c c + + =

where,
(Page 17 of 23)

Fall 2013

Module 4: Reservoir Flow Solutions
,
1
,
1
dp
dR
B
B
dp
dB
B
c
dp
dR
B
B
dp
dB
B
c
sw
w
g
w
w
w
so
o
g
o
o
o
+ = + = and
dp
dB
B
c
g
g
g
1
=

Total Pressure Equation:

t
c
p
t
t
c
c
= V
|
2
where
w
w
g
g
o
o
t
k
k
k

+ + =

Dimensionless Variables and the Dimensionless Radial Flow Diffusivity Equation:
Be able to develop the dimensionless form of the single-phase radial flow diffusivity equation as well as the
appropriate dimensionless forms of the initial and boundary conditions, including the developments of
dimensionless radius, pressure, and time.
The Dimensionless Diffusivity Equation:
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
t
p
r
p
r
r
p
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c 1
2
2

Dimensionless Initial and Boundary Conditions:

+ Dimensionless Initial Condition
0 ) 0 , ( = s
D D D
t r p (uniform pressure in reservoir)

+ Dimensionless Inner Boundary Condition
1 ] [
1
=
c
c
=
D
r
D
D
D
r
p
r (constant rate at the well)

+ Dimensionless Outer Boundary Conditions
a. "Infinite-Acting" Reservoir
0 ) , ( =
D D D
t r p

b. "No-Flow" Boundary
0 ] [ =
c
c
=
eD
r
D
r
D
D
D
r
p
r (No flux across the reservoir boundary)

c. Constant Pressure Boundary
0 ) , ( =
D eD D
t r p (Constant pressure at the reservoir boundary)

Be able to derive the conversion factors for dimensionless pressure and time, for both SI and "field" units.
Solutions of the Radial Flow Diffusivity Equation Using the Laplace Transform:
Be able to recognize that the Laplace transform of the dimensionless form of the single-phase radial flow
diffusivity equation is the modified Bessel differential equation. Also, be able to write the general solution
for this transformed differential equation.
Dimensionless Diffusivity Equation: Laplace Transform of Diffusivity Equation:

D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D D
t
p
r
p
r
r
p
r
p
r
r r c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
c
c 1
] [
1
2
2

D
D
D
D
D D
p u
dr
p d
r
dr
d
r
= ] [
1

(Page 18 of 23)

Fall 2013

Module 4: Reservoir Flow Solutions (continued)
General Solution:
) ( ) ( ) , (
0 0 D D D D
r u BK r u Al u r p + =

Derivative of the General Solution:
) ( ) (
1 1 D D
D
D
r u K u B r u l u A
dr
p d
=

Be able to develop the particular solution (in Laplace domain) for the constant rate and constant pressure
inner boundary conditions and the infinite-acting reservoir outer boundary condition. Also, be able to use the
van Everdingen and Hurst result to convert the constant rate case to the constant wellbore pressure case.
Constant Rate Solution: (infinite-acting reservoir)
) (
1
) (
) ( 1
) , (
0
1
0
D
D
D D
r u K
u
u K u
r u K
u
u r p ~ =

Constant Rate-Constant Pressure Relation: (from van Everdingen and Hurst)

) (
1 1
) (
2
u p
u
u q
D
D
=

Be able to develop the real domain (time) solution for the constant rate inner boundary condition and the
infinite-acting reservoir outer boundary condition using both the Laplace transform and the Boltzmann
transform approaches. Also be able to develop the "log-approximation" for this solution.
Boltzmann Transform of the Diffusivity Equation:
0 ]
1
1 [
2
2
=
c
c
+ +
D
D
D
D
p
D
d
p d
c c
c
(infinite-acting reservoir case only)

"Log Approximation" Solution for the Diffusivity Equation:
]
1 1 4
ln[
2
1
) (
1
) , (
2
0
u
r e
u
r u K
u
u r p
D
D D D

~ ~ (=0.577216Euler's constant)

Laplace Transform Solutions of the Radial Flow Diffusivity Equation for a Bounded Circular Reservoir:
Be able to derive the particular solutions (in Laplace domain) for a well produced at a constant flow rate in a
homogeneous reservoir for the following initial condition, subject to the following initial and outer boundary
conditions:
Dimensionless Initial and Boundary Conditions:

+ Dimensionless Initial Condition
0 ) 0 , ( = s
D D D
t r p (uniform pressure in reservoir)

+ Dimensionless Inner Boundary Condition
1 ] [
1
=
c
c
=
D
r
D
D
D
r
p
r (constant rate at the well)

+ Dimensionless Outer Boundary Conditions
a. Prescribed Flux at the Boundary
) ( ] [
D Dext
eD
r
D
r
D
D
D
t q
r
p
r =
c
c
=

(Page 19 of 23)

Fall 2013


b. Constant Pressure at the Boundary
0 ) , ( = =
D eD D D
t r r p (No flux across the reservoir boundary)

Particular Solutions in the Laplace Domain:
+ "Infinite-acting" reservoir behavior
) (
) ( 1
) , (
1
0
u K u
r u K
u
u r p
D
D D
=
Or the line source approximation
) (
1
) , (
0 D D D
r u K
u
u r p = (where 1 ) (
1
u K u , for 0 u )

+ Bounded circular reservoir "no-flow" at the outer boundary (i.e., 0 ) ( =
D Dext
t q )

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1
) , (
1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0
eD eD
D eD eD D
D D
r u K u l u r u l u K u
r u l r u K r u l r u K
u
u r p
+
= (constant rate at the well)

+ Bounded circular reservoir "constant-pressure" at the outer boundary
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1
) , (
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
eD eD
D eD eD D
D D
u
u r p
+
= (constant rate at the well)

+ Bounded circular reservoir "prescribed flux" at the outer boundary
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1
) , (
1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0
eD eD
D eD eD D
D D
u
u r p
+
=
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
] )[ (
1
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
eD eD
D D
eD
Dext
u K u r u l u l u r u K
r u
u
u q
u

+
+

Real Domain Solutions of the Radial Flow Diffusivity Equation for a Bounded Circular Reservoir:
Be able to derive the following particular solutions in the real domain from the appropriate Laplace transform
solutions for an unfractured well produced at a constant flow rate in a homogeneous reservoir for the
following outer boundary conditions:
"Infinite-acting" reservoir behavior (line source solution)
)
4
(
2
1
) , (
2
1
D
D
D D D
t
r
E r t p =

or the so-called "log approximation"
)
4
ln(
2
1
) , (
2
D
D
D D D
r
t
e
r t p

=

Bounded circular reservoir "no-flow" at the outer boundary
)
4
exp( )
4
1
2
( )
4
exp(
2
)
4
(
2
1
)
4
(
2
1
) , (
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
2
1
D
eD
eD
D
D
eD
eD
D
D
eD
D
D
D D D
t
r
r
r
t
r
r
t
t
r
E
t
r
E r t p

+
+ =

and its "well testing" derivative function, p
D
'=d/dt
D
[p
D
(r
D
,t
D
)] is given by
(Page 20 of 23)

Fall 2013

)
4
exp( )
8 4
(
2
1
)
4
exp(
2
)
4
exp(
2
1
) , ( '
2 2 2 2
2
2
D
eD eD D
D D
eD
eD
D
D
D
D D D
t
r r r
t t
r
r
t
t
r
r t p

+
=

Bounded circular reservoir "constant pressure" at the outer boundary
)
4
exp( ) (
8
1
)
4
(
2
1
)
4
(
2
1
) , (
2
2 2
2
1
2
1
D
eD
D eD
D D
eD
D
D
D D D
t
r
r r
t t
r
E
t
r
E r t p

+ =

and its "well testing" derivative function, p
D
'=d/dt
D
[p
D
(r
D
,t
D
)] is given by
)
4
exp( ) 1
4
)( (
8
1
)
4
exp(
2
1
)
4
exp(
2
1
) , ( '
2 2
2 2
2 2
D
eD
D
eD
D eD
D D
eD
D
D
D D D
t
r
t
r
r r
t t
r
t
r
r t p

+
=

Solutions for the Behavior of a Fractured Well in a Bounded Circular Reservoir: Infinite and Finite-
Acting Reservoir Cases:
Be familiar with the concept of a well with a uniform flux or infinite conductivity vertical fracture in a
homogeneous reservoir. Note that the uniform flux condition implies that the rate of fluid entering the
fracture is constant at any point along the fracture. On the other hand, for the infinite conductivity case, we
assume that there is no pressure drop in the fracture as fluid flows from the fracture tip to the well.
Be able to derive the following real and Laplace domain (line source) solutions for a well with a uniform flux
or infinite conductivity vertical fracture in a homogeneous reservoir.
General Result: (cfracs subscript means Continuous Fracture Source)
wD wD D cls D D D cfracs D
dx u x x p u y x p ' ] ), ' [(
2
1
) , 0 , 1 | (|
1
1
, ,
= = s
}
+

where the cls subscript means Continuous Line Source
"Infinite-acting" reservoir behavior (line source solution)
] ) ( ) ( [
1
2
1
) , 0 , 1 | (|
) 1 (
0
0
) 1 (
0
0 inf , ,
dz z K dz z K
u
u
u y x p
D
x u
D
x u
D D cfracs D
} }
+
+ = = s

Bounded circular reservoir "no-flow" at the outer boundary
) , 0 , 1 | (| ) , 0 , 1 | (|
inf , , , ,
u y x p u y x p
D D cfracs D D D nfb cfracs D
= s = = s
] ) ( ) ( [
) (
) ( 1
2
1
) 1 (
0
0
) 1 (
0
0
1
1
dz z I dz z I
r u I
r u K
u
u
D
x u
D
x u
eD
eD
} }
+
+ +

Bounded circular reservoir "constant pressure" at the outer boundary
) , 0 , 1 | (| ) , 0 , 1 | (|
inf , , , ,
u y x p u y x p
D D cfracs D D D cpb cfracs D
= s = = s
] ) ( ) ( [
) (
) ( 1
2
1
) 1 (
0
0
) 1 (
0
0
0
0
dz z I dz z I
r u I
r u K
u
u
D
x u
D
x u
eD
eD
} }
+
+
(Page 21 of 23)

Fall 2013

Dual Porosity Reservoirs Warren and Root Approach Pseudosteady-State Matrix Behavior:
Be familiar with the "fracture" and "matrix" models developed by Warren and Root.
Be able to develop the Laplace and real domain results given by Warren and Root for pseudosteady-state
matrix flow. These relations are
Laplace domain results:
+ Warren and Root "Interporosity Flow Function":
u
u
u f
) 1 (
) 1 (
) (
e
e e
+
+
=

Solutions in the Laplace domain:
)
) (
1 1 4
ln(
2
1
) ) ( (
1
) ) ( ( ) (
) ) ( ( 1
) , (
2 2
0
1
0
u uf
r e
u
r u uf K
u
u uf K u uf
r u uf K
u
u r p
D
D
D
D D

~ ~ =

Line source solution in the real domain:
S t E t E
r
t
e
r t p
D D
D
D
D D D
+
= )
) 1 (
(
2
1
)
) 1 (
(
2
1
)
4
ln(
2
1
) , (
1 1
2
e
e e

Be able to develop the Laplace and real domain results given by Warren and Root for pseudosteady-state
matrix flow. These relations are
)
) 1 (
exp(
2
1
)
) 1 (
exp(
2
1
2
1
) , ( '
D D D D D
t t r t p
e
e e

+ =

Direct Solution of the Gas Diffusivity Equation Using Laplace Transform Methods:
Be familiar with the convolution form of a non-linear partial differential equation (with a non-linear right-
hand-side term), as shown below.

t t
t
| d t g
y
t
y
y y
t
) ( ) (
0
2

c
c
=
c
c
= V
}

Where we assume that the (y) function can be re-cast as
a unique function of time (i.e., (y) can be written as (t)).
Using (t) requires assumptions as to flow regimes--we
will demonstrate this assuming pseudosteady-state flow.

Taking the Laplace transform of this relation gives
) ( )] 0 ( ) ( [ ) (
2
u g t y u y u u y = = V

Be able to develop the generalized Laplace domain formulation of the non-linear radial gas diffusivity
equation using the (t) approach.
The real gas diffusivity equation (in radial coordinates) is given in dimensionless form by:
D
pD
D
D
pD
ti i
t
D
pD
D
D
pD
t
p
t
t
p
c
c
r
p
r
r
p
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
) (
1
2
2
|
] ) ( [
ti i
t
D
c
c
t
| =

where
) (
2 . 141
1
p pi pD
p p
qB
kh
p =
t
r c
k
t
w ti i
D
2
0002637 . 0
|
=
w
D
r
r
r =

and the pseudopressure function is given by
(Page 22 of 23)

Fall 2013

dp
z
p
p
z
dp
B
B p
p
base
p
i
i i
p
base
p
g
gi i p
} }
= =
1

Substituting the convolution formulation into the right-hand-side of the real gas diffusivity equation gives
t t
t
d t g
p
r
p
r
r
p
r
p
r
r r
D
D
t
pD
D
pD
D
D
pD
D
pD
D
D D
) (
1
] [
1
0
2
2
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
}

) ( ) (
) (
1
) (
]
) (
[
1
2
2
u p u ug
dr
u p d
r
dr
u p d
dr
u p d
r
dr
d
r
pD
D
pD
D
D
pD
D
pD
D
D D
= + = (Laplace domain relation)

Be familiar with and be able to develop the g(u) term. The g(t
D
) term is defined by:
t t
t
| d t g
p
t
p
t
D
D
t
pD
D
pD
D
) ( ) (
0

c
c
=
c
c
}

Convolution:
Be familiar with and be able to derive the convolution sums and integrals for the variable-rate and variable
pressure drop cases.
Variable-Rate Case:
) ( ) ( ) (
1 ,
1
1
=

=
Dj D cr sD
n
j
Dj Dj D wD
t t p q q t p (discrete rate changes)

t t t d t p q t p
D
D
t
cr sD D D wD
) ( ) ( ' ) (
0
,
=
}
(continuous rate changes)

Variable-Pressure Drop Case:
) (
) (
) (
) (
1
1
,
=
Dj D Dcp
n
j
r i
j wf i
D tD
t t q
p p
p p
t q (discrete rate changes)

Be able to derive the general convolution identity in the Laplace domain from the integral form of the
variable-rate convolution identity.
) ( ) ( ) (
,
u p u q u p
cr sD qD wD
=

Be able to derive the real and Laplace domain identities for relating the constant pressure and constant rate
cases: (from van Everdingen and Hurst)
Laplace domain result:
) (
1 1
) (
,
2
,
u p
u
u q
cr sD
cp D
=

Real domain result:
D D cr sD
D
t
cp D
t d t p q =
}
t t t ) ( ) (
,
0
,
or
D D cp D
D
t
cr sD
t d t q p =
}
t t t ) ( ) (
,
0
,

(Page 23 of 23)

Fall 2013

Concepts and Applications in Wellbore Storage Distortion:
Be familiar with and, based on physical principles, be able to derive the relations to model the phenomena of
"wellbore storage." In particular, you should be able to derive the following:
General Rate Relation:
] [ 24 ) (
dt
dp
dt
dp
C B q
tf wf
s q sf
=

Pressure Relations (for small times/wellbore storage domination):
t
C
qB
p p
s
i wf
24
= (for small times, i.e., wellbore storage domination)

or
D
D
wD
C
t
p = (for small times, i.e., wellbore storage domination)

Laplace Domain Identity:
D
sD
wD
C u
u p
u p
2
) (
1
1
) (
+
= (valid for all times)

Module 4: Reservoir Flow Solutions Under Consideration
Multilayered Reservoir Solutions
Dual Permeability Reservoir Solutions
Horizontal Well Solutions
Radial Composite Reservoir Solutions
Various Models for Flow Impediment (Skin Factor)

Module 5: Applications/Extensions of Reservoir Flow Solutions Under Consideration
Oil and Gas Well Flow Solutions for Analysis, Interpretation, and Prediction of Well Performance.
Low Permeability/Heterogeneous Reservoir Behavior.
Macro-Level Thermodynamics (coupling PVT behavior with Reservoir Flow Solutions).
External Drive Mechanisms (Water Influx/Water Drive, Well Interference, etc.).
Hydraulic Fracturing/Solutions for Fractured Well Behavior.
Analytical/Numerical Solutions of Various Reservoir Flow Problems.
Applied Reservoir Engineering Solutions Material Balance, Flow Solutions, etc.

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Petroleum Engineering 620

Fluid Flow in Petroleum Reservoirs

where i = oil, gas, and water.

= (constant rate at the well)

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