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Transporte
Gases (funo respiratria) Nutrientes (funo nutritiva) Substncias secretadas (funo excretora) Hormonas Proteco
Composio do sangue
Plasma
~ 55% volume
Composio do sangue
Composio do Plasma
90% H2O 7% Protenas: - albumina, globulinas, fibrinogenio, protrombina, hormonas, enzimas, factores de coagulao, anticorpos 0.9% Sais inorgnicos - Anies: Bicarbonato; Cloreto; Fosfato; Sulfato; Iodeto - Caties: Clcio; Magnsio; Potssio; Sdio; Ferro; Cobre 2.1% outros compostos orgnicos no protecos: Hidratos de carbono: glucose, frutose, glicognio, polissacridos Lpidos: cidos gordos, colesterol (livre e esteres), fosfolipidos (fosfogliceridos, esfingomielina) cidos orgnicos: cido citrico, mlico, cetoglutrico, succnico, acetoactico, lctico,pirvico Compostos azotados no proteicos: ureia, cido rico, bilirrubina, creatinina, aminocidos; Gases: oxignio, dixido de carbono, azoto
Padro electrofortico de plasma humano (A) e de protenas de soro (B). A concentrao total de protena ~: 6 to 8 g/dL;
Function
Oncotic pressure Binds steroids, T3, bilirubin, bile salts, fatty acids Protease inhibitor; deficiency causes emphysema Broad-spectrum protease inhibitor Synthesized by liver Binds hemoglobin Binds lipid Binds iron Third component of complement system Clotting protein; precursor of fibrin Mucosal immunity Synthesized by plasma cells in exocrine glands Synthesized by B lymphocytes Synthesized by B lymphocytes Binds to mast cells or basophils Humoral immunity Synthesized by plasma cells Humoral immunity Synthesized by B lymphocytes
Viscosidade
O sangue cerca de 4.5-5.5 xs mais viscoso do que a gua, o que se traduz numa maior resistncia ao movimento. Alteraes da viscosidade podem dar origem a alteraes cardiovasculares graves. A viscosidade do sangue depende de vrios factores: Concentrao de fibrinogenio Hematcrito Raio dos vasos Velocidade linear Temperatura
Clulas do Sangue
11
Hematopoiesis
Cells originated from hematopoietic stem cells
ERITRCITOS
So discos biconcavos com espessura de 2m e dimetro de 8m, deformveis Transportam hemoglobina em circulao (o que permite o transporte de cerca de 60-70xs mais O2 do que o O2 dissolvido (equivale a transportar 20ml of O2 por 100ml de sangue) Clulas sem ncleo Valores normais:
Leuccitos
-Clulas nucleadas: 5 -10 x 109/L de sangue Granulares: (2 semanas)
Neutrfilos (fagcitos)
Eosinfilos (resposta a parasitas e virus), funo na resposta alrgica Basfilos (contm histamina, heparina e peroxidase), funo na resposta alrgica No granulares (derivadas do tecido linftico) Linfcitos: no fagocticas (2-3 dias) Linfcitos T imunidade celular, reconhecimento de antignios
Plaquetas
Derivadas dos megacaricitos, so fragmentos anucleadas. Para alm de mitocndria, lisossomas e peroxissomas tm granulos alfa que contm fibrinognio e factor de von Willebrand e factor V.
Hemostase
Preveno de hemorragia devido a leso nos vasos sanguneos
Para visualizao de esquema das diferentes fases da hemostase ver animao em:
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/t r/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htm
Hemostase
Via de coagulao intrinseca (factores de coagulao libertados pelas plaquetas) Via de coagulao extrinseca (factores tecidulares desencadeiam a
coagulao)
Via de coagulao comum
Cascata de Coagulao
Via de coagulao intrinseca (factores de coagulao libertados pelas plaquetas). O factor XII de plaquetas activas vai activar o factor XI iniciando a via intrinseca. Via comum de coagulao O factor VII e Xia promovem a cascata de activao do factor X. O factor X juntamente com o factor II e ofactor V , Ca2+ e PF3 promovem a converso de protrombina a trombina.
Via de coagulao extrinseca: o tecido danificado liberta factores tecidulres (factor III ou TF) que juntamente com o clcio activa o factor VII e desencadeiam a coagulao.
A trombina converte o fibrinognio a fibrina. O factor XII promove o crosslinking de fibrina. As plaquetas eos eritrcitos ficam retidos na malha da fibrina formando o cogulo.
Factores de Coagulao
Nmero / Nome I (fibrinogen) II (prothrombin) Tissue factor Calcium V (proaccelerin, labile factor) VI Forms clot (fibrin) Its active form (IIa) activates I, V, VII, VIII, XI, XIII, protein C, platelets Co-factor of VIIa (formerly known as factor III) Required for coagulation factors to bind to phospholipid (formerly known as factor IV) Co-factor of X with which it forms the prothrombinase complex Funo
Activates IX
Activates factor XI, VII and prekallikrein Crosslinks fibrin Binds to VIII, mediates platelet adhesion Activates XII and prekallikrein; cleaves HMWK Supports reciprocal activation of XII, XI, and prekallikrein Mediates cell adhesion
Factores de Coagulao
antithrombin III heparin cofactor II protein C protein S protein Z Protein Z-related protease inhibitor (ZPI) Plasminogen alpha 2-antiplasmin tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) Urokinase plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1) plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI2) cancer procoagulant Inhibits IIa, Xa, and other proteases; Inhibits IIa, cofactor for heparin and dermatan sulfate ("minor antithrombin") Inactivates Va and VIIIa Cofactor for activated protein C (APC, inactive when bound to C4b-binding protein) Mediates thrombin adhesion to phospholipids and stimulates degradation of factor X by ZPI Degrades factors X (in presence of protein Z) and XI (independently) Converts to plasmin, lyses fibrin and other proteins Inhibits plasmin Activates plasminogen Activates plasminogen Inactivates tPA & urokinase (endothelial PAI) Inactivates tPA & urokinase (placental PAI) Pathological factor X activator linked to thrombosis in cancer
Inibidores de coagulao
Fibrinlise
Dissoluo do cogulo sanguneo
Via trombolitica o plasma contem proteases que podem ser activadas e clivam a fibrina dissolvendo os coagulos sanguineos.
Cascata de fibrinlise
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