LITERARY DEVICES

Alliteration: repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence.

*Let us go forth to lead the land we love. J. F. Kennedy, Inaugural
*Viri validis cum viribus luctant. Ennius
*Veni, vidi, vici. Julius Caesar

Anacoluthon: lack of grammatical sequence; a change in the grammatical

construction within the same sentence.
*Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be
maintained regardless of changing conditions? J. Diefenbaker

Anadiplosis: ("doubling back") the rhetorical repetition of one or several words;

specifically, repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the
next.
*Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of the sovereign or
state; servants of fame; and servants of business. Francis Bacon
*Senatus haec intellegit, consul videt; hic tamen vivit. Vivit? Immo vero
etiam in senatum venit. Cicero, In Catilinam
*Aeschines 3.133

Anaphora: the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive

phrases, clauses or lines.
*We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in
France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing
confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island,
whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on
the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we
shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender. Churchill.
*Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam,
sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. Cicero, In Catilinam
*Lysias, Against Eratosthenes 21
*Demosthenes, On the Crown 48

Anastrophe: transposition of normal word order; most often found in Latin in

the case of prepositions and the words they control. Anastrophe is a form of
hyperbaton.
*The helmsman steered; the ship moved on; yet never a breeze up blew.
Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
*Isdem in oppidis, Cicero
*Demosthenes, On the Crown 13
Antistrophe: repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive
clauses.
*In 1931, ten years ago, Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning. In
1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning. In 1938, Hitler occupied
Austria -- without warning. In 1939, Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia --
without warning. Later in 1939, Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning.
 And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States
--without warning. Franklin D. Roosevelt
*Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 198

Antithesis: opposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel

construction.
*Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of
justice is no virtue. Barry Goldwater
*Brutus: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.
Shakespeare, Julius Caesar
*The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical
beauty; the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself." Sir John Beazley
*Demosthenes, Olynthiac 2.26

Aporia: expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears

uncertain as to what he should think, say, or do.
*Then the steward said within himself, 'What shall I do?' Luke 16
*Demosthenes, On the Crown 129

Aposiopesis: a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt,

seemingly overcome by passion (fear, excitement, etc.) or modesty.
*Demosthenes, On the Crown 3

Apostrophe: a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific

group or person or personified abstraction absent or present.
*For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel.
Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him. Shakespeare, Julius
Caesar

Archaism: use of an older or obsolete form.

*Pipit sate upright in her chair
Some distance from where I was sitting; T. S. Eliot, "A Cooking Egg"

Assonance: repetition of the same sound in words close to each other.

*Thy kingdom come, thy will be done.
*O fortunatam natam me consule Romam! Cicero, de consulatu
Asyndeton: lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.
*We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardships, support
any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of
liberty. J. F. Kennedy, Inaugural
*But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we
cannot hallow this ground. Lincoln, Gettysburg Address

*Demosthenes, On the Crown 200

Brachylogy: a general term for abbreviated or condensed expression, of which

asyndeton and zeugma are types. Ellipse is often used synonymously. The
suppressed word or phrase can usually be supplied easily from the surrounding
context.
*Aeolus haec contra: Vergil, Aeneid
 *Non Cinnae, non Sullae longa dominatio. Tacitus, Annales I.1

Cacophony: harsh joining of sounds.

*We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked
will. W. Churchill
*O Tite tute Tati tibi tanta tyranne tulisti! Ennius

Catachresis: a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict
sphere.
*I listen vainly, but with thirsty ear. MacArthur, Farewell Address
*Cynthia prima suis miserum me cepit ocellis. Propertius I.1.1

Chiasmus: two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in

inverted order (a-b-b-a); from shape of the Greek letter chi (X).
*Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers
always. MacArthur
*Renown'd for conquest, and in council skill'd. Addison et pacis
ornamenta et subsidia belli. Cicero, Pro lege Manilia
*Plato, Republic 494e

Climax: arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of ascending

power. Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the
first emphatic word of the next.
*One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. Tennyson, Ulysses
*Nonne hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio
mactari imperabis? Cicero, In Catilinam
*Facinus est vincere civem Romanum; scelus verberare; prope
parricidium necare: quid dicam in crucem tollere? verbo satis digno tam
nefaria res appellari nullo modo potest. Cicero, In Verrem
*Demosthenes, On the Crown 179

Euphemism: substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression

for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant.
*When the final news came, there would be a ring at the front door -- a
wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no
longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man... come
to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there, and
her husband's body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the
palmetto grass, "burned beyond recognition," which anyone who had
been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was
quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like
an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove, burned a blackish brown
all over, greasy and blistered, fried, in a word, with not only the entire
face and all the hair and the ears burned off, not to mention all the
clothing, but also the hands and feet, with what remains of the arms and
legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles,
burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself, so that this
husband, father, officer, gentleman, this ornamentum of some mother's
 eye, His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back, has been
reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it. Tom
Wolfe, The Right Stuff

Hendiadys: use of two words connected by a conjunction, instead of

subordinating one to the other, to express a single complex idea.
*It sure is nice and cool today! (for "pleasantly cool")
*I love the Lord, because he hath heard my voice and my supplications.
Psalms 116
*Perfecti oratoris moderatione et sapientia. Cicero, De oratore

Hypallage: ("exchanging") transferred epithet; grammatical agreement of a

word with another word which it does not logically qualify. More common in
poetry.
*Exegi monumentum aere perennius
regalique situ pyramidum altius, Horace, Odes III.30

Hyperbaton: separation of words which belong together, often to emphasize the

first of the separated words or to create a certain image.
*Speluncam Dido dux et Troianus eandem Vergil, Aeneid 4.124, 165

Hyperbole: exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect.

*My vegetable love should grow
Vaster than empires, and more slow;
An hundred years should got to praise
Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze;
Two hundred to adore each breast,
But thirty thousand to the rest. Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress"
*Da mi basia mille, deinde centum,
Dein mille altera, dein secunda centum,
Deinde usque altera mille, deinde centum. Catullus, to his.

Hysteron Proteron ("later-earlier"): inversion of the natural sequence of

events, often meant to stress the event which, though later in time, is
considered the more important.
*"I like the island Manhattan. Smoke on your pipe and put that in." --
from the song "America," West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim
(submitted per litteram by guest rhetorician Anthony Scelba)
*Put on your shoes and socks!
*Hannibal in Africam redire atque Italia decedere coactus est. Cicero, In
Catilinam

Irony: expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning; the

words say one thing but mean another.
*Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man. Shakespeare, Julius Caesar
Litotes: understatement, for intensification, by denying the contrary of the
thing being affirmed. (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis.)
*A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable.
*War is not healthy for children and other living things.
*One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day. (meiosis)

Metaphor: implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words; the

word is used not in its literal sense, but in one analogous to it.
*Life's but a walking shadow; a poor player,
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage. Shakespeare, Macbeth
*. . . while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread . . . by
which the little surface corners and edges of men's secret and solitary
lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into
the darkness. . . ) Faulkner, Absalom, Absalom!
*From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has
descended across the continent. W. Churchill

Metonymy: substitution of one word for another which it suggests.

*He is a man of the cloth.
*The pen is mightier than the sword.
*By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread.

Onomatopoeia: use of words to imitate natural sounds; accommodation of

sound to sense.
*At tuba terribili sonitu taratantara dixit. Ennius

Oxymoron: apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which

seem to contradict one another.
*Festina lente.
*I must be cruel only to be kind. Shakespeare, Hamlet

Paradox: an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense, but that may yet
have some truth in it.
*What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young. George Bernard
Shaw

Paraprosdokian: surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series.

*He was at his best when the going was good. Alistair Cooke on the Duke
of Windsor
*There but for the grace of God -- goes God. Churchill
*Laudandus, ornandus, tollendus. Cicero on Octavian

Paronomasia: use of similar sounding words; often etymological word-play.

*...culled cash, or cold cash, and then it turned into a gold cache. E.L.
Doctorow, Billy Bathgate
*Thou art Peter (Greek petros), and upon this rock (Greek petra) I shall
build my church. Matthew 16
*The dying Mercutio: Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave
man. Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet
*Hic est sepulcrum haud pulchrum feminae pulchrae.
Personification: attribution of personality to an impersonal thing.
*England expects every man to do his duty. Lord Nelson
*Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac
metuit et iam diu nihil te iudicat nisi de parricidio suo cogitare. Cicero, In
Catilinam

Pleonasm: use of superfluous or redundant words, often enriching the thought.

*No one, rich or poor, will be excepted.
*Ears pierced while you wait!
*I have seen no stranger sight since I was born.

Polysyndeton: the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words,

phrases, or clauses.
*I said, "Who killed him?" and he said, "I don't know who killed him but
he's dead all right," and it was dark and there was water standing in the
street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and
trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out
and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all
right only she was full of water. Hemingway, After the Storm
*omnia Mercurio similis, vocemque coloremque
et crinis flavos et membra decora iuventae Vergil, Aeneid 4.558-9
*Horae quidem cedunt et dies et menses et anni, nec praeteritum tempus
umquam revertitur, nec quid sequatur sciri potest. Cicero, De senectute

Praeteritio (=paraleipsis): pretended omission for rhetorical effect.

*That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave
us our several possessions ... is a theme too familiar to my listeners for
me to dilate on, and I shall therefore pass it by. Thucydides, "Funeral
Oration"
*Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick, since the
facts are not yet all in. A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy

Prolepsis: the anticipation, in adjectives or nouns, of the result of the action of

a verb; also, the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent.
*Vixi et quem dederat cursum fortuna peregi, Vergil, Aeneid 4.653
*Consider the lilies of the field how they grow.

Simile: an explicit comparison between two things using 'like' or 'as'.

*My love is as a fever, longing still
For that which longer nurseth the disease, Shakespeare, Sonnet CXLVII
*Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope. D. Hume [?]
*Let us go then, you and I,
While the evening is spread out against the sky,
Like a patient etherized upon a table... T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J.
Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis: use of a word with two others, with each of which it is understood
differently.
*We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately.
Benjamin Franklin

Synchysis: interlocked word order.

*aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem Vergil, Aeneid 4.139

Synecdoche: understanding one thing with another; the use of a part for the
whole, or the whole for the part. (A form of metonymy.)
*Give us this day our daily bread. Matthew 6
*I should have been a pair of ragged claws
Scuttling across the floors of silent seas.
T. S. Eliot, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
*The U.S. won three gold medals. (Instead of, The members of the U.S.
boxing team won three gold medals.)

Synesis (=constructio ad sensum): the agreement of words according to logic,

and not by the grammatical form; a kind of anacoluthon.
*For the wages of sin is death. Romans 6
*Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria, and preached Christ unto
them. Acts 6

Tautology: repetition of an idea in a different word, phrase, or sentence.

*With malice toward none, with charity for all. Lincoln, Second Inaugural

Zeugma: two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly

appropriate to only one of them.
*Nor Mars his sword, nor war's quick fire shall burn
The living record of your memory.
*Longa tibi exsilia et vastum maris aequor arandum. Vergil, Aeneid

LITERARY TERMS

Ad Hominem
An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of
the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack.

Allegory
Extending a metaphor so that objects, persons, and actions in a text are
equated with meanings that lie outside the text.

Alliteration
The repetition of an initial consonant sound.

Allusion
A brief, usually indirect reference to a person, place, or event--real or fictional.
Ambiguity
The presence of two or more possible meanings in any passage.

Analogy
Reasoning or arguing from parallel cases.

Anaphora
The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive
clauses or verses.

Antithesis
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.

Aphorism
(1) A tersely phrased statement of a truth or opinion. (2) A brief statement of a
principle.

Apostrophe
A rhetorical term for breaking off discourse to address some absent person or
thing.

Appeal to Authority
A fallacy in which a rhetor seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by
appealing to the respect people have for the famous.

Appeal to Ignorance
A fallacy that uses an opponent's inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of
the conclusion's correctness.

Argument
A course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating truth or falsehood.

Assonance
The identity or similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring
words.

Asyndeton
The omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses (opposite of
"polysyndeton").

Chiasmus
A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against
the first but with the parts reversed.
Circular Argument
An argument that commits the logical fallacy of assuming what it is attempting
to prove.

Claim
An arguable statement.

Clause
A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate.

Climax
Mounting by degrees through words or sentences of increasing weight and in
parallel construction with an emphasis on the high point or culmination of a
series of events.

Colloquial
Characteristic of writing that seeks the effect of informal spoken language as
distinct from formal or literary English.

Comparison
A rhetorical strategy in which a writer examines similarities and/or differences
between two people, places, ideas, or objects.

Concession
An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer concedes a disputed
point or leaves a disputed point to the audience or reader to decide.

Confirmation
The main part of a text in which logical arguments in support of a position are
elaborated.

Connotation
The emotional implications and associations that a word may carry.

Deduction
A method of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the
stated premises.
Denotation
The direct or dictionary meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or
associated meanings.

Dialect
A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation,
grammar, or vocabulary.

Diction
(1) The choice and use of words in speech or writing. (2) A way of speaking,
usually assessed in terms of prevailing standards of pronunciation and
elocution.

Encomium
A tribute or eulogy in prose or verse glorifying people, objects, ideas, or events.

Epiphora
The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of several clauses.

Ethos
A persuasive appeal based on the projected character of the speaker or
narrator.

Euphemism
The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.

Exposition
A statement or type of composition intended to give information about (or an
explanation of) an issue, subject, method, or idea.

Extended Metaphor
A comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of
sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem.

Fallacy
An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid.

False Dilemma
A fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of options (usually
two) when in reality more options are available.
Figurative Language
Language in which figures of speech (such as metaphors, similes, and
hyperbole) freely occur.

Figures of Speech
The various uses of language that depart from customary construction, order,
or significance.

Flashback
A shift in a narrative to an earlier event that interrupts the normal chronological
development of a story.

Hasty Generalization
A fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased
evidence.

Hyperbole
A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect; an
extravagant statement.

Imagery
Vivid descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the senses.

Induction
A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and
forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances.

Invective
Denunciatory or abusive language; discourse that casts blame on somebody or
something.

Irony
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or
situation where the meaning is directly contradicted by the appearance or
presentation of the idea.

Isocolon
A succession of phrases of approximately equal length and corresponding
structure.
Jargon
The specialized language of a professional, occupational, or other group, often
meaningless to outsiders.

Litotes
A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is
expressed by negating its opposite.

Metaphor
A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike
things that actually have something important in common.

Metonymy
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with
which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty").

Mood
The quality of a verb that conveys the writer's attitude toward a subject.

Narrative
A rhetorical strategy that recounts a sequence of events, usually in
chronological order.

Onomatopoeia
The formation or use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the
objects or actions they refer to.

Oxymoron
A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by
side.

Paradox
A statement that appears to contradict itself.

Parallelism
The similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or
clauses.
Parody
A literary or artistic work that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a
work for comic effect or ridicule.

Pathos
The means of persuasion that appeals to the audience's emotions.

Periodic Sentence
A long and frequently involved sentence, marked by suspended syntax, in which
the sense is not completed until the final word--usually with an emphatic
climax.

Personification
A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with
human qualities or abilities.

Point of View
The perspective from which a speaker or writer tells a story or presents
information.

Prose
Ordinary writing (both fiction and nonfiction) as distinguished from verse.

Refutation
The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters
opposing points of view.

Rhetoric
The study and practice of effective communication.

Rhetorical Question
A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.

Running Style
Sentence style that appears to follow the mind as it worries a problem through,
mimicking the "rambling, associative syntax of conversation"--the opposite of
periodic sentence style.

Sarcasm
A mocking, often ironic or satirical remark.
Satire
A text or performance that uses irony, derision, or wit to expose or attack
human vice, foolishness, or stupidity.

Simile
A figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly
compared, usually in a phrase introduced by "like" or "as."

Style
Narrowly interpreted as those figures that ornament speech or writing; broadly,
as representing a manifestation of the person speaking or writing.

Syllogism
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise,
and a conclusion.

Symbol
A person, place, action, or thing that (by association, resemblance, or
convention) represents something other than itself.

Synecdoche
A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole, the whole for
a part, the specific for the general, the general for the specific, or the material
for the thing made from it.

Syntax
(1) The study of the rules that govern the way words combine to form phrases,
clauses, and sentences. (2) The arrangement of words in a sentence.

Thesis
The main idea of an essay or report, often written as a single declarative
sentence.

Tone
A writer's attitude toward the subject and audience. Tone is primarily conveyed
through diction, point of view, syntax, and level of formality.
Transition
The connection between two parts of a piece of writing, contributing to
coherence.

Understatement
A figure of speech in which a writer deliberately makes a situation seem less
important or serious than it is.

Zeugma
The use of a word to modify or govern two or more words although its use may
be grammatically or logically correct with only one.

RHETORICAL TECHNIQUES
FIGURES OF SPEECH

metaphor
simile
personification
oxymoron
metonymy
synecdoche
antithesis
irony
allusion
pathetic fallacy

REPETITION

anaphora
epistrophe
isocolon
tricolon
chiasmus
antimetabole
anadiplosis
polysyndeton

SYNTAX

periodic sentence
rhetorical question
rhetorical fragment
telegraphic sentence
balanced sentence
parallel structure
aposiopesis
anthyphophora
SYNTAX

periodic sentence
rhetorical question
rhetorical fragment
telegraphic

SYNTAX

periodic sentence
rhetorical question
rhetorical fragment
telegraphic sentence
balanced sentence
parallel structure
aposiopesis
anthyphophora

SYNTAX

periodic sentence
rhetorical question
rhetorical fragment
telegraphic sentence
balanced sentence
parallel structure
aposiopesis
anthyphophora

SOUND DEVICES

assonance
consonance
alliteration
onomatopoeia
euphony
rhyme
meter

SOUND DEVICES
assonance
consonance
alliteration
onomatopoeia
euphony
rhyme
meter

NOTE:THESE INFORMATINS ARE COLLECTED FROM VARIOUS WEBSITES AND

PRESENTED BEFORE YOU.