ME 3345 Heat Transfer

Week_2_2
Reading Assignment: 3.1 3.4

Objectives:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1-D Heat Conduction in a Plane Wall Electrical Resistance Analogy Interface Resistance 1-D Heat Flow in Cylindrical/ Spherical Coordinates Electrical Resistance Analogy in Cylindrical Coords.

Steady State Temperature Distribution in a Plane Wall System 1.With Uniform Volumetric Energy Generation; Assumptions ?
2

x2

y2

z2

q k

1 T t

T x2

q k

Solution:
T ( x) q 2 x C1x C2 2k

2. What if there is no heat generation?

T ( x) C1x C2

Note: The form of the equation giving the steady state temperature distribution is independent of boundary conditions. However, the Temperature magnitude does depend on B.C.s.

1. Prescribed Temperature at Boundary: (e.g. T = To)

2. Uniform Heat Flux at boundary: (q = qo)

3. Adiabatic at Boundary: dT/dx = 0

4. Convection and Radiation at Boundary:

dT k dx

hT

T4

4 Tsur

Example: What is the 1-D temperature distribution in a Plane Wall with no energy generation subjected convection on both surfaces? Assume that the thermal conductivity, k, is constant, no heat generation uniform, fluid temperature and convective heat transfer coefficient , T and h, respectively. T1 h, T K T2 h, T

q
0

0
L x

We may also use an electrical resistance analogy to help solve heat conduction problems. Electrical Analog of Heat Conduction
V
T1 R I I = V/R Electrical resistance:
qx kA T L

T2

V= T I = qx

qx
T Rth

Thermal resistance:

L A

Rth

L kA

In order to develop the electrical resistance for each mode of heat transfer, we must look at the linear heat transport coefficients:
1. Conduction: 2. Convection: q
q kA T L Rth L kA

(no energy generation!!!)

hA T

th

1 hA
1 hr A

3. Radiation:

hr A T

Rth

Heat Transfer Through a Plane Wall

L

T ,1, h1
Ts ,1
Hot Fluid

Cold Fluid

Ts,2 T
,2 , h2

T,1 qx
R 1 1 hA 1

Ts,1
R 2 L kA

Ts,2
R 3

T,2
1 h A 2

qx

(T

,1

,2 )

( R1 R2 R3 )

Thermal Circuits
qx T Rtot , where Rtot 1 h1 A L kA
1

1 is the total thermal resist. h2 A

qx UA T , where U

( Rtot A)

is the overall heat transfer coeff .

Thermal Contact Resistance

(Very Small)

Rt ,c
TA TB q"x
Unit Area

TA TB qx
Rt ,c

[m 2 K/W]

Rt ,c / A

Contact resistance values range from 10 6 10 3 m2K/W, depending on (1) materials, (2) surface roughness, and (3) contact pressure.
/ Rt ,c

Effective thermal conductivity: kc

Example: A composite wall with contact resistance R .c What is the heat flux if the temperatures T1 and T2 are known.
T1

qx

T1
LA / k A

TA
Rc

TB
LB / kB

T2

T2
A LA kA B LB kB

Answer: qx

T1 T2 Rtot T1 T2 LA / k A Rc LB / k B

How to improve Contact Resistance ??

How to improve Contact Resistance ?? Apply Pressure Use filler material Soft metal (indium, lead, tin, silver) Thermal grease Epoxy materials

Soldering
Very active research area

Some Comments Regarding Contact Resistance Tables 3-1 and 3-2 give values for some solid-solid contact resistance. Types of contact: metal-metal, metal-insulators, etc.

Interfacial materials: vacuum, air, soft metal, solder, grease, plastic, etc.

Contact resistance is often important in practice but only empirical theories exist.

Thermal Contact Resistance

(Very Small)

TA

TB q"x
Unit Area

Thermal contact resistance gives rise to a temperature discontinuity at the interface. A surface energy balance would be: qx is continuous =

dT ka dx

dT kb dx

Temperature is discontinuous =

q R

" x

" t ,c

TA

TB

Radial Heat Transfer

For 1-D, steady state constant k k(T) w/o heat generation, we have in the cylindrical coordinates,
d dT r dr dr 0
dT r dr C1
qr r r r+dr qr+ dr

T (r )
qr qr

C1 ln r C2
dT k (2 rL) dr k dT dr

dT kAc dr qr / Ac

For a cylindrical shell with known surface temperatures

T (r ) C1 ln r C2
r2

T1 C1 ln(r 1) C2
T2 C1 ln(r2 ) C2

(1)

(2)

T2

T1

r1

Solving for C1 and C2 yields the following temperature distribution:

T (r )

T1 T2 r ln r r2 ln 1 r2

T2

The temperature distributions What about temperature gradient? q= k = constant A and dT/dr not constant

r2

T2

T1

r1

T T1

T1 > T2

T1 < T2 T1

T2

T2 r1 r2 r

r1

r2

Note that dT / dr is getting smaller as the radius is getting larger.

How to get resistance ??

Heat transfer rate and thermal resistance

T (r ) T1 T2 r ln r2 ln r1 r2 T2
T2 T1

r2

r1

Rate of heat transfer:

qr

dT kA dr

dT 2k rL dr

T1 T2 2k L ln r2 / r1

Constant

Heat flux:

qr A

dT dr

k T1 T2 r ln r2 / r1

Thermal Resistance:

qr

T1 T2 2k L ln r2 / r1
T2 T1

r2

r1

qr

T2 T1 ln r2 / r1 2k L

1 T ln r2 / r1 2k L

Rt ,cond

ln r2 / r1 2k L

The cross-sectional areas are different (inner radius vs. outer radius)

Composite Cylindrical Walls

qr

T Rtot

UA

UA U1 (2 r1L) U 2 (2 r2 L) ...
Different overall heat transfer coefficients.

Composite Cylindrical Walls

Spherical shell

r2

qr

dT 2 dT kA 4 kr dr dr qr dr dT 2 4 kr
r2 r1
r r1

T2

T1

r1

qr 4 k

dr r
2

T2 T1

dT
T T1

qr

4 k (T1 T2 ) 1/ r1 1/ r2
qr 4 k (T1 T ) 1/ r1 1/ r

T Rt

qr 4 k

dr r
2

dT

T (r ) T1

1/ r1 1/ r (T1 T2 ) 1/ r1 1/ r2