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Objective:
Introduction To Steady State 2-D Heat Transfer Numerical Solutions to Multidimensional Heat Transfer
2-D and Transient Heat Conduction Equations Partial differential equations Chapter 4
2
2 2
x2
y2
T ( x, y )
Chapter 5
2
x2
1 T t
How can we solve this equation, given 2 B.C.s and the initial condition?
Parabolic equation
T ( x, t )
1. Exact solutions or analytical solutions - can only be obtained for limited cases with regular B.C.s - complicated functions and series are involved - serve as a tool to verify numerical solutions - excellent sources of analytical solutions in many found in many texts: (e.g., Carslaw and Jaeger, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 1959)
2. Graphical methods - physically intuitive and tedious - limited use for simple geometries only - Not good for high accuracy calculations
3. Numerical methods - powerful - easy to get wrong results: be careful - 1 & 2 are often used to ensure that the numerical solutions are correct
FLUX PLOT
2-D steady-state: y W T1 T1 L
T
2
T
2
x
T2
Let
T T1 T2 T1
2 2 2
T (0, y ) T1
T1 x
T ( L, y ) T1 T ( x, 0) T1 T ( x, W ) T2
(0, y ) ( L, y ) ( x, 0) ( x, W )
0 0 0 1
Separation of Variables
Assume ( x, y) f ( x)* g ( y)
Let ( x, y)
X ( x)* Y ( y)
The solution to the differential equation for this problem is in the form of:
( x, y )
n
n x n y Cn sin sinh L L 1
You can verify that it satisfies the partial different equation as well as three of the B.C.s. For it to be the solution, we must have
( x,W ) 1
n
n x n W Cn sin sinh L L 1
( x, y)
2
n
Numerical method -- continued Discretization: a nodal network, called mesh or grid. We can refine the mesh but we cannot obtain continuous solutions.
A fine mesh A coarse mesh Nodal points or simply nodes, nodal property such as nodal temperature - it is the temperature of the node but it also represents the temperature around the node (average).
Basic principle: Through approximation, convert the differential equations to a set of algebraic equations that can be solved numerically.
dT dx
Tm
m 1/ 2
Tm x
T
m 1
1/2
m m+1/2 m+1
dT dx
m 1/ 2
Tm Tm x
x
T x
m
d 2T dx 2
m 1/ 2
T x x
x
m 1/ 2
x
1 2
Tm
Tm
2Tm
( x)
T
2
T
m
T
2
Tm
1,n
Tm
x2
2
( x) Tm,n
1
1,n 2
2Tm,n
T
m
Tm,n ( y)
y2
1 2
2Tm,n
If x
Tm
1,n
y , then we obtain
Tm
1,n
Tm,n
Tm,n
4Tm,n
Finite difference equation for (m, n) Use N linear algebraic equations to solve N unknowns.
m,n+1
y y
m,n
m+1,n
m 1, n
y
m,n
m+1,n qin
m,n 1
x x
m,n
m+1,n
qin = k
y 1 (Tm+1,n Tm,n) x
x1 k y
m 1, n
y
m,n
m+1,n m 1, n m,n
m+1,n
y 1 k x
m,n 1
x
m,n 1
k y y (Tm 1,n Tm,n ) k (Tm 1,n Tm,n ) x x x x k (Tm,n 1 Tm,n ) k (Tm,n 1 Tm,n ) y y q x y 0
Ein Eg
If
y,
1,n
Tm
Tm
1,n
Tm,n
Tm,n
4Tm,n
q( x) 2 k
What do we end up with is a set of linear algebraic equations. Assume there are N unknown nodal temperatures.
a11T1 a12T2 ......... a1N TN a21T1 a22T2 ......... a2 N TN ........ aN 1T1 aN 2T2 ......... aNN TN
N
C1 C2
a11 a21
a12 a22
CN
aN1
T1 T2 . . TN
1
C1 C2 . . CN
[ A]N
aijT j
j 1
N [T ]N 1
[C]N
Ci , i 1, 2,..., N
1. Energy balance
2. Grid-Independent Study
3. Compare with exact solution if available