I.

Anglo-Saxon Era
A. Historical Background
British IslesGeography Currently known as the swaggin United Kingdom. Consist of dem Wales Scotland England and Northern Ireland (NSEW, North South East West is easy to remember). It be part of the common market and the European Union The island country thats fairly small. The modern United Kingdom be 88,000 square miles California is 160,000. Since then the UK has gone down in power. It has lost some countries to colonization and other is gave up. For latitude be at North Canada on top in the Washington Canadian border on the bottom. It be cold in winter, damp, not very cold. The reason being the Gulfstream Ocean current. Theres a metric ass ton of fog in Southern England and there aint no point on the British isles where it be more than 60 miles from the ocean. In the southeast be rolling hills farmland. But further north and west you get, more mountains. English seafaring people. Fishing major industry. Shifting its focus of empire. English channel provides some protection. Avoided role in wars of continent. Prehistory The islands are populated by Celtics. They were stone age people. Nomadic tribes. The Phoenicians of the continent sometimes traded but never went back twice because theres nothing there. This led to the rumors of Atlantis. Stonehenge: as a stone circle one and. Over 40 stone circles in Euro. Stonehenge be the most famous because it be the biggest and most intact. It consists of 82 bluestones. Each weighed 5 to 8 tons. In the upright position some are 28 feet tall. Stones are scattered randomly. They were build 1000 years before Christ. Structure in the center in the altar and it has something like blood on it. Probably from human or animal sacrifices. Roman Occupation: In 55 BC Julius Caesar invaded England. Kind of. Cesar first invaded Gaul. The Celtics assisted the tribes in Gaul. They gave them the the arrows and spearheads. In retaliation he invaded he invaded England. Lands at Hastings. They became bogged down in England. Problem was that each tribe was separate and a few how to fight many battles instead of one big battle. The 54 BC he invades again this time with his good troops. Leads to Celts stop supplying Gauls. Then, he leaves. This invasion led to Britain being on the maps. 100 years later, 43 AD, Emperor Claudius invades Britain. Lands at Hastings, move north and west. Takes 4 years to conquer all of England. Many of the Celts assimilated through marriage after generations. Celtic culture disappears, and Rome remains for 400 years. Scots start raids. 120 AD, Emperor Hadrian orders wall across Britain in North for protection. BY 208-211 AD, wall be finished. The wall was 60 miles long colt 40 feet high and made of stone. It was wide enough for four soldiers to march or a chariot. Every mile had a post with three five soldiers. Used bonfires the signal. Every 10 miles was a fort with 2 to 3000 soldiers. However it did not stop

the Scottish. They just raided around the fort also boats. Over time, the expense of maintaining Britain was too much. Hadrians wall marks farthest north/west of roman empire. Pressure of barbarian hordes force Roman withdrawal by 410 AD. Once they leave, barbarian invade England, and influx of barbarians for 100 years. After 499 two tribes remain in England. The angols and Saxons. By the sixth century BC tribes assimilated due to trade and intermarriage. They did not destroy the roman buildings they just ignore them. The Anglo-Saxon were agricultural and proud of the warrior heritage. Tribes/groups were at war with each other but it was more like sporting events. War also lead to increased trade. In 597 Pope Gregory I sent Christian monks to Britain. They landed at Canterbury. And Canterbury becomes the center of the catholic church in Britain. These monks were good at converting. They converted the chiefs of the tribes. And they turned the boys of the villages into priests. This eliminate the problem of communication. At this point the roman catholic church was on same page calendar wise. However, the AngloSaxons were illiterate. So the Christian monks invented old English which was phonetic. In the late seventh century Norse invaded. After raiding, some started staying. In 871, King Alferd comes to power. Unifies tribes to oppose norse. Called englands first king. Under his leadership, in 878 write a treaty with the Norse. Gave Norse half of England up. He died a few years later, and the treaty collapses. Overtime, the norse are pushed back. By 1050 AD,Vikings are driven back. Now, it be land of Angols, or Angland. During AS period, Kings/kingdoms established. Society was primordial. Kings,nobles,freemen,unfreemen. They didnt trade slaves. Captured from war, and often married into family. There was very little trade with continent. No urban centers or cities. Biggest event be Christianity enters Island, and Old English be biggest lit. event. B. Literature 1. Beowulf be an epic poem(written in elevated style, using adventures of divine/semidivine personage to tell history of people). Composed in oral tradition over several generations by Norse. Bring it w/ them when they invade Britain. Adopted by AS around mid 6th century. Written down sometime around 700 AD. Only one surviving manuscript. Probably written by A Christian monk by memory(leads to emendation). Not translated into modern English until 1500 by Raphael the English scholar. But Beowulf was the epic hero up. Grendel was evil symbolized. It was written with the prologue and 43 books. Each book was rather thin. Prologue introduces characters and plot. In book one King Hrothgar up be the king of . Danes. In his hubris, he builds up Herot(mead hall). Grendel be coming. Bk. 2, Grendel attacks, danes unable to fight back. Bk. 3, Beowulf comes to help. Comes from the Geats, and comes for Glory. Bk. 4-9, journey of Beowulf, doesnt arrive till book 9. SUMMARY: Nightfall, Danes leave, Beowlf and company stay. Grendel attacks, fights with Beowulf, and mortally wounded(arm ripped off). Crawls back home to die. Danes celebrate but are attacked again by Grenel??. Then, BEO goes to grendel's lair. be giving magical

sword(not) by friend Wulfgar who be jealous. Tells Beo. That he needs magic sword to kill him. Lies. Finds out that it be actually mama Grendel who attacked last night. Sword shatters, Beo at risk. But in treasure piles(grendels hoard treasure), finds another sword and cuts off her head. Now, BK 23 be finished. Beo returns home, be named king. Rules with honor for 50 years. After 50 years, country attacked by fire-breathing dragon. Along with friend wiglaf. Kill dragon, but be mortally wounded. Taken back home, names Wiglaf new king, then dies. Final books detail funeral(cremated on pyre, accompanied with weapons, food, treasure). Gave more accurate pic. Of funerals.

II. Medieval ERA

A. Historical Background Time between collapse of roman empire and renaissance. (476 AD-1492). Develops a feudal system. Feudalism: differs from one part of Europe to another. Contains some general characteristics.(1)Manor: self contained farm. Self sustained. Owned by liege lord. Member of aristocracy. Word was law.(2) peasants: tied to the land, but not slaves. Have obligations to liege lord. Follow rules, serve etc. Could not leave land. (3) Feudal Contract: System of customs/traditions/expectations. Liege lord be parental figure, has obligations to peasants, keeps farms safe, run farm well, keep manor maintained, all out of private pocket. Chain of inheritance. When a father dies, everything passes to oldest surviving son. Others will stay on the manor or marry oldest daughter of another lord. Or might become night, or enter the clergy. Catholic church be the unifying religious / political aspect in middle ages. had influence everywhere. That can also buy position in upper echelon of church(Bishop, etc). Up Evolution of feudalism happens all over Europe except in England because of the barbarian hordes. Due to the reigns feudalism does not evolve. 1050 AD last of the Vikings are driven out. At this point in the land was more tribal in nature. More like war chiefs. 1066 AD. Across channel be Normandy. Duke dies, leaves legit son who be weak, and William the Bastard, who be strong. Takes control. William not liked by Catholic church, decides to invade Brittany. Goes to the 2nd/3rd lines of heirs, and they join him, and form army. Now, he be known as William of Normandy. Then, invades Brittany, Brittany surrenders. Duke of Brittany now vassal of Normandy. To get land for knights in Army, William decides to invade England, and conquers it(from Hastings). Now, land consists of England, Brittany, Normandy. Because of this, known as William the Conqueror. With invasion of William, England becomes feudal. Knights given land, become landlords. But, Feudalism doesnt quite catch on. So, they modify it. Sometimes fir e king.

Have parliament to argue taxes, etc. After William, growing sense of the nationalism. Now, conflict between king and church. Conflict arises over criminal clerics, since any member of church be tried by church. 1162 AD, Henry II be having struggle with archbishop of Canterbury. Henry says people charged of civil issues tried in civil court, not church. Because of this, Archbishop spends time in France, and dies in France. Now, Henry appoints Thomas Becket(childhood friend) as new archbishop. But, Becket has strong conscience, so tries to do job well. Oath to pope, not king. Immediately clashes with king. Henry feels betrayed. One day, accidentally orders murder of Becket. Becket on steps of high altar is killed. Resulted in Henrys friends(who killed becket) to be executed, Henry forced to recognize supremacy of church. 11th 13th century, feudal Europe embarks on crusades. Sponsored by Pope. Goal was to take holy land, then to protect pilgrims going to holy land, then to raid/pillage. Lost to Muslims. 1189-1192: The 3rd Crusades. Important because England is major part. Forces led by Richard I(Lionheart).Gets captured on way to Crusades by Christian group. Held for ransom but, England cant pay because of crusades. Now in debt. Regent prince john needs to raise money. So taxes, but everyone is already poor. Taxes both nobility/commoners. Manages to get money, but doesnt send it. Allows Richard to stay in captivity. Richard escapes and returns. Richard forgives John, and heads back to crusades. Dies and John ascends the throne Church dont want John to be king instead wanted Arthur of Brittany. John wasn't a good king. Gets in fight with pope. John is excommunicated, so all of England is excommunicated. Gets back in Popes graces by giving him England. Pope gives it back as vassal state(also had to give up Brittany, and places in France). Lost lands lead to massive loss of revenue. John becomes a tyrant, responds harshly to complaint. 1215, Barons rise up, compel John to sign MAGNAS CARTAE at Runnymede. Means Grands Chartae. Guarantees freedom of church from govt. interfering. Guarantees certain baronial privileges, become law unto themselves, and free from taxation. Also guarantees custom(tax) of towns. Only barons can tax towns. John ignores, claims he was under duress. Never lives up to contract. When he dies, next king follows Magna Carta. MC lays down principle of governed have rights. Becomes common law. 1327, Edward III now king of England. Cousin Charles IV of France dies. Edward lays claim to French throne, so does someone else. Edward goes through William the Bastard, other is not illegitimate, and it does not lead to war. 1330, 100 years war. Actually a series of war. France won, England loses all possessions in France. Both come out ahead, since they start having sense of being a nation. Laid history for AP EURO.

 1348-49, Black death. Bacterial infection, contagious, highly deadly. Sweeps all over Europe due to increased movement among people. Spreads through rats/fleas. Mutates into pneumonic plague(airspread). In one year, kills 20-50% of people in Europe. Leads to class order breakdown(started w/ crusades), bring feudalism to knees. Money is what keeps manor afloat. Plague killed many nobles. Things improve for peasants who are now more in demand. Rise of middle class as peasants get money and livestock (sheep) Chivalry is the code of honor in battle and daily life. Courtesy, behaving with honor, and being religious. Courtly Love: Love among aristocracy, among court. Fairly common in lit. Imitates life. Group of monks in Italy write down fiction, notice patterns, make list of rules for courtly rules. o A parody. Make fun of way we treat literature. o Love is a malady. Something you catch, has identifiable symptoms. Pale, trembling, fears, sighs, weeps or yells out for no apparent reason, moans or groans, unable to sleep, loses appetite, can be driven mad and can die. o Power of love can not be denied. Can fall in love by catching sight of another person. Demands absolute fidelity. o Nothing can denied to beloved. Love source of all joys and virtues, can be source of evil. Kept secret, love emotional. o CONFLICT between courtrly love and chivalry is a theme in most medieval lit. B. Literature 1. Geoffrey Chaucer(1340?--1400) a. Biography i. Poet, one of the most influential writers in English History. Was a scribe. Writes as a hobby. We dont know much about his youth/birthday. Father scribe at royal court(assumption) since Chaucer is also a scribe. We assume Chaucer grew up at court. Educated alongside royalty/nobles. Close to prince/king. 8 years old at time of black death, so remembers it as an adult. ii. 1359, appears in official records. Sees military service in France. Captured and ransomed. Edward III paid. Shows he was important. 1362, English declared official language at court(previously French). Makes Chaucer even more important. 1366, gets married to lady in waiting to queen. Daughter of Aristocat of one of powerful families of England. (Shows Ed. III organized it). Wife very wealthy, retirees in 1367. Gets pension( 10 pounds). Doesnt need more. 1374, 100 years war heats up. Returns t public service. Made controller of customs, which is principle of revenue. Customs official often corrupt, but CHaucer is honest. 1370s, serves as a

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diplomat to France(travels widely, goes to Italy at start of Renaissance). Samples it and becomes influential in his writing. 1387, Wife dies, mourns(was happy marriage). Leads to more leisure time for work/writing. Writes masterpiece the Canterbury Tales. 1389, ED III dies, Richard II ascends. Appoints Chaucer to Clerk of Kings Works(household). 1390, appointed deputy forester of royal forest. Was patronage job, got paid for almost nothing. 1393, Richard gifts Chaucer 10 pounds. 1394, pension doubled. 1395, Receives gift of robe valued at 10 lbs from Henry Bolingbroke. 1397, Richard begins reign of tyranny. Wars lost, determined to raise money to fight again. 1399, he is deposed, Bolingbroke becomes Henry IV. Chaucer dies 1400, buried at Westminster Abbey(actually a cathedral started by william westminster. Capital at time. Abbey becomes national shrine. Buried in left alcove of entrance. Called poets corner &(no shakespeare)#rebel. Chaucer Wealthy Middle class, so had time to write. Wealth allowed for materials. Writing was hobby. Knows king as friend, not as figurehead. Is protected by king, so he can be very critical of church. Chaucer wants Church to be reformed, travels very widely, (England,France,Italy). Knows people from all classes. Goes through 3 distinct periods: (1)French period. Young man, writes in french, initiates style of French court/poets. (2) Italian Period. Adult, French, little english. Imitates italian styles, introduces changes to court. (3) English Period. Older. Masterpiece of Canterbury Tales.Series of short stories. Comes from many sources. Everyone of CT borrowed from somewhere else. 30 pilgrims. Each tells 2 stories to Canterbury, and Two on way back. Best story wins free trip, judged by accompanying bartender.Out of 120 stories, Chaucer writes 24. includes prologue, and retraction at end. Dont know who won, Scholars agreed that Chaucer never intended to reveal who won. Tales written in Rime Royal(7 line stanzas, iambic pentameter, ABABBCC. 1st major work to be circulated. Established a pattern for written English. Basic subject verb complement comes from Chaucer. Has satire directed from peopel of all classes. Makes fun of aristocrats and peasants. Gives good idea of class interactions. Medieval mindset is very military. People know their rank. Talk to others over class lines. Important as example of pornography(lit. that violates standard of decency as established by culture). Pornogrpahic ideas changes w/ culture. Chaucer uses pornography to attack church, doesnt criticize directly.

CHARACTERIZATION: Creates 3D character. First in English history to do so. Going to revolutionize literature. Talks about actual humans, can be related to by readers. b. Literary Works: Canterbury Tales i. Prologue:Has introduction of all the characters. ii. Nuns Priests Tale 1. Fable because animals talk 2. Chauntecleer, a proud cock who dreams of his approaching doom in the form of a fox. Frightened, he awakens Pertelote, the chief favourite among his seven wives. She assures him that he only suffers from indigestion and chides him for paying heed to a simple dream. Then the foz flatters him to get him out of the cage, but then he flatterz the fox in a reversal and convinces them to insult the men and then the fox goes away and Chauntecleer wins. iii. Pardoners Tale: Three drunk men who try to find death. 1. Deathly Hallows, gold, poisoning, stabbing, stupid iv. Wife of Baths Tale: Tale of knight who raped women, went on a quest, got answer married an old woman, who turned out to be a pretty one. moral of the story: Rape gets you hot girls 2. Sir Thomas Malory: a. Biography i. Man who came up w/ King Arthur. Does not make them up. Collects and condenses them. Know very little about STM until later. Multiple STM existed at court. ii. Born in 1395. Not contemporary of Chaucer. Born to his title. By early 20s, respected liege lord. Seems to be active at court. Serves as knight in 100 years war. Married Eliz. Walsh. Have a son named Robert. Has seat in house of lords. In mid to late 20s, Malory in dispute w/ King. Problem centered around conduct of warfare. England invented longbow, which can penetrate armor. Longbow weapon of peasants, but peasants killing knight, not honorable. iii. Around 1449, England suffers from political unrest. Knights not happy with war decisions. Dispute over tract of land against King. Malory is charged with crimes, attempted murder of Kings relative, stealing from monastery, robbing monks on road, , rape of Joan Smith. Charged with cattle rustling. iv. King confiscates property, gives land to church(political move). Malory

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thrown in prison. Released later and gets put back, Escapes twice, but caught cuz he had sex with Joan Smith. Last 20 years of life in tower of London. Becomes bored. Friends give him stories. Most interesting are those by king arthur. Then translates from french to english and synthesizes it, and writes Morte DAthrur. Collects in one plac e, has 8 tales. Arthur is center of tale. v. Malory is guy who makes Arthur center of tale. Mallory doesnt use characterization like Chaucer. First major piece of English Prose to be printed in England. As a result, it establishes prose that we follow today. Has lots of references to Church, and also include magical elements. Famous for realistic details. Called contemporary realism. Malory experienced firsthand. vi. Titles are unified by search for Holy Grail(like JAY Z). Is a romance. -Morte Darthur (BOUTTA TYPE THIS AS A BLOCK SOMEONE SPLIT IT PLS)Tale begins when Uther Pendragon is king of England. Not a good king; is selfish and constantly in conflict with barons. Has a great advisor named Merlin (a wizard/sorcerer). Merlin lives backwards as he only remembers the future. Uther needs Merlins help because hes in conflict with the duke of Titagal over a section of land. Merlin remembers that a Pendragon will unite England with laws, and convinces Uther to discuss treaty. The Duke comes with his wife Igraine. Uther falls in lust with her and after seeing her dance, he tries to rape her but she escapes. She tells the Duke, who is outraged, and cancels negotiations, preparing for war. Uther tells Merlin to fix the situation, ad Merlin realizes his error. Merlin makes Uther promise to give any children that Uther gets to him, then casts a spell that makes Uther look like the Duke. Uther then rides over to the Dukes castle to sleep with Igraine. Tintagal charges Uthers camp while hes doing this, and Uther and Tintagal apparently pass each other on their respective journeys (both look like the Duke). So Uther gets into Igraines chamber and rapes her. Meanwhile in battle, Tintagal is killed. Tintagal is killed before Uther and Igraines baby is conceived. Next morning, Uther turns back to himself and he marries Igraine, and it becomes obvious that she is pregnant. Uther confesses and the problem goes away, as she accepts it. The baby is born, and they name him Arthur, and Merlin comes for the child. It break s Igraines heart to give the child away, and she dies a few months later of a broken heart. Merlin removes Arthur from the castle to protect him when Uther dies, and Merlin gives Arthur to Sir Ector, and Ector raises him well and as his own. When he is 6-7, he is turned over to Ectors son, Sir Kay, and he becomes his Page. Arthur has 3 teachers: Sir Ector (be a gentleman), Sir Kay (teaches him to be a knight), and Merlin (teaches him political science). Uther finally killed in battle, and with no direct heir known the country falls into chaos and suffers mightily. Miracle occurs:in courtyard of Canterbury Cathedral, a sword is found in the stone. Sword is thrust into anvil into rock,inscribed in stone is Whoever pulls sword will be new king of England. A rchbishop of

Canterbury finds it, and passes the word.At Easter, all knights come to pull sowrd from stone. So a contest is held to determine king until the real king comes. Ector, Kay, and Arthur compete. Arthur forgets Kays sword so he runs back to get his sword, and without being able to find it, he pulls the sword out of the stone and gives it to Kay. (IMPOSSIBILITIES LISTED HERE: Arthur forgets the sword and hes a Page, wouldn't happen. Also he somehow doesnt know of the swords significance, and it implies he cant read the inscription, and he assumes that Kay wont notice the difference). Thought to be hand of God guiding these events. Sir Kay tells his father that he pulled it out, but when Ector makes him swear, he says Arthur did it. Arthur puts the sword back in and pulls it out, but knights refuse to accept his rule. Next year same thing, same with year after. 3rd time, the nobles are forced to recognize Arthur as king.m, Mallory ends up showing common people determining government on accident (revolutionary at the time). Many knights follow him, but many do not. He must go to war against the rebel lords. He asks Merlin for help, who takes Arthur down to Lady of the Lake (a Nature Spirit), who gives Arthur Excalibur. A magical sword, and is told as long as he wields it, he cant be defeated in battle, but is also told that the scabbard is just as important, as with it he cant be mortally wounded. With all of these, he goes to war for several years, and finally wins and unites England. He is now a young man, and he turns to Merlin, who tells him to get married. Merlin arranges a marriage with him and Guinevere (French princess). She comes to Arthur with a dowry, including a round table (more like a doughnut doe). He and her decide to establish a country of justice with laws ALL must follow. He invites knights of realm to join him, and thus creates Knights of Round Table to help him because everyone has an equal hearing. Merlin tells him to keep right hand side empty for knight whos coming. Word spreads, and knights join. May be 12, 15, or more, no one knows (12-15 accepted). Lancelot du Lake (Lancelot of Lake) is the perfect knight (and is free of false modesty which can be annoying at times). HIs entrance into Camelot almost kills king by joust and swordplay when they meet on a bridge. They become friends over the fight to cross the bridge though, and when Lancelot finds out who Arthur is, he is taken into castle of Camelot (Arthurs capital), and is given the right hand seat, causing some disconten t. Gwen is jelly of how much attention Arthur gives Lancelot (both have dat yung bromance going) so shes like ayyy joust time then hires 3 knights to defeat them. They get their asses handed to them and one dies and Lancelot leans down and so does Gwen and then their eyes meet and theyre like shieeeeeeeet i need you. So anyway the knights do a good job of going on quests and stuff and soon theres nothing to do, so Merlin suggests going after dat yung Holy grail. If they find it Camelot will be swagged out, but only the pimpest and most perfect of the knights can get it (at this point Lances a ton looks like the guy), and the others will die. So the knights go and do a ton of individual quests. NEXT PART. Aite so Arthur has this half sister Morgawse (not Morgan La Fay, half sister of Igraine and Tintagal). Morgawse hates Uther after talking to Morgan, who could see thorugh Uthers disguise, and in turn hates Arthur because his dads a slut. So what does this hoe do? She casts a spell on him and rapes him, because apparently incest is wincest.

So she concieves Mordred, who Arthur eventually invites to the Round Table. Merlin is like yo arthur dont leave the castle at night or bad things will happen to Guin and Lancelot. So Mords goin around sewing the seeds of hatred, and then Morgawse seduces Merlin with nerd speak and convinces him to teach her his magic. She then becomes stronger than Merlin and traps him in a cave of ice. So Arthurs like GIMME YO QUAILS NATURE and goes hunting, but Morgawse causes a thick fog that forces Arthur to camp out his castle at night. So Mordreds like yo Lancelot I think the queen wanted a word with you in her room, and hes like oh wat, arright im goin. And so he goes up, BUT SHE DIDNT KNOW HE WAS COMIN CUZ MORDRED SET THIS UP. And without Arthur here, they saw each other and were like ayyyyy how bout it, and so they continued copulating inconspicuously. So then Mordred goes to the other knights and is like ay hear that? Thats the queen screamin for help and so the knights rush up and find Lancelot gettin some o dat royal blood. So theyre incriminated, but Lancelot escapes somehow. Arthur has to execute queen, but doesnt want to so he lets her execution take place in the least secured part of castle and so Lancelot comes and is like LOLNOPE and steals her and Arthurs like noooooo but secretly hes like awwyuss. So Lancelot and Gwin go to their respective castles. But a knight of the round table is slain and the others are like yo thats not cool tho. So they lay siege to Lancelots castle, and with the knights gone, Mordred seizes chance to attack Camelot and siezes throne. The round table knights hear bout this and theyre like WEVE BEEN SMEDANKLED so they make lov...peace with Lancelot and then come back to help Arthur, but hes been hurt badly. So they take him down to the water sprites who say theyll keep him until the world is ready for him. Until then there will be rule by selfish men. Meanwhile, Sir Gallahad, Lanceaton and Gwins son, is born and hes perfect without his fathers sin so he goes to get grail, but when he touches it he sees a bad future, so he decides to stay and guard the grail. So end result: Arthur waits for world to be worthy, and when he comes back, Merlin will be free from ice, and Arthur can go to Gallahad and tell him to get the grail. The end. b. William Caxton i. Not a writer. Textile manufacturer. Teaches himself how to read/write. At age 50, wealth, retires. Wants to pursue lit. Travels around Europe and visits big libraries. In germanies, discovers printing press. Buys one, brings it to England. Prints Morte DArthur. We have copies thanks to his printing. c. Significance: Canterbury Tales is first major piece of English poetry to be printed in England. First major piece of English Prose to be printed in England.

III. Renaissance/Elizabethan Era A. Historical Background

Tudor Lineage: Owen Tudor m. Catherine (Queen Mother) Edmund Tudor Edmund Tudor m. Margaret Plantagenet Henry Tudor Henry VII, ne Tudor, m. Elizabeth of York War of the Roses (civil war for the throne; Lancaster (red) vs York (white)) Defeats Richard III in battle Henry VII was the first Tudor monarch and married her to unify Lancaster & York and hes a good leader/administrator he goes on grand tours on the countryside to keep nobles in check Spends more time in rebellious areas, so they have less money to raise an army against him. runs England like a business (penny pincher) & makes a profit Eldest son Arthur & Catherine of Aragon are engaged, then Arthur dies Henry (VIII) m. Catherine of Aragon, marriage is annulled (which means the marriage never happened) Henry VIII breaks from the Catholic Church and established the Church of England- uses this to divorce Catherine Divorces her because Henry thinks he sinned by marrying a widow, and thats why she wont have any male sons. other wives: Anne Boleyn (rude, gets beheaded), Jane Seymour (likeable, dies in birth to Edward), Anne of Cleves (German, end marriage but are friends), Catherine Howard (he was displeased and made a random law so she was beheaded), and Catherine Parr (calming influence+brings children to court/influences Elizabeth) Henrys harshness with Catholics=avoided religious wars in England unites England and Wales (but not Scotland) improves British navy Mary (only surviving kid, of 6) After Edwards death Jane Grey is crowned b/c Elizabeth was illegitimate and Mary was catholic overthrown in 9 days by Mary; executed Mary converts country to Catholicism (bloody mary) marries Philip of Spain (proxy; they never actually met) dies of ovarian cancer, thinks shes pregnant (karma) Elizabeth=queen religiously tolerant, settles conflicts, country back to protestantism armada read below virgin queen=never marries b/c she likes power, but has affairs Dudley=her lover, childhood friends, stops when his wife dies Earl of Essex=2nd lover, ends up getting sentenced to death for trying to seize the throne Henry Stuart (Lord Darnley)=passionate affair Mary Queen of Scots=Henrys relative of some sort John Knotts rules as regent in her place (Presbyterian), while shes in France Marys engaged to francis of france, he dies, she returns to scotland = catholic threat elizabeth marries her to darnley to get rid of them both Darnley dies of suspicious circumstances (he is abusive, and has public affairs) Mary then marries the Earl of Bothwell

Scottish nobles force her to abdicate her throne Mary comes to Elizabeth and asks for an army to take back Scotland. Elizabeth responds by kindly throwing her in the Tower of London for 20 years Mary is the focus of many plots to kill the Queen. After Mary signs a document saying she will take the throne upon Elizabeths death, she is executed. James I (Son of Mary) then becomes King when Elizabeth dies.

Henry VIIIs Wives and Children: Catherine of Aragon (divorced) Mary Ann Boleyn (beheaded) Elizabeth Jane Seymour (died) Edward Anne of Clives (divorced) Catherine Howard (beheaded) Catherine Parr (survives)

Basic Summary of the Era Rome collapses in Italy (last place to fall to feudalism) Renaissance moves quickly through Europe because an increase of communication (change is sudden and rapid) Renaissance era belief: Everything is as good as it is going to get. Politics The idea of birthright into status still exists, but there can be upward movement in ones own class National government gains power and respect Parliament gains some power, not much Religion Catholics v. Protestants Persecuted Calvinists come to England for protection, and become a political force Henry VII Burns 10 heretics (in~24 years) Henry VIII Burns 81 heretics (in ~38 years) Mary Burns 300 heretics (in 4 years) Elizabeth Burns 5 heretics (in ~40+ years) England Now a world power and building an empire Colony in Newfoundland Colony in Roanoke Colony in Jamestown

Plymouth becomes a thing East India Company in 1600 Start by creating a trade mission in some foreign land Then it receives Royal Protection Then the Crown takes over entirely

Dat Spanish Armada of 1588 Britain's refusal to play by the rules and their hilarious tactics coupled with Spanish stupidity leads to British control of the seas and extreme nationalism

Starts with English Privateers (civilian ships with licenses to be pirates) raiding Spanish ships in the Caribbean They plunder, then go buy pardons from the Queen Sir Francis Drake decides to sack an entire city because he is insane Goes the long way around South America, sacks the city and comes home to buy a pardon The Spanish get angry at Queen Elizabeth, who plays it off saying that Drake would never do such a thing Drake shows up and says he sacked Panama (lol) and Elizabeth gives him a pardon and tells him to leave the Spanish New World alone Drake thinks she is all *wink wink* about it, and then goes and sacks Cadiz on the Spanish mainland, and then captures a Spanish Galleon and tows it home to England. (what happens to him after that?) YOLOd out of the history books Spain declares war on England and creates the Spanish Armada, the largest war fleet ever assembled (except maybe outdone by the naval landings on D-Day, or at Iwo Jima during WWII) Britain has just a little more than nothing to bring against Spain. Spain still manages to lose the naval battle for many reasons. The fleet is massive, the ships are massive, they all move super slow, and are very hard to command as a cohesive unit. British ships are tiny, low to the water, and race around the Spanish ships harassing and poking holes at their waterline. Spain has too many officers, and they get in the way of commanding each other British ships act independently (and aggressively) and do whatever they can to damage the Spanish The Spanish are stupid enough to start shooting each other with their broadsides as British ships sail between them. Also bad weather sinks many damaged ships Spain abandons this and sails to Holland to pick up a bunch of soldiers The messenger ship is slower than the fleet, and then the fleet has to dock overnight. The English light some ships on fire and sail them at the Spanish ships, which have to then sail out to sea to avoid not exploding/catching fire. Spain just gives up entirely and sails the long way around the British Isles to get home. Lo and behold, a storm wrecks the remaining fleet, and Spanish naval power is forever crippled England unifies as a result: doesnt matter what your religion is, the Spanish suck and need to be turned back.

Queen Elizabeth supposedly marches into the water with a pitchfork to rally the troops against the Spanish England then takes control of the seas, and Spain goes home whipped for the rest of history.

B. Literature

Edmund Spenser Poet, yo Born to a weaver - middle class (1552?) educated at a guild school and does well enough to go to a prep school 1569: Enters Cambridge University for the young and fresh Influenced by three philosophers Plato Absolutes unattainable by mortals: Humans cant achieve perfection/absolute truth, but artists will always strive toward absolute beauty/perfection Calvinism Predeterminism (Divine Election) People are inherently good or bad Gabriel Harvey, a fellow student encourages and recognizes Spensers work, they share ideas Goes to Lancaster and falls in love Heartbreak leads beginning of appreciation of pastoral way of life (see above) 1578: Graduates Begins to work for the Bishop of Rochester (doesnt like working for the church) 1579: Secretary to Earl of Leicester Befriends Philip Sidney, a great poet of his time Introduces Spenser to publication circles Share literary theories with each other & encourage each other Spenser publishes The Shepherd's Calendar 1580: Secretary to Gov. of Ireland 1588: Gets Kilcolman Castle (home for the rest of his life) 1589: Sir Walter Raleigh arrives (for an inspection tour) and becomes close with Spenser They go to London and Elizabeth gets to see Spensers work; Elizabeth wants works to be published 1590: First 3 books of The Faerie Queene 1591: Complaints- collection of miscellaneous love poems Meets Elizabeth Boyle (lol) and the two of them court. Married in 1594 1595: Amoretti (sonnet sequence) 1594: Colin Clouts Come Home Again A long pastoral poem 1596: Writes 3 more books of the Faerie Queene (up to 6 books now) 1598: Irish Rebellion Forces Spenser and company out, and in 1599 Spenser dies Buried in Poets Corner at Westminster Abbey

Known to be very good at Pastoral imagery; famous for vivid imagery, and one darn good story List of thuggin works by Spenser The Shepherd's Calendar English Renaissance Pastoral Poetry credited with starting the pastoral tradition in English literature First major pastoral piece of work 12 descriptive poems, 1 for each month wins him court recognition as a poet Amoretti a sonnet sequence; composed of sonnets he wrote to Boyle when they were courting (Boyle helped select sonnets) 89 Spenserian Sonnets 1590-94 Shows the evolution of a relationship published a year after their marriage The Faerie Queene Narrative poem Meant to be an epic poem spanning 12 books Writes 6 books and portion of 7th Would have been an epic Constructs a complete allegory (characters, action, and setting are all symbolic) Book 1: Red Cross Knight - Holiness Book 2: Sir Guyon - Temperance Book 3: Britomart & Belphoebe -Chastity Book 4: Triamont & Campbell - Friendship Book 5: Artegal - Justice Book 6: Calidore - Courtesy Each faces off against their anthesis Book 1: The Faerie Queene - Glory Lady Una - Oneness, truth Archemago - not holy-ness Duessa - Duality, falsehood ^Fidessa - Fidelity Moralistic tale, wants everyone to be better people; makes it simple enough for people to read Writes 1000s of lines in Spenserian stanza (w/o violation)

Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) poet and playwright contemporary of Shakespeare but superior (friendly rivals) born in Canterbury father is shoemaker educated at grammar school in Canterbury because of its location, its associated with the cathedral, therefore, Marlowe was education in a classical form vs. common basic education attends Cambridge University (with scholarships and grants)

after graduating, goes to London and becomes actor Actors are very looked down on because of drugs/sex (corruption & immorality) shortly after, becomes playwright also writes lyrical poetry famous plays (all Renaissance tragedies) include Tamberlaine, Doctor Faustus, The Jew of Malta, and Edward II most famous is Doctor Faustus (magnum opus) Dr. Faustus is scholar who learns everything and becomes bored he makes a contract with the devil in which he gets to study forbidden material for 20 years in exchange for going to hell Then goes to hell (huge surprise) Doctor Faustus is outstanding in its language and construction; Marlow writes it when Shakespeare is just starting we study Shakespeare because he has 32 works vs. Marlowes 4 works Marlowe dies in a barroom brawl, stabbed to death. May have been a spy for the queen or simply over who was to buy the next round of drinks, but unsure. Enjoyed by Raleigh

Sir Walter Raleigh (1552-1618) bigger than life, flamboyant born to his title, landed aristocracy is a land owner and has an automatic seat in Parliament competes for affection of Elizabeth with Earl of Essex (probably not sexual) explorer of New World; one of the original colonizers Names Virginia after Elizabeth Organizes Roanoke and Jamestown Brings back potatoes & introduces tobacco to England (used for medicinal purposes) fortune falls when Elizabeth dies James I dislikes Raleigh spends 2-3 bouts in prison (thrown into the Tower of London until there was better evidence of crime found; 15 yrs) arrested & charged with treason, spends 15 years in Tower of London released and sent to explore New World, ordered to hunt and find gold (basically exiled; about 2 years in Roanoke) returns empty handed (so that the crew can be with their families) and is therefore executed due to treason hes not an author, doesnt publish (write fanfiction) writes The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd

William Shakespeare (1564?-1616) commercial playwright; superbard (poet & playwright); epitomizes the power of literature (most famous author in history) outstanding commercial dramatist, good poet typical Renaissance man-knowledgeable in a broad range of subjects

born to mild economic conditions contemporary of Spenser know of each others work, probably never meet contemporary of Marlowe friendly business rivals contemporary of Ben Jonson in whose plays he acted wrote Sonnets at same time as Amoretti born in Warwickshire (agricultural region) Father John (local merchant active in town government) is merchant in Stratford mother, Mary Ardon, is daughter of prominent family in community comfortable (financially) is 3rd out of 7 children beyond this point, its just speculation of his childhood 1568: John is elected bailiff of Stratford on Avon assumed William went to grammar school in Stratford (unlikely that he went to prep school and university) granted access to Warwick library 1582: first time he appears on public record, marries Anne Hathaway (local girl, probably a partier) Shakespeare was 18 y/o, Hathaway was 26 y/o 1583: daughter Susanna is born, she survives him and takes care of him in old age 1585: Anne gives birth to twins Hamnet and Judith, Hamnet dies at age 11 of illness, Judith marries and survives father 1586: goes to London to make fame and fortune England is in Recession works in London for 20 years intention was probably to get enough money and send for Hathaway; doesnt happen, AH dies in Stratford (4 days travel time between London and Stratford) writes histories (very accurate, for a publishing house; probably family histories),tends horses at theatre (like valet parking), tries acting, and revises play scripts becomes friends with Earl of Southampton (major investor in theater) 1590s: writes poetry 1592: Henry VI, Part I produced, first major piece of work 1593: Venus and Adonis is published, erotic scandalous poem 1593: joins Lord Chamberlains Men where he makes fortune, works as actor/playwright, and invests proceeds in company 1594: Rape of Lucrece published 1596: Hamnet dies writing shifts to tragedies after son Hamnets death Shakespeare feels guilty and then is convinced that that hell be forgotten because he has no sons to pass his name 1599: Lord Chamberlains men build Globe Theatre state of the art @ the day; big money maker 1603: Queen Elizabeth dies and James I ascends gets own performance because of delayed coronation due to bubonic plague Lord Chamberlains Men perform for James; hes delighted (important business move) and puritans become powerful (in Parliament); desperate to close theaters and dance halls (against everything that is fun, including chairs) James allows the theater to function because he likes Shakespeare

1609: Sonnets published without Shakespeares knowledge (10 years to attribute to him) published without the support or cooperation of Shakespeare 1610: retires and returns to Stratford buys New Place and lives with Susanna but Anne lives in separate cottage continues writing poems and managing Globe Theatre becomes manager of Kings Men, out the Black Friars 1616: dies of fever; Ben Jonson Shakespeare catches fever after a night out drinking with Jonson buried near Trinity Church in Stratford, under the altar he pays to be buried there, not a commemoration 1623: First Folio published which was first official collection of work, meant to keep memory alive and economic venture (published by the Lord Chamberlains men we dont know if most of it is modified (because theres no copyright at the time Sonnets written in 1590s published in 1609 by Thomas Thore who initially took credit for printing the collection sonnet sequence all are spoken, speaker isnt always poet example of invention: revisit idea (different imagery and focal point) subject is eternal triangle between Shakespeare, Dark Lady, and Young Man 154 Elizabethan sonnets (1-126: to young man, 127-152: to the Dark Lady, 153 & 154: do not belong in sequence) 1-17: Procreation 18-28: Ambassage 29-32: Thoughts in Absence 33-37: Reactions to Friends Disloyalty 48-66: Anxiety and Depression 67-74: Corruption and Death 75-99: Perils to Friendship 100-108: The Truants Muse (writers block) 109-126: In Retrospect 127-132: Intro to Dark Lady 133-142: The Will Sonnets (haha, Will) 143-152: Exit the Dark Lady

Vocabulary 1. Types of Poetry a. Narrative- Poetry that tells a story, popular across the ages b. lyric- expresses an emotion or sentiment or describes an event c. Dramatic- A play written in poetic form 2. Verse Forms a. Verse- a group of lines that form a unit in a poem
b. c. d. e. Stanza- a group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem Couplet- two line unit of poetry unified by rhyme and idea Blank Verse- unrhymed verse with meter Free verse- unrhymed verse with no meter

f. Rime Royal- 7 line stanzas in iambic pentameter with rhyme scheme ABABBCC g. Sonnet- 14 line lyrical poem written in iambic pentameter with a specific rhyme scheme h. Petrarchan Sonnet- 14 line lyrical poem written in iambic pentameter with an octet followed by a sestet with one of five rhyme schemes i. Elizabethan Sonnet- 14 line lyrical poem written in iambic pentameter with three quatrains and a final couplet with a rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg j. Spenserian sonnet- 14 line lyrical poem written in iambic pentameter consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet with a rhyme scheme of abab bcbc cdcd ee k. Spenserian Stanza- 9 line closed stanza written in iambic pentameter with the last line in iambic hexameter with rhyme scheme of abab bcbc c 3. Figurative Language a. metaphor- an implied comparison b. simile- is an explicit comparison using like or as c. personification- giving human characteristics to something that is not human d. irony- an apparent contradiction involving humour or mockery e. allusion- a reference to another piece of work or incident intending to invoke the full connotation of that work or incident f. extended metaphor- when an entirety of a work is dedicated to a single comparison g. motif- recurring image or dominant idea in a work h. imagery- visually descriptive language i. invention- author repeats the same thing in a different manner j. conceit- an elaborate and surprising comparison of 2 different subjects k. ellipsis- words are omitted but meaning is understood l. symbol- concrete object that represents an abstract idea that is generally understood m. oxymoron- the combination of two ordinarily conflicting terms into one expression to produce a striking effect n. hyperbole- exaggeration for effect 4. Sound Devices a. alliteration- the repetition of initial consonant sounds b. consonance- the repetition of internal and ending consonant sounds c. assonance- the repetition of vowel sounds d. onomatopoeia- the pronunciation of a word is similar to the sound the word describes e. rhyme- a pattern of similar sounds at the ends of a poems lines f. internal rhyme- a pattern in which the word in the middle of a line rhymes with the word at the end of that line g. refrain- the repetition at intervals of a word or phrase 5. Meter a. foot- a unit of poetry consisting of a specific number and pattern of stressed and

unstressed syllables b. iamb- a two syllable foot of meter with the stress on the second syllable c. troche- a two syllable foot of meter with the stress on the first syllable d. monometer- meter of one foot per line e. iambic pentameter- meter of 5 iambs per line 6. Tragedy a. Tragedy i. a five act poetic drama written in a formal style ii. Having the 3 unities, a chorus, featuring a revenge motive, fate, and supernatural elements. iii. All violence takes place offstage. The protagonist is a tragic hero b. dilemma- a choice the tragic hero must make in which either option will lead to his destruction c. Unities i. TIme: The action of the play takes place during a 2 hour period ii. Place: The action of the play takes place in one location iii. Action: the plot is simple and straightforward d. Tragic Hero i. Protagonist of the tragedy of noble birth ii. Has a tragic flaw, a positive trait blown out of proportion iii. Hero will face a dilemma and as a result of his choice evil will be let loose in the world iv. The hero will be destroyed and become self aware of their tragic nature v. The destruction of the hero results in a purging of the evil released on the world and the audience is uplifted e. Narrative Terms i. plot- sequence of events in a story ii. generating circumstances- the circumstances that bring about the conflict in the plot iii. rising action- beginning in generating circumstance and ending in climax, the series of events built from the conflict iv. turning point- the point in the plot where a significant change leads to the climax v. climax- the point in the plot that is most intense during which the conflict is resolved vi. falling action- events after the climax that lead to the conclusion vii. setting- the context in time or place where the story takes place viii. tone- a writers attitude toward the subject matter revealed through diction or figurative language ix. point of view- the perspective from which the story is told x. theme- central idea of a work of literature xi. character- a fictional personality created by the author xii. characterization- actions, dialogue, narrative description that reveal a sense of the characters personality to the reader

f.

xiii. protagonist- main character in a story xiv. antagonist- a character or force in conflict with the protagonist Misc. Literary Terms i. Epic Poem- a long narrative poem written in an elevated style recounting the deeds of a heroic character who embodies a particular value in society ii. Emendation- the alteration of a story to have it conform the values and ideals of contemporary society often unconscious iii. Romance- A type of narrative fiction or poem that is an idealized vision of reality is presented iv. pastoral poetry- poetry that presents the countryside in an idyllic manner showing its superiority to the city v. Sonnet sequence- a group of sonnets composed by one poet with a unifying theme or idea vi. Allegory- the elements of the story are symbolic representations of an abstract ideal vii. closed stanza- a single idea is completed within a stanza viii. renaissance man- polymath, Leonardo Da Vinci is definitely a renaissance man ix. companion poem- parallels the poem in theme structure and content, not a parody

AP LIT ESSAY TOPICS: 1. Chaucer and his characterization techniques (identify one character and evaluate development) 2. King Arthur legend specific to Morte Darthur, and its appeal/significance 3. Hamlet as a tragedy, how it adheres to classical tragedies/how its different and how is it effective still 4. Hamlet as a tragic hero (Compare/contrast to classical tragic hero) and evaluate him as a tragic hero. 5. Define an era (look at one of the eras: Anglo-Saxon, Elizebethan) Select up to two authors and explain their significance and impact on this era and how they epitomized this era 6. Outside reading (Characterization): Select 1 character and see how the author develops them. 7. Outside reading (Theme): Select 1 theme the author puts forward and describe how the author employs that theme effectively.