COST AND ENERGY INTENSITY ANALYSIS OF RICE STRAW

Location :

Tummalapalem
Guntur (DT) Andhra Pradhesh

Pittu Manohara Reddy, M.Tech (REEM), TERI University, New Delhi Introduction
The Biomass is one of the most promising renewable source of energy with its unique characteristics like reliability and availability any time of the day compared to solar and wind the other two prominent renewable sources. The major problem with biomass as a resource is the supply chain management because most of the cost for energy production depends on ure on the supply chain only. The actual percentage of energy available from biomass depends upon biomass species, yield, location, climate, local economy, and the type of systems used for harvesting, gathering and packaging, processing, storing, and transporting of biomass as a feedstock. To The following are a few points that are to be taken in to account in supply chain management: Identify quantities, quality of biomass, delivery costs for the year round supply of biomass. Conduct resource assessment considering mix of available biomass species, annual yield variations, environmental factors, seasonality, and competitive demands for biomass. Optimize for the least cost equipment and infrastructure for timely harvest, densifying, storing, and transporting of the biomass, Develop regional and national strategies for locating biorefineries and organizing supply chains with respect to biomass cost and availability. expendit-

Yield
Grain Production Per Crop (dry) = = = = = = = 30 bags 76 kg 2.28 tonnes 1.44 [s]

Straw to Grain Ratio Straw Yield

[1]

Grain Yield Straw to Grain Ratio 2.28 1.44 3.28 tonnes [2] Fraction machine can remove (1-estimate loss during harvesting) Straw Yield 0.75 (1-0.2) 3.28 1.968 tonnes [2] 15% 8% 1.968 tonnes 0.94 1.85 tonnes 100000 tonnes/year (assumption) Annual demand / Net Yield 100000 / 1.85 54054 acres

Net Straw Yield

= = Moisture Content Net Straw Yield = = = = = = =

Supply Area
Annual Demand of Biomass for Plant Cultivated Area

Supply Schedule
Availability of Straw is expected as so First Crop Jan - Feb (Harvesting) - 90% Second Crop April May (Harvesting) 70% [s] [s]

Collection Cost
Harvesting Harvester Rental cost Man power Total = = = = = 1800 INR (inclusive diesel) [s] 500 INR [s] 2300 INR 2300 / 1.85 1243 INR / tonne

Fuel Consumption = 8 liters [s] Fuel Type = Diesel Calorific Value = 44.8 MJ/kg Fuel Consumption (per tonne)= 8 liters / 1.85 tonne = 4.3 liters Energy Consumption = 4.3 lt 44.8 MJ/kg 0.84 = 162 MJ Manual Harvesting Cutting = 2000 INR [s] Storing and Drying = 2000 INR [s] Grain Stripping = 3000 INR [s] Total = 7000 INR Straw Purchase cost = = = 1800 INR / acre (inclusive collection techniques) 1800 / 1.85 [s] 973 INR / tonne

Transportation ( Preprocessing plant)

Load and Unload = = = 600 INR /acre 600 / 1.85 324 INR / tonne [s]

Vehicle (Tractor) Volume of Truck = 4m 2.5m 0.46m = 4.6 m3 *Typically the trucks are stuffed with almost 2 tonnes of rice straw, so taking that in to account. Volume of truck = (2 1000) / 50.26 [3] 3 = 39.8 m Rental Cost Fuel Consumption Fuel Type Calorific Value Energy Consumption = = 100 INR /km (inclusive fuel) 100 INR / km and /tonne = 0.083 liters [s] = Diesel = 44.8 MJ/kg = 0.083 lt 44.8 MJ/kg 0.84 = 3.1 MJ

Densification
Rice Straw requires : 1. Grinding 2. Briquetting 593.5 INR /tonne = = 352 INR /tonne 264 INR /tonne

[3]

Fixed Cost = Operational Cost Grinding Briquetting Bulk Density

Chopped Straw Briquettes Energy Consumed Grinding Briquetting Transportation (Power plant) Load and Unload

= =

50.26 kg /m3 640 kg /m3

= = = = =

39.40 KWh 60.25 KWh

= =

141.84 MJ 216.9 MJ [s]

1600 INR /acre 1600 / 20 80 INR / tonne

Vehicle (Lorry) Volume of Lorry Volume of Lorry = = = 5m 3m 2m 30 m3 50 m3

[s]

Volume occupied by briquette (1 tonne) Truck can carry only = Rental Cost = = Fuel Consumption Fuel Type Calorific Value Energy Consumption

= 1000 / 640 [3] 3 = 1.56 m 20 tonnes of briquettes 300 INR /km (inclusive fuel) [s] 300 INR / km and /tonne = 0.125 liters [s] = Diesel = 44.8 MJ/kg = 0.125 lt 44.8 MJ/kg 0.84 = 4.704 MJ

Storage
= 100000 tonnes (assumption) = 100000 / 640 = 156.25 m3 Rental Cost = 80000 INR /year [s] = 0.8 INR /tonne For temporary Storage at the preprocessing plant taking 5% more than this storage cost Rental cost = = 0.8 1.05 0.84 INR /tonne Annual Demand Volume required

Conclusion
Total Cost involved Straw Cost Load and Unload Vehicle (Tractor) Densification Load and Unload Vehicle (Lorry) Storage Total = = = = = = = = 973 INR/tonne 324 INR/ tonne 100 INR/tonne(same cost till 2 tonnes) (for 1 km) 593.5 INR /tonne + 352 INR/tonne +264 INR/tonne 80 INR/tonne 300 INR/tonne(same cost till 20 tonnes) (for 1 km) 0.84 INR/tonne 2987 INR/tonne (for 1 km)

Total Energy Involved Harvesting and chopping Vehicle (Tractor) Briquetting Vehicle (Lorry) Total

= = = = =

162 MJ/tonne 3.1 MJ/tonne (same cost till 2 tonnes) (for 1 km) 141.84 MJ + 216.9 MJ /tonne 4.7 MJ (same cost till 20 tonnes) (for 1 km) 529 MJ /tonne (for 1 km)

Source [s] Field Interview, Tummalapalem, 2012.

References
[1] Butchaiah Gadde, et al., Possible Energy Utilization of Rice Straw in Thailand: Seasonal an Spatial Variations in Straw Availability as well as Potential Reduction in Greenhouse gas Emissions, 2007, p. 1. [2] Shahab Sokhansanj, Cost benefit of biomass supply and pre-processing, 2006. [3] N.S.L.Srivastava, Briquetting of Crop residues with special reference to Cotton Stalk Market Potential in India, In: Book of papers presented in the International Workshop on Utilizati on of Cotton Plant Residues for Value Added Products, organized by CIRCOT Mumbai, ICAC and CFC, at Nagpur during November 9 11; PP;62 76.